Kafein Tüketimi ve Atletik Performans

Year 2019, Volume: 2 Issue: 2, 24 - 33, 01.08.2019

Fatih Bayraktar Ayla Taşkıran

Abstract

Bu çalışmanın amacı; sporda performans arttırmak amacıyla kullanılan kafeinin sporda performansı nasıl etkilediğine dair yapılmış olan çalışmaları derleme şeklinde aktarmaya çalışmaktır. Uzunca bir süredir kafein tüketimi ve performans arasındaki ilişkiler incelenmekte ve performansı arttırdığına dair deneysel çalışma sonuçları raporlandırılarak spor dünyası ile paylaşılmaktadır. Spor alanında çalışan bilim uzmanları ve beslenme uzmanları, atletik performansı geliştirme konusunda kafein ve diğer ergojenik yardımcılar ile ilişkisini inceleyip sporcularına sunmalarında yarar vardır. Bu araştırma, kafeinin performans ile ilişkisi olan önemli faktörleri ve bunu inceleyen çalışmaları içeren bir derlemedir. Kahve, dünyada hem günlük yaşam hem de spor performansı konusunda sudan sonra en çok tüketilen sıvıdır. Bu bağlamda insan vücuduna etkisi onlarca yıldır araştırılmaya değer bulunmuştur. Kahvenin insan vücuduna bilişsel, duygusal ve fiziksel etkisinin altında yatan en temel faktör kafein içermesidir. Kafeinin vücutta yarattığı biyokimyasal mekanizmalar yoluyla atletik performansı olumlu yönde etkilediği araştırmalar ile gösterilmektedir. Bu konu üzerinde son zamanlarda ciddi çalışmalar yapılmaktadır. Buna ek olarak diğer ergojenik yardımcılar ile ilişkisinin de önemli olduğu bilinmektedir ve bu konu üzerinde çalışmalar yetersiz ve tartışmalı olmasına karşın araştırmalar devam etmektedir. Sonuç olarak uzunca bir süredir yapılan çalışmalar kafein tüketimi ile atletik performans arasında pozitif bir ilişki olduğunu kanıta dayalı olarak ispatlamaktadır. Başka bir deyişle kafein sporcu performansının artmasına katkı sağlamaktadır

Keywords

Kafein, Atletik Performans, Ergojenik Yardımcı, Kahve, Sporcu

Cafein Consumption and Athletic Performance

Abstract

The aim of this study is to give a compilation of the studies about how caffeine used to increase performance in sports affect performance in sports. For a long time, the relationship between caffeine consumption and performance has been examined and the results of experimental studies that report increased performance have been shared with the world of sports. Science experts and nutritionists working in the field of sports should review their relationship with caffeine and other ergogenic aids in improving athletic performance and present it to their athletes. This is a review of the important factors associated with caffeine performance and studies examining it. Coffee is the most consumed liquid in the world after water in terms of both daily life and sports performance. In this context, its effect on the human body has been found worth investigating for decades. The main factor underlying the cognitive, emotional and physical effect of coffee on the human body is that it contains caffeine. Studies have shown that caffeine positively affects athletic performance through biochemical mechanisms in the body. There have been serious studies on this subject recently. In addition, its relationship with other ergogenic aids is known to be important, and studies on this issue are inadequate and controversial, but research is ongoing. As a result, longterm studies have shown evidence of a positive relationship between caffeine consumption and athletic performance. In other words, caffeine contributes to increase athlete performance

Keywords

Caffeine, Athletic Performance, Ergogenic Aids, Coffee, Sportsman

References

• Ali, A., O'Donnell, J., Foskett, A., Rutherfurd-Markwick, K., (2016). The influence of caffeine ingestion on strength and power performance in female team- sport players. J Int Soc Sports Nutr. 2016;13:46.
• Alford, C., Cox, H., and Wescott, R., (2001). The effects of Red Bull energy drink on human performance and mood. Amino Acids 21: 139–150.
• Ashihara. H., Suzuki, T., (2004). Distribution and biosynthesis of caffeine in plants. Front Biosci 9:1864–1876.
• Astorino, T.A., Rohmann, R.L., Firth, K., (2008). Effect of caffeine ingestion on one-repetition maximum muscular strength.Eur J Appl Physiol (IF: 2.401) Jan;102(2):127-32. Epub 2007 Sep 13.
• Astorino, T.A., Cottrell, T., Talhami, L.A., (2012). Effect of caf- feine on RPE and perceptions of pain, arousal, and pleasure/ displeasure during a cycling time trial in endurance trained and active men. Physiol Behav. 2012;106(2):211–7.
• Beaumont, R., Cordery, P., Funnell, M., Mears, S., James, L., Watson, P., (2017) Chronic ingestion of a low dose of caffeine induces tolerance to the performance benefits of caffeine. J Sports Sci. 2017 Oct; 35(19):1920-1927.
• Beaven, C.M., Maulder, P., Pooley, A., Kilduff, L., Cook, C., (2013). Effects of caffeine and carbohydrate mouth rinses on repeated sprint performance. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab. 2013 Jun; 38(6):633-7.
• Bellar, D., Kamimori, G., Judge, L., (2012). Effects of low-dose caffeine supplementation on early morning performance in the standing shot put throw. Eur J Sports Sci. 2012;12:57–61. doi: 10.1080/17461391.2010.536585.
• Borg, G.A., (1982). Psychophysical bases of perceived exertion. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 14(5):377–81.
• Brian, D., Keisler, M.D., Thomas, D., ArmseyII, M.D., (2006) Caffeine As an Ergogenic Aid, Current Sports Medicine Reports, 5:215-219
• Blanchard, J., & Sawers, S.J., (1983). The absolute bioavailability of caffeine in man. Eur. J. Clin. Pharmacol., 24(1), 93-98.
• Bloms, L.P., Fitzgerald, J.S., Short, M.W., Whitehead, J.R., (2016). The effects of caffeine on vertical jump height and execution in collegiate athletes. J Strength Cond Res., 30:1855–61.
• Clarke, N.D., Kornilios, E., Richardson. D.L., (2015). Carbohydrate and Caffeine Mouth Rinses Do Not Affect Endurance Performance. J Strength Cond Res. Oct; 29(10):2926-31. and Muscular
• Cooper, R., Naclerio, F., Allgrove, J., Larumbe-Zabala, (2014). “Effects of a carbohydrate and caffeine gel on intermittent sprint performance in recreationally trained males”, E. Eur. J. Sport Sci., 14(4):353-61.
• Costill, D.L., Dalsky, G.P., & Fink, W.J., (1978). Effects of caffeine ingestion on metabolism and exercise performance. Med. Sci. Sports, 10(3), 155-158.
• Christensen, P.M., Shirai, Y., Ritz, C., Nordsborg, N.B., (2017). Caffeine and Bicarbonate for Speed. A Meta-Analysis of Legal Supplements Potential for Improving Intense Endurance Exercise 1744-1751.
• Dews, P.B., (1982). Caffeine. Annu. Rev. Nutr., 2, 323- 341. doi:10.1146/annurev.nu.02.070182.001543
• Doering, T.M., Fell, J.W., Leveritt, M.D., Desbrow, B., Shing, C.M., (2014). The effect of a caffeinated mouth-rinse on endurance cycling time-trial performance, Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab. Feb; 24(1):90-7.
• Doherty, M., Smith, P.M., (2005). Effects of caffeine ingestion on rating of perceived exertion during and after exercise: a meta- analysis. Scand J Med Sci Sports.15(2):69–78.
• Dolan, P., Witherbee, K., Peterson, K., (2017). The effect of carbohydrate, caffeine and carbohydrate + caffeine mouth rinsing on intermittent running performance in collegiate male lacrosse athletes. J Strength Cond Res. 2017;31:2473–2479. doi: 10.1519/JSC.0000000000001819.
• Eaton, T.R., Potter, A., Billaut, F., Panchuk, D., Pyne, D. B., Gore, C. J., Chen, T., McQuade, L., & Stepto, N. K. (2016). A Combination of Amino Acids and Caffeine Enhances Sprint Running Capacity in a Hot, Hypoxic Environment, International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism, 26(1), 33-45. https://journals.humankinetics.com/view/journals/ij snem/26/1/article-p33.xml 28, 2019, from
• Elmenhorst, D., Meyer, P.T., Matusch, A., Winz, O.H., Bauer, A., (2012). Caffeine occupancy of human cerebral quantification with 18F-CPFPX and PET. J Nucl Med. Nov; 53(11):1723-9. receptors: in vivo
• Fleisher, D., Li, C., Zhou, Y., Pao, L. H., & Karim, A. (1999). Drug, meal and formulation interactions influencing administration. Pharmacokinet., doi:10.2165/00003088-199936030-00004.
• Fredholm, B.B., (1995). Astra Award Lecture. Adenosine, adenosine receptors and the actions of caffeine. Pharmacol. Toxicol., 76(2), 93-101.
• Hill, C.A., Chester & C. Harris, R & J. Kim, H & D. Harris, B & Sale, Craig & Boobis, Leslie & K. Kim, C & Wise, J.A.. (2007). Influence of B- alanine supplementation on skeletal muscle carnosine concentrations and high intensity cycling capacity. 10.1007/s00726-006-0364-4. 32. 225-233.
• Hulston, C., & Jeukendrup, A., (2008). Substrate Metabolism and Exercise Performance with Caffeine and Carbohydrate Intake. Medicine and science in sports and exercise. 40. 2096-104. 10.1249/MSS.0b013e318182a9c7.
• Hurley, C.F., Hatfield, D.L., Riebe, D.A., (2013) The effect of caffeine ingestion on delayed onset muscle 27(11):3101–9. Strength Cond Res.
• Ivy, J.L., Costill, D.L., Fink, W.J., & Lower, R.W., (1979). Influence of caffeine and carbohydrate feedings on endurance performance. Med. Sci. Sports, 11(1), 6-11.
• Graham, L.E., (1993). Origin of Land Plants. New York: Wiley and Sons.
• Greer, F., McLean, C., & Graham, T.E., (1998). Caffeine, performance, and metabolism during repeated Wingate exercise tests. J Appl Physiol (1985), 85(4), doi:10.1152/jappl.1998.85.4.1502 1502-1508.
• Griffiths, R.R., and Woodson, P.P., (1998). Caffeine physical dependence: a review of human and laboratory animal studies. Psychopharmacology 94: 437–451.
• Goldstein, E., Jacobs, P.L., Whitehurst, Penhollow, T., Antonio, J., (2010). Caffeine enhances upper body strength in resistance-trained women. J Int Soc Sports Nutr. 7:18.
• Grgic, J., GrgicI, Pickering, C., (2019). Wake up and smell the coffee: caffeine supplementation and exercise performance—an umbrella review of 21 published meta-analyses British Journal of Sports Medicine Published Online First: 29 March. doi:10.1136/bjsports-2018-100278
• Grgic, J., & Mikulic, P., & Schoenfeld, B., & J.Bishop, D., & Pedisic, Z., (2018). The Influence of Caffeine Supplementation on Resistance Exercise: A Review. Sports Medicine. 10.1007/s40279-018- 0997-y.
• Grgic, J., & Mikulic, P., (2017). Caffeine ingestion acutely enhances muscular strength and power but not muscular endurance in resistance-trained men, European Journal of Sport Science, 17:8, 1029- 1036, DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2017.1330362.
• Hadzic, M., Eckstein, M.L., Schugardt, M., (2019). The Impact of Sodium Bicarbonate on Performance in Response to Exercise Duration in Athletes: A Systematic Review. J Sports Sci Med. 18(2):271– 281. Published 2019 Jun 1.
• Hunter, A.M., St. Clair Gibson, A., Collins, M., Lambert, M., and Noakes, T.D., (2002). Caffeine ingestion does not alter performance during a 100-km cycling time-trial performance. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab 12: 438–452.
• Isner-Horobeti M., Dufour, S.P., Vautravers, P., (2013). Eccentric exercise training: modalities, applications and perspectives. Sports Med. 43(6):483–512.
• Jacobson., T.L., Febbraio, M.A., Arkinstall, M.J., and Hawley, J.A., (2001). Effect of caffeine co- ingested with carbohydrate or fat on metabolism and performance in endurance-trained men. Exp Physiol 86: 137–144.
• Kamimori, G.H., Karyekar, C.S., Otterstetter, R., Cox, D.S., Balkin, T.J., Belenky, G.L., & Eddington, N.D. (2002). The rate of absorption and relative bioavailability of caffeine administered in chewing gum versus capsules to normal healthy volunteers. Int. J. Pharm., 234(1-2), 159-167.
• Kendall, K., & Moon, J., & Fairman, C., & Spradley, B., & Tai, C.Y., & Falcone, P., & R.C.L., & Mosman, M., & Joy, J., & Michael P.K., & R.,Serrano, E., & Esposito, E., (2014). Ingesting a preworkout supplement containing caffeine, creatine, β- alanine, amino acids, and B vitamins for 28 days is both safe and efficacious in recreationally active men. 10.1016/j.nutres.2014.04.003. Research. 34.
• Kizzi, J., Sum, A., Houston, F.E., Hayes, L.D., (2016). Influence of a caffeine mouth rinse on sprint cycling following glycogen depletion. Eur J Sport Sci. Nov; 16(8):1087-94.
• Lara, B., Ruiz-Moreno, C., Salinero, J.J., Del Coso, J., (2019). Time course of tolerance to the performance benefits of caffeine. PLoS One. 14(1):e0210275. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0210275 2019 Jan 23.
• Landolt, H.P., (2008). Sleep homeostasis: a role for adenosine in humans? Biochem. Pharmacol., 75(11), 2070-2079. doi:10.1016/j.bcp.2008.02.024
• Laska, E.M., Sunshine, A., Mueller, F., Elvers, W.B., Siegel, C., Rubin, A., (1984). Caffeine as an Analgesic Adjuvant. JAMA. 251(13):1711–1718. doi:10.1001/jama.1984.03340370043028
• Leonard, T.K., Watson, R.R., and Mohs, M.E., (1987). The effects of caffeine on various body systems: a review. J Am Diet Assoc 87: 1048–1053.
• Lesniak, A.Y., Davis, S.E., Moir, G.L., (2016). The effects of carbohydrate, caffeine and combined rinses on cycling performance. J Sport Human Perform. 4:1–10.
• Lieberman, H.R., (2003). Nutrition, brain function and cognitive performance. Appetite 40: 245–254.
• Loureiro, L., Reis, C., & da Costa, T. (2018). Effects of Coffee Recovery: A Systematic Review, International Journal Metabolism, 28(3), 284-293. Retrieved Jul 28, 2019, https://journals.humankinetics.com/view/journals/ij snem/28/3/article-p284.xml Muscle Glycogen of Sport Nutrition and Exercise from
• Maridakis, V., O’Connor, P.J., Dudley, G.A., McCully, K.K., (2006). Caffeine Attenuates Delayed-Onset Muscle Pain and Force Loss Following Eccentric Exercise. The Journal of Pain, Volume 8, Issue 3, 237 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpain.2006.08.006
• Mellion, M.B., Walsh, W.M., Madden, C., (2002). Team Physieian's Handbook, edn 3. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams &Wilkins;186-187.
• McLellan, T.M., & Bell, D.G. (2004). The impact of prior coffee consumption on the subsequent ergogenic effect of anhydrous caffeine. Int. J. Sport Nutr. Exerc. Metab., 14(6), 698-708.
• Nehlig, A., (1999). Are we dependent upon coffee and caffeine? A review on human and animal data. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev., 23(4), 563-576.
• Nehlig, A., Daval, J.L., & Debry, G., (1992). Caffeine and the central nervous system: mechanisms of action, biochemical, effects. Brain Res. Brain Res. Rev., 17(2), 139-170 and psychostimulant
• Noever, R.J.C., and Relwani, R.A., (1995). Using spider- web patterns to determine toxicity. NASA Tech Briefs 19(4):82. Published in New Scientist magazine, 29 April 1995
• Pataky, M.W., Womack, C.J., Saunders M.J., Goffe, J.L., D'Lugos, A.C., El-Sohemy A., Luden, N.D., (2016). Caffeine and 3-km cycling performance: Effects of mouth rinsing, genotype, and time of day. Scand J Med Sci Sports. Jun; 26(6):613-9.
• Polito, M.D., Souza, D.B., Casonatto, J., Farinatti, P., (2016). Acute effect of caffeine consumption on isotonic muscular strength and endurance: A systematic review and meta-analysis, Science & Sports,Volume 31, Issue 3, Pages 119-128, ISSN 0765-1597, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scispo.2016.01.006
• Quinlan, P., Lane, J., and Aspinall, L., (1997). Effects of hot physiological responses and mood: the role of caffeine, Psychopharmacology 134: 164–173. on water and beverage type.
• Rivers, W.H.R., Webber, H.N., (1907). The action of caffeine on the capacity for muscular work. J Physiol. 36:33–47
• Robertson, D., Wade, D., Workman, R., Woosley, R.L., & Oates, J.A., (1981). Tolerance to the humoral and hemodynamic effects of caffeine in man. J. Clin. Invest., 67(4), 1111-1117.
• Ryan, E.J., Kim, C.H., Muller, M.D., Bellar, D.M., Barkley, J.E., Bliss, M.V., Jankowski-Wilkinson, A., Russell, M., Otterstetter, R., Macander, D., Glickman, E.L., Kamimori, G.H., (2012). Low- dose caffeine administered in chewing gum does not enhance cycling to exhaustion. J Strength Cond Res. Mar; 26(3):844-50.
• Ryan, E.J., Kim, C.H., Fickes, E.J., Williamson, M., Muller, M.D., Barkley, J.E., Gunstad, J., Glickman, E.L., performance: a timing study. J Strength Cond Res. Jan; 27(1):259-64. gum and cycling
• Saunders, B., Elliott-Sale, K., Artioli, G.G., (2017). β- alanine supplementation to improve exercise capacity and performance: a systematic review and meta-analysis British Journal of Sports Medicine. 51:658-669.
• Sinclair, J., Bottoms, L., (2014). The effects of carbohydrate and caffeine mouth rinsing on arm crank time-trial performance. J Sports Res. 1:34– 44.
• Scott, A.T., O'Leary, T., Walker, S., & Owen, R. (2015). Improvement of 2000-m rowing performance with caffeinated carbohydrate-gel ingestion. Int J Sports Physiol doi:10.1123/ijspp.2014-0210 10(4), 464- 468.
• Sullivan RJ, Hagen EH, Hammerstein P , Revealing the paradox of drug reward in human evolution. Proc Biol Sci. 2008 Jun 7; 275(1640):1231-41.
• Skinner, T.L., Jenkins, D.G., Folling, J., Leveritt, M.D., Coombes, J.S., & Taaffe, D.R., (2013). Influence of carbohydrate on serum caffeine concentrations following caffeine ingestion. J. Sci. Med. Sport, 16(4), 343-347. doi:10.1016/j.jsams.2012.08.004
• Skinner, T.L., Jenkins, D.G., Taaffe, D.R., Leveritt, M.D., & Coombes, J.S., (2013). Coinciding exercise with peak serum caffeine does not improve cycling performance. J. Sci. Med. Sport, 16(1), 54-59. doi:10.1016/j.jsams.2012.04.004
• Sökmen, B., Armstrong, L.E., Kraemer, W.J., Casa, D.J., Dias, J.C., Judelson, D.A., Maresh, C.M., (2008). Caffeine Use in Sports: Considerations for the Athlete, Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research:May - Volume 22 - Issue 3 - p 978-986 doi: 10.1519/JSC.0b013e3181660cec
• Spriet, L.L., MacLean, D.A., Dyck, D.J., Hultman, E., Cederblad, G., & Graham, T.E. (1992). Caffeine ingestion and muscle metabolism during prolonged exercise in humans. Am. J. Physiol., 262(6 Pt 1), E891-898. doi:10.1152/ajpendo.1992.262.6.E891
• Vaugeois, J.M., (2002). Signal transduction: positive feedback from coffee. Nature 418: 734–736.
• Vergauwen, L., Brouns, F., and Hespel, P., (1998). Carbohydrate supplementation improves stroke performance in tennis. Med Sci Sports Exerc 30: 1289–1295.
• Vierck, J., O’Reilly, B., Hossner, K., (2000). Satellite cell regulation following myotrauma caused by resistance exercise. Cell Biol Int. 24(5):263–72.
• Warren, G.L., Park, N.D., Maresca, R.D., McKibans, K., Millard-Stafford, M.L., (2010). Effect of caffeine ingestion on muscular strength and endurance: a meta-analysis. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise: July - Volume 42 - Issue 7 - p 1375-1387 doi: 10.1249/MSS.0b013e3181cabbd8.
• Wickham, K.A., Spriet, L.L., (2018). Administration of Caffeine in Alternate Forms. Sports Med. 48(Suppl 1):79–91. doi:10.1007/s40279-017-0848-2
• Williams, A., Cribb, P., Cooke, M., Hayes, A., (2008). The effect of ephedra and caffeine on maximal strength and power in resistance-trained athletes. J Strength Cond Res. 22:464–70.
• Wright, G.A., (2013) Caffeine in floral nectar enhances a pollinator’s 339(6124):1202–1204. of reward. Science