Effects of Sewage Sludge and Nitrogen Fertilizer Application on Nutrient and Heavy Metal Concentrations in Grass-legume Mixtures

Year 2012, Volume: 2 Issue: 3, 93 - 102, 30.09.2012

Bilal Keskin , Mehmet Ali Bozkurt Hakkı Akdeniz

Abstract

The study was conducted in 2004-2007 years in the experimental area of Agricultural Faculty of

Yüzüncü Yıl University, in East Anatolia Region of Turkey. We harvested once times in 2005, 2006 and 2007, because

of dry conditions. The aim of this study was to assess the potential of using sewage sludge as an alternative

to nitrogen fertilizer, and to determine nutrients and heavy metals of the plant in Grass-legume Mixtures. Sewage

sludge was applied in spring or autumn in two separate periods. The experimental design was Split-plot, completely

randomized blok design with 4 replication. Main-Plot was determined by application time (spring and autumn), and

also sub-plot was determined by the application (control, N-fertilizer, Sewage Sludge-1, Sewage Sludge-2, Sewage

Sludge-3).

Application time (spring and Autumn) of sewage sludge was not an effective factor on dry matter yield, and N, P,

K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn, Cu, Pb, Cd, Cr and Ni content. Years and application time interaction of dry matter yield was

statistically significant. The highest dry matter yield was obtained in the 3rd year and the autumn application of

sewage sludge. According to control and nitrogen fertilizers, Sewage sludge increased the dry matter yield, N, K,

Zn, Cu, Pb, Cd and Cr contents in Grass-legume Mixtures. This study showed that sewage sludge may be used as

a nitrogen source for Grass-legume Mixtures production.

Keywords

Grass-legume mixtures, heavy metal, nitrogen fertilizer, sewage sludge

Buğdaygil-baklagil Karışımlarında Besin Maddesi ve Ağır Metal Konsantrasyonları Üzerine Azot Gübresi ve Arıtma Çamuru Uygulamasının Etkileri

Abstract

Araştırma, 2004-2007 yılları arasında Yüzüncü Yıl Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi deneme alanında kurulmuştur. Deneme kurak şartlarda kurulduğundan dolayı 2005-2006 ve 2007 yıllarında yılda bir biçim yapılmıştır. Bu araştırmanın amacı, buğdaygil-baklagil karışımlarının ağır metal ve besin maddesi birikimlerine azot gübrelemesine alternatif olarak kullanılan arıtma çamurunun etkilerini belirlemektir. Arıtma çamuru ilkbahar ve sonbahar olmak üzere iki ayrı dönemde uygulanmıştır. Deneme 4 tekerrürlü Bölünmüş Parseller deneme desenine göre kurulmuştur. Ana parsellere uygulama zamanı (İlkbahar ve Sonbahar), Alt parsellere ise uygulamalar (Kontrol, Azot gübresi, Arıtma çamuru 1, Arıtma çamuru 2, Arıtma çamuru 3) olarak belirlenmiştir.Arıtma çamuru Uygulama zamanı (İlkbahar ve Sonbahar), kuru madde verimi ve bitkinin N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Mn, Cu, Pb, Cr ve Ni içeriğine etkisi önemli olmamıştır. “Yıl x Uygulama zamanı” interaksiyonu kuru madde verimi üzerine etkisi önemli olmuştur. En yüksek kuru madde verimi denemenin 3. yılında ve sonbaharda uygulanan arıtma çamuru uygulamasından elde edilmiştir. Kontrol ve Azot uygulamasına göre, arıtma çamuru buğdaygil-baklagil karışımlarının kuru madde verimi ve bitkinin N, K, Zn, Cu, Pb, Cd ve Cr içeriğini artırmıştır.Bu araştırma, arıtma çamurunun buğdaygil-baklagil karışımlarında bir azot kaynağı olarak kullanılabileceğini göstermektedir

Keywords

Buğdaygil-baklagil karışımı, ağır metal, azotlu gübreleme, arıtma çamuru

References

• Akdeniz, H., Keskin, B., Bozkurt, M.A., 2009. Yield and metal concentration in Garden burnet (Sanguisorba minor Scop. Bunyan 80) from application of sewage sludge and chemical fertilizer. J Animal and veterinary Advances 8(4): 694-701.
• Akdeniz, H., Yılmaz, İ., Bozkurt, M.A., Keskin, B., 2006. The effects of sewage sludge and nitrogen applications on grain sorghum grown (Sorghum vulgare L.) in Van-Turkey. Pol J Environ Stud 15 (1): 19-26.
• Anonymous, 2007. Records of Van Meteorological Regional Administration, Turkey.
• Anonymous, 2010. Evsel ve Kentsel Arıtma Çamurlarının Toprakta Kullanılmasına Daire Yönetmelik, Resmi Gazete, Tarih: 03 Ağustos 2010, Sayı:27661.
• Binder, D.L., Dobbermann, A., Sander, D.H., Cassnman, K.G., 2002. Biosolid as nitrogen source for irrigated maize and rainfed sorghum. Soil Sci Soc Am J 66: 531-543.
• Bozkurt, M.A., Akdeniz, H., Keskin, B., Yılmaz, İ.H., 2006. Possibilities of using sewage sludge as nitrogen fertilizer for maize. Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica Section B-Soil and Plant Science 56:143-149.
• Bozkurt, M.A., Akdeniz, H., Keskin, B., 2009. The growth of corn plant in coal fly-ash and lime-stabilized sewage sludge. Fresenius Environmental Bulletin 18(1): 45-50.
• Bouyoucos, G.J., 1965. Hydrometer method Improved for making particle size analysis of soils. Agronomy J 54: 464-465.
• Casado-Vela, J., Selle, S., Navarro, J., 2006. Evaluation of composted sewage sludge as nutritional source for horticultural soils. Waste Management 269; 46–952.
• Cogger, C.G., Bary, A.I., Fransen, S.C., Sullivan, D.M., 2001. Seven years of biosolids versus inorganic nitrogen applications to tall fescue. J Environ Qual 30(6): 2188-2194.
• Dowdy, R.H., Clapp, C.E., Linden, D.R., Larson. W.E., Halbach, T.R., Potla, P.C., 1994. Twenty year of trace metal partitioning on the rosemont sewage sludge watershed: In Sewage Sludge Land Utilization and the Environment (Eds. CE Clapp et al.), Soil Science Society of Amer, pp. 149-158.
• Elsgaard, L., Petersen, S.O., Debosz, K., 2001. Effects and risk assessment of linear alkylbenzene sulfonates in agricultural soil. 1. Short-term effects on soil microbiology. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 201: 656–663.
• Follet, R.H., Murphy, L.S., Donahue, R.L., 1981. Fertilizers and soil amendments: Pretince-Hall, New Jersey.
• Houba, V.J.G., Vander Lee, J.J., Navozomsky, I., Walinga, I., 1989. Soil and plant analysis. Part 5. Wageningen Agricultural University. The Netherlands, pp.4-10.
• Jackson, M., 1958. Soil chemical analysis. Prentice Hall, Inc. Englewood Cliffs, New-Jersey.
• Jones, D.I.H., 1981. Chemical composition and nutritive value. In: Sward Measurement Handbook (Eds. J Handson, RD Baker, A Davies., AS Laidlows, Leawer JD). The British Grassland Society. Berkshire, UK, pp. 243–265.
• Kacar, B., İnal, A., 2008. Bitki Analizleri. Nobel Yayınları No:1241, Ankara.
• Keskin, B., Yılmaz, İ.H., Bozkurt, M.A., Akdeniz, H., 2009. Sewage sludge as nitrogen source for irrigation silage sorghum. J Animal and veterinary Advances 8(3): 573-578.
• Khan, K.D., Frankland, B., 1983. Chemical forms of Cd and Pb in some contaminated soils. Environ Pollut 6: 15-31.
• Kresse, E.J., Naylor, L.M., 1983. Municipal sewage sludge: A three year research effort, Cooperative Extension of Oneida County, August.
• Lindsay, W.L., Norvell, W.A., 1978. Development of a DTPA test for zinc, iron, manganese and copper. Soil Science Society of America J, 42: 421-428.
• Logan, T.J., Lindsay, B.J., Goins, L.E., Ryan, J.A., 1997. Field assessment of sludge metal bioavailability to crops: Sludge rate response. J. Environ Qual, 26 (2): 534-550.
• Lopez-Mosquera, M.E., Morion, C., Varral, E., 2000. Use of dairy industry sludge as fertiliser for grasslands in Northwest Spain: Heavy metal levels in the soils and plants. Resource, Conservation and Recycling 30: 95-109.
• Matthews, P.J., 1984. Control of metal application rates from sewage sludge utilization in agriculture. CRC Critical Rev. In Environ. Control, 14: 199-250.
• Moreda, J.M., Arranz, A., Fdez De Betono, S., 1998. Chromatographic determination of aliphatic hydrocarbons and polyaromatic hydrocarbons PAHs in a sewage sludge. Science of the Total Environment, 220: 33–43.
• Moreno, J.L., Garcia, C., Hernandez, T., Ayuso, M., 1997. Application of composted sewage sludges contaminated with heavy metals to an agricultural soil: Effect on lettuce growth. Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, 43: 565–573.
• Nelson, D.W., Sommers, L.E., 1982. Total carbon, organic carbon and organic matter. In: Method of Soil Analysis (Ed.AL Page),. ASS. Madison WI Part 2 pp. 539-579.
• Olsen, S.R., Cole, C.V., Watanabe, F.S., Dean, L.A., 1954. Estimation of available phosphorus in soil by extraction with sodium bicarbonate. U.S. Department of Agriculture Circular, 939, Washington.
• Ott, S.L., Foster, D.L., 1997. Economic analiysis of recycling sewage sludge on agricultural land. In: Proceedings of the 1977 Cornell agricultural waste management conference on Food, Fertilizer and Agricultural Residues (Eds Loehr RC), NY, pp 403-430.
• Penn, C.J., Sims, J.T., 2002. Phosphorus forms in biosolids-amended soils and losses in runoff: Effects of wastewater treatment process. J Environ. Qual. 31:1349-1361.
• Pietz, R.I., Jr. Carlson, C.R., Peterson, J.R., Zenz, D.R., Lue-Hing, C., 1989. Application of sewage sludge and other amendments to coal refuse material: II. Effects on revegetation. J Environ Qual 18:169-173.
• Pomares, F., 1982. Valor fertilizante de los lodos de las depuradoras de aguas residuales. ITEA 49: 47-67.
• Reed, B.E., Carriere, P.E., Matsumoto, M.R., 1991. Applying sludge on agricultural land. Biocycle, 32 (7): 58-60.
• Richard, L.A., 1954. Diagnosis and improvement of saline and alkali soils. United States Government Print Office, Agric. Handbook, No: 60., Washington.
• Roudsari, O.N., Pishdar, H., 2007. Evaluation of composted sewage sludge (CSS) as a soil amendment for Bermudagrass growth. Pakistan J Biol Sci 10 (9):1371-1379.
• Shober, A.L., Stehouwer, R.C., Macneal, K.E., 2003. On-farm assessment of biosolids effects on soil and crop tissue quality. J Environ Qual 32 (5): 1873-1880.
• Smith, S.R., 1996. Agricultural recycling of sewage sludge and the environment: In CAB International WRC (Ed SR Smith), Marlow, Buckinghamshire, UK, pp. 382
• Sommers, L.E., 1977. Chemical composition of sewage sludges and analysis of their potential use as fertilizers. J Environ Qual 6: 225-232.
• Soon, Y.K., Bates, T.E., Moyer, J.R., 1980. Land application of chemically treated sewage sludge: III. Effects on soil and plant heavy metal content. J Environ Qual 9:497-504.
• Su, D.C., Wong, J.W.C., 2003. Chemical speciation and phytoavailability of Zn, Cu, Ni and Cd in soil amended with fly ash stabilized sewage sludge. Environment International, 29: 895-900.
• Thomas, G.W., 1982. Exchangeable cations: In Chemical and Microbiological Properties. Agronomy Monography, No:9, ASA. SSSA, Madison, WI.
• Wen, G., Bates, T.E., Voroney, R.P., Yamamoto, T., Chikushi, J., Curtin, D., 2002. A yield control approach to assess phytoavailability of Zn and Cu in irradiated composted sewage sludges and composted manure in field experiments: I. Zinc. Plant and Soil 246: 231-240.