Vegetable oils as alternative lipid diet for Rainbow trout, European seabass and Seabream

Önder Yıldırım; Ümit Acar

Review

Vegetable oils as alternative lipid diet for Rainbow trout, European seabass and Seabream

Year 2013, Volume: 3 Issue: 2, 55 - 62, 30.06.2013

Önder Yıldırım , Ümit Acar

Abstract

The importance of aquaculture increases together with the rising demand for food for the continu-
ously growing world population. Aquafeed is of great importance in aquaculture which has a 40% share in sheries.
The primarily raw materials of aquafeed are sh meal and sh oil. Due to its consumption by human beings and its
use in feed for terrestrial animals as well as its dependency on annual shery yields, sh oil is a raw material with
rising costs. Besides, sh oil is an excellent lipid source due to its omega-3 fatty acid content. In order to provide
sustainability and economic bene ts it is obligatory for the aquafeed industry to nd suitable substitutes for sh oil
that meet the requirements of the sh. For this purpose recent research on aquafeed was focused on easy to obtain,
economic and standardized unsaturated fatty acids rich for supply of vegetable oil sources. It was indicated that sh
oil can be replaced partially or totally by vegetable oils without any negative impact on growth performance and
feed evaluation of marine or freshwater sh. In this study the effects of different vegetable oil sources in sh diet
on three economically important species have been evaluated with regard to recent research.

Keywords

Fish feeding, sh oil, vegetable oils, growth

References

Babin, P.J., Vernier, J.M., 1989. Plasma lipoproteins in sh. Journal of Lipid Research, 30(4):467-489.
Bell, J.G., Koppe, W., 2011. Lipids in aquafeeds. In: Fish Oil Rep- lacement and Alternative Lipid Sources in Aquaculture Feeds CRC Press London, pp. 21-59
Caballero, M. J., Obach, A., Rosenlund, G., Montero, D., Gisvold, M., Izquierdo, M. S., 2002. Impact of different dietary lipid sources on growth, lipid digestibility, tissue fatty acid compo- sition and histology of rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss. Aquaculture, 214(1:4), 253-271.
Chamberlain, A., 2011. Fishmeal and Fish Oil- The Facts Figures, Trends and IFFO’s Responsible Supply Standard, Internatio- nal Fishmeal & Fish Oil Organization
De la Higuerra M., 2001 Effects of nutritional factor and feed cha- racteristics on feed intake. In: Houlihan D, Boujard T, Jobling M (eds) Food Intake in Fish, 250:268. Blackwell Publishing, Oxford.
Denstadli, V., Vegusdal, A., Krogdahl, A., Bakke-McKellep, A.M., Berge, G.M., Holm, H., Hillestad, M., Ruyter, B., 2004. Lipid absorption in different segments of the gastrointestinal tract of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.). Aquaculture, 240(1-4): 385-398.
E. Fountoulaki, A., Vasilaki, R., Hurtado, K., Grigorakis, I., Ka- racostas, I,. Nengas, G., Rigos, Y., Kotzamanis, B., Venou, Alexis, M.N., 2009. Fish oil substitution by vegetable oils in commercial diets for gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata L.); effects on growth performance, esh quality and llet fatty acid pro le Recovery of fatty acid pro les by a sh oil nishing diet under uctuating water temperatures. Aquacul- ture, 289:317-326.
Earnest, C.P., Mikus, C.R., Lemieux, I., Arsenault, B.J., Church, T.S., 2007. Examination of encapsulated phytosterol ester supplementation on lipid indices associated with cardiovascu- lar disease. Nutrition, 23(9):625-633.
FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization), 2012. Fish Statistics. FAO, Rome, Italy.
Figueiredo-Silva, A., Rocha, E., Dias, J., Silva, P., Rema, P., Gomes, E., 2005. Partial replacement of sh oil by soybean oil on lipid distribution and liver histology in European sea bass (Dicent- rarchus labrax) and rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) ju- veniles. Aquaculture Nutrition, 11(2):147-155.
Fonseca-Madrigal J, Karalazos V, Campbell PJ, Bell J.G., Tocher, D.R., 2005. In uence of dietary palm oil on growth and tissue fatty acid compositions, and fatty acid metabolism in liver and intestine in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Aquacultu- re Nutrition, 11:241–250.
Glencross, B.D., Turchini G. M., 2011. Fish Oil Replacement and Alternative Lipid Sources in Aquaculture Feeds, CRC Press London, pp.373-404.
Güler, M., Yıldız, M., 2011. Effects of dietary sh oil replacement by cottonseed oil on growth performance and fatty acid com- position of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Turkish Jo- urnal of Veterinarian Animal Science, 35(3): 157-167
Higgs, D.A., Dosanjh, B.S., Uin, L.M., Himick, B.A., Eales, J.G., 1992. Effects of dietary lipid and carbohydrate levels and chronic 3,5,30-triiodo-L-thyronine treatment on growth, ap- petite, food and protein utilization and body composition of immature rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss, at low tempe- rature. Aquaculture, 105: 175–190.
Izquierdo M.S., Obach A., Arantzamendi L., Montero D., Robaina L., Rosenlund, G., 2003. Dietary lipid sources for seabream and seabass: growth performance, tissue composition and esh quality. Aquaculture Nutrition, 9: 397–407.
Izquierdo, M. S., Montero, D., Robaina, L., Caballero, M. J., Rosen- lund, G., Ginés, R., 2005. Alterations in llet fatty acid pro le and esh quality in gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata) fed vegetable oils for a long term period. Recovery of fatty acid pro les by sh oil feeding. Aquaculture, 250(1:2): 431-444.
Jensen, C., Birk, E., Jokumsen, A., Skibsted, L.H., Bertelsen, G., 1998. Effect of dietary levels of fat, alpha-tocopherol and astaxanthin on colour and lipid oxidation during storage of frozen rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and during chill storage of smoked trout. Zeitschrift Fur Lebensmittel-Unter- suchung Und-Forschung a-Food Research and Technology, 207(3):189-196.
Kamal-Eldin, A., 2005. Minor components of vegetable oils. In: Shahidi, F. (Ed.) Bailey ́s Industrial Oil and Fat Products. Sussex, UK,: John Wiley & Sons Inc.III). pp. 483-523.
Martins, D.A., Gomes, E., Rema, P., Dias J., Ozório ROA., Valente, L.M.P., 2006. Growth, digestibility and nutrient utilization of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) juveniles fed different dietary soybean oil levels. Aquaculture International, 14: 285–295.
Menoyo, D., Izquierdo, M. S., Robaina, L., Ginés, R., Lopez-Bote, C.J., Bautista, J.M., 2004. Adaptation of lipid metabolism, tis- sue composition and esh quality in gilthead seabream (Spa- rus aurata) to the replacement of dietary sh oil by linseed and soyabean oils. British Journal of Nutrition, 92:41-52.
Montero, D. Robaina, L., Caballero, R., Gines, R., Izquierdo, M.S., 2005. Growth, feed utilization and esh quality of European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) fed diets containing vegetable oils: a time-course study on the effect of a re-feeding period with a 100% sh oil diet. Aquaculture, 248: 121–134.
Mourente, G., Bell, J.G., 2006. Partial replacement of dietary sh oil with blends of vegetable oils (rapeseed, linseed and palm oils) in diets for European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax L.) over a long term growth study: effects on muscle and liver fatty acid composition and effectiveness of a sh oil nishing diet. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Bullettin, 145:389–399
NRC (National Research Council), 1993. Nutrient requirements of sh. National Academy Pres, Washington, DC, USA, 114p. Parpoura, A.C.R., Alexis, M.N., 2001. Effects of different dietary oils in sea bass (Dicantrarchus labrax) nutrition. Aquaculture International, 9: 463-476.
Pettersson, A., Pickova, J., Brännäs, E., 2009. Effects of crude rape- seed oil on lipid composition in Arctic charr (Salvelinus alpi- nus). Journal of Fish Biology, 75: 1446-1458.
Pettersson, A., Pickova, J., Brännäs, E., 2010. Swimming perfor- mance at different temperatures and fatty acid composition of Arctic charr (Salvelinus alpinus) fed rapeseed and palm oils. Aquaculture, 300:176-181.
Rosenlund, G., 2001. Effect of alternative lipid sources on long- term growth performance and quality of Atlantic salmon (Sal- mo salar L.). Aquaculture Research, 32:323-328.
Şener E., Yıldız M., 2003. Effect of the Different Oil on Growth Performance and Body Composition of Rainbow Trout (On- corhynchus mykiss W., 1792) Juveniles. Turkish Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 3: 111-116
Tacon, A.G.J., Hasan, M.R., Subasinghe, R.P., 2006. Use of shery resources as feed inputs to aquaculture development: trends and policy implications. FAO Fisheries Circular No. 1018. FAO Fisheries Department, Food and Agriculture Organizati- on of the United Nations, Rome.
Tocher, D.R., 2003. Metabolism and functions of lipids and fatty acids in teleost sh. Reviews in Fisheries Science, 11(2):107- 184.
Turchini, G.M. & Francis, D.S. (2009) Fatty acid metabolism (de- saturation, elongation and b-oxidation) in rainbow trout fed sh oil- or linseed oil-based diets. British Journal of Nutrition, 102, 60–68.
Turchini, G.M., Torstensen, B.E., Ng, W.K., 2009. Fish oil repla- cement in n sh nutrition. Reviews in Aquaculture, 1:10-57.
Watanabe, T., 1982. Lipid nutrition in sh. Comparative Bioche- mistry and Physiology Part B:Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 273:3–15.
Yıldırım, Ö. 2011. Türkiye balık yemi sektörünün mevcut durumu ve sürdürülebilirliği, XVI. Ulusal Su Ürünleri Sempozyumu, 25-27 Ekim 2011, Antalya.

Gökkuşağı Alabalığı, Avrupa Deniz Levreği ve Çipura İçin Alternatif Bitkisel Yağ Kaynakları

Year 2013, Volume: 3 Issue: 2, 55 - 62, 30.06.2013

Önder Yıldırım , Ümit Acar

Abstract

Dünya nüfusunun gıda gereksinimlerini karşılamada önemli bir yer tutan su ürünlerine talep artmaktadır.
Su ürünleri üretiminde %40’lık bir yer tutan su ürünleri yetiştiriciliğinde de balık besleme büyük öneme sahiptir.
Balık beslemede, temel hammadde kaynağını balık unu ve balık yağı bileşenleri oluşturmaktadır. Balık yağı, insan
tüketiminde ve karasal hayvanların yemlerinde de kullanılmasından dolayı ve yıllık eldesi avcılığa bağlı oldu-
ğundan yemlerde maliyeti arttıran bir hammaddedir. Bunun yanında, balık yağı omega-3 yağ asitleri bakımından,
rasyonlar için mükemmel bir yağ kaynağıdır. Sürdürülebilir ve ekonomik yetiştiricilik faaliyetleri için balık yağına
alternatif, balığın besin ihtiyaçlarını karşılayabilecek yağ kaynaklarının bulunması zorunludur. Bu amaçla, son
yıllarda balık besleme üzerine yapılan çalışmalarda temini kolay, ekonomik, üretim miktarları değişim gösterme-
yen ve doymamış yağ asitlerince zengin bitkisel yağ kaynaklarının kullanılması üzerinde yoğunlaşılmıştır. Deniz
ve tatlısu balıklarında büyüme ve yem değerlendirmeyi olumsuz yönde etkilemeden balık yağının kısmen veya
tamamen bitkisel yağ kaynakları ile değiştirilebileceği belirtilmiştir. Bu çalışmada, ekonomik öneme sahip üç balık
türünün yemlerinde kullanılan farklı bitkisel yağ kaynaklarının etkileri yapılan güncel araştırmalar doğrultusunda
değerlendirilmiştir

Keywords

Balık Besleme, Balık Yağı, Bitkisel Yağlar, Büyüme

References

Babin, P.J., Vernier, J.M., 1989. Plasma lipoproteins in sh. Journal of Lipid Research, 30(4):467-489.
Bell, J.G., Koppe, W., 2011. Lipids in aquafeeds. In: Fish Oil Rep- lacement and Alternative Lipid Sources in Aquaculture Feeds CRC Press London, pp. 21-59
Caballero, M. J., Obach, A., Rosenlund, G., Montero, D., Gisvold, M., Izquierdo, M. S., 2002. Impact of different dietary lipid sources on growth, lipid digestibility, tissue fatty acid compo- sition and histology of rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss. Aquaculture, 214(1:4), 253-271.
Chamberlain, A., 2011. Fishmeal and Fish Oil- The Facts Figures, Trends and IFFO’s Responsible Supply Standard, Internatio- nal Fishmeal & Fish Oil Organization
De la Higuerra M., 2001 Effects of nutritional factor and feed cha- racteristics on feed intake. In: Houlihan D, Boujard T, Jobling M (eds) Food Intake in Fish, 250:268. Blackwell Publishing, Oxford.
Denstadli, V., Vegusdal, A., Krogdahl, A., Bakke-McKellep, A.M., Berge, G.M., Holm, H., Hillestad, M., Ruyter, B., 2004. Lipid absorption in different segments of the gastrointestinal tract of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.). Aquaculture, 240(1-4): 385-398.
E. Fountoulaki, A., Vasilaki, R., Hurtado, K., Grigorakis, I., Ka- racostas, I,. Nengas, G., Rigos, Y., Kotzamanis, B., Venou, Alexis, M.N., 2009. Fish oil substitution by vegetable oils in commercial diets for gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata L.); effects on growth performance, esh quality and llet fatty acid pro le Recovery of fatty acid pro les by a sh oil nishing diet under uctuating water temperatures. Aquacul- ture, 289:317-326.
Earnest, C.P., Mikus, C.R., Lemieux, I., Arsenault, B.J., Church, T.S., 2007. Examination of encapsulated phytosterol ester supplementation on lipid indices associated with cardiovascu- lar disease. Nutrition, 23(9):625-633.
FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization), 2012. Fish Statistics. FAO, Rome, Italy.
Figueiredo-Silva, A., Rocha, E., Dias, J., Silva, P., Rema, P., Gomes, E., 2005. Partial replacement of sh oil by soybean oil on lipid distribution and liver histology in European sea bass (Dicent- rarchus labrax) and rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) ju- veniles. Aquaculture Nutrition, 11(2):147-155.
Fonseca-Madrigal J, Karalazos V, Campbell PJ, Bell J.G., Tocher, D.R., 2005. In uence of dietary palm oil on growth and tissue fatty acid compositions, and fatty acid metabolism in liver and intestine in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Aquacultu- re Nutrition, 11:241–250.
Glencross, B.D., Turchini G. M., 2011. Fish Oil Replacement and Alternative Lipid Sources in Aquaculture Feeds, CRC Press London, pp.373-404.
Güler, M., Yıldız, M., 2011. Effects of dietary sh oil replacement by cottonseed oil on growth performance and fatty acid com- position of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Turkish Jo- urnal of Veterinarian Animal Science, 35(3): 157-167
Higgs, D.A., Dosanjh, B.S., Uin, L.M., Himick, B.A., Eales, J.G., 1992. Effects of dietary lipid and carbohydrate levels and chronic 3,5,30-triiodo-L-thyronine treatment on growth, ap- petite, food and protein utilization and body composition of immature rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss, at low tempe- rature. Aquaculture, 105: 175–190.
Izquierdo M.S., Obach A., Arantzamendi L., Montero D., Robaina L., Rosenlund, G., 2003. Dietary lipid sources for seabream and seabass: growth performance, tissue composition and esh quality. Aquaculture Nutrition, 9: 397–407.
Izquierdo, M. S., Montero, D., Robaina, L., Caballero, M. J., Rosen- lund, G., Ginés, R., 2005. Alterations in llet fatty acid pro le and esh quality in gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata) fed vegetable oils for a long term period. Recovery of fatty acid pro les by sh oil feeding. Aquaculture, 250(1:2): 431-444.
Jensen, C., Birk, E., Jokumsen, A., Skibsted, L.H., Bertelsen, G., 1998. Effect of dietary levels of fat, alpha-tocopherol and astaxanthin on colour and lipid oxidation during storage of frozen rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and during chill storage of smoked trout. Zeitschrift Fur Lebensmittel-Unter- suchung Und-Forschung a-Food Research and Technology, 207(3):189-196.
Kamal-Eldin, A., 2005. Minor components of vegetable oils. In: Shahidi, F. (Ed.) Bailey ́s Industrial Oil and Fat Products. Sussex, UK,: John Wiley & Sons Inc.III). pp. 483-523.
Martins, D.A., Gomes, E., Rema, P., Dias J., Ozório ROA., Valente, L.M.P., 2006. Growth, digestibility and nutrient utilization of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) juveniles fed different dietary soybean oil levels. Aquaculture International, 14: 285–295.
Menoyo, D., Izquierdo, M. S., Robaina, L., Ginés, R., Lopez-Bote, C.J., Bautista, J.M., 2004. Adaptation of lipid metabolism, tis- sue composition and esh quality in gilthead seabream (Spa- rus aurata) to the replacement of dietary sh oil by linseed and soyabean oils. British Journal of Nutrition, 92:41-52.
Montero, D. Robaina, L., Caballero, R., Gines, R., Izquierdo, M.S., 2005. Growth, feed utilization and esh quality of European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) fed diets containing vegetable oils: a time-course study on the effect of a re-feeding period with a 100% sh oil diet. Aquaculture, 248: 121–134.
Mourente, G., Bell, J.G., 2006. Partial replacement of dietary sh oil with blends of vegetable oils (rapeseed, linseed and palm oils) in diets for European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax L.) over a long term growth study: effects on muscle and liver fatty acid composition and effectiveness of a sh oil nishing diet. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Bullettin, 145:389–399
NRC (National Research Council), 1993. Nutrient requirements of sh. National Academy Pres, Washington, DC, USA, 114p. Parpoura, A.C.R., Alexis, M.N., 2001. Effects of different dietary oils in sea bass (Dicantrarchus labrax) nutrition. Aquaculture International, 9: 463-476.
Pettersson, A., Pickova, J., Brännäs, E., 2009. Effects of crude rape- seed oil on lipid composition in Arctic charr (Salvelinus alpi- nus). Journal of Fish Biology, 75: 1446-1458.
Pettersson, A., Pickova, J., Brännäs, E., 2010. Swimming perfor- mance at different temperatures and fatty acid composition of Arctic charr (Salvelinus alpinus) fed rapeseed and palm oils. Aquaculture, 300:176-181.
Rosenlund, G., 2001. Effect of alternative lipid sources on long- term growth performance and quality of Atlantic salmon (Sal- mo salar L.). Aquaculture Research, 32:323-328.
Şener E., Yıldız M., 2003. Effect of the Different Oil on Growth Performance and Body Composition of Rainbow Trout (On- corhynchus mykiss W., 1792) Juveniles. Turkish Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 3: 111-116
Tacon, A.G.J., Hasan, M.R., Subasinghe, R.P., 2006. Use of shery resources as feed inputs to aquaculture development: trends and policy implications. FAO Fisheries Circular No. 1018. FAO Fisheries Department, Food and Agriculture Organizati- on of the United Nations, Rome.
Tocher, D.R., 2003. Metabolism and functions of lipids and fatty acids in teleost sh. Reviews in Fisheries Science, 11(2):107- 184.
Turchini, G.M. & Francis, D.S. (2009) Fatty acid metabolism (de- saturation, elongation and b-oxidation) in rainbow trout fed sh oil- or linseed oil-based diets. British Journal of Nutrition, 102, 60–68.
Turchini, G.M., Torstensen, B.E., Ng, W.K., 2009. Fish oil repla- cement in n sh nutrition. Reviews in Aquaculture, 1:10-57.
Watanabe, T., 1982. Lipid nutrition in sh. Comparative Bioche- mistry and Physiology Part B:Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 273:3–15.
Yıldırım, Ö. 2011. Türkiye balık yemi sektörünün mevcut durumu ve sürdürülebilirliği, XVI. Ulusal Su Ürünleri Sempozyumu, 25-27 Ekim 2011, Antalya.

There are 33 citations in total.

Details

Journal Section	Su Ürünleri / Fisheries
Authors	Önder Yıldırım Ümit Acar This is me
Publication Date	June 30, 2013
Submission Date	January 14, 2013
Acceptance Date	March 5, 2013
Published in Issue	Year 2013 Volume: 3 Issue: 2

Cite

APA	Yıldırım, O., & Acar, U. (2013). Vegetable oils as alternative lipid diet for Rainbow trout, European seabass and Seabream. Journal of the Institute of Science and Technology, 3(2), 55-62.
AMA	Yıldırım O, Acar U. Vegetable oils as alternative lipid diet for Rainbow trout, European seabass and Seabream. J. Inst. Sci. and Tech. June 2013;3(2):55-62.
Chicago	Yıldırım Önder, and Acar Ümit. “Vegetable Oils As Alternative Lipid Diet for Rainbow Trout, European Seabass and Seabream”. Journal of the Institute of Science and Technology 3, no. 2 (June 2013): 55-62.
EndNote	Yıldırım O, Acar U (June 1, 2013) Vegetable oils as alternative lipid diet for Rainbow trout, European seabass and Seabream. Journal of the Institute of Science and Technology 3 2 55–62.
IEEE	O. Yıldırım and U. Acar, “Vegetable oils as alternative lipid diet for Rainbow trout, European seabass and Seabream”, J. Inst. Sci. and Tech., vol. 3, no. 2, pp. 55–62, 2013.
ISNAD	Yıldırım Önder - Acar Ümit. “Vegetable Oils As Alternative Lipid Diet for Rainbow Trout, European Seabass and Seabream”. Journal of the Institute of Science and Technology 3/2 (June 2013), 55-62.
JAMA	Yıldırım O, Acar U. Vegetable oils as alternative lipid diet for Rainbow trout, European seabass and Seabream. J. Inst. Sci. and Tech. 2013;3:55–62.
MLA	Yıldırım Önder and Acar Ümit. “Vegetable Oils As Alternative Lipid Diet for Rainbow Trout, European Seabass and Seabream”. Journal of the Institute of Science and Technology, vol. 3, no. 2, 2013, pp. 55-62.
Vancouver	Yıldırım O, Acar U. Vegetable oils as alternative lipid diet for Rainbow trout, European seabass and Seabream. J. Inst. Sci. and Tech. 2013;3(2):55-62.

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