Yeraltısuyu Çekimi Sonucu Oluşan Yüzey Çökmesi Problemi; Bilimsel Araştırmaların Tarihsel Gelişimi

Year 2018, , 77 - 106, 15.06.2018

Nurkan Karahanoğlu

https://doi.org/10.24232/jmd.434142

Cited By: 1

Abstract

Akiferlerden yoğun su çekimi sonucu oluşan yüzey çökmesi konusundaki bilimsel araştırmalar 1890’lı yıllara

kadar uzanmaktadır. Zamanla teknolojik ve endüstriyel gelişmeler su ihtiyacını çok artırmış ve yeraltısuyu havzaları

vazgeçilemez kaynak olarak kullanılmıştır. Sanayileşmenin yaygın olduğu bölgelerde gözlenen ve altyapıyı olumsuz

olarak etkileyen bu gelişmenin yoğun su-petrol-gaz üretimi ile bağlantılı olduğu anlaşılmıştır. Daha sonraki yıllarda

konunun bilimsel olarak araştırıldığı ve su/akışkan çekimi ile yüzeydeki deformasyonun ilişkilerinin matematiksel

olarak ifade edildiği izlenmektedir. Yapılan araştırmalarda yeraltısuyu akımı ve deformasyon ilişkisi birlikte ele

alınmış ve mekanizmaların fiziksel ve mekanik yanları incelenmiştir. Terzaghi’nin konsolidasyon modeli ve Biot’nun

yeraltısuyu akımı ve yüzey deformasyonunu matematiksel olarak formüle etmesi araştırmalara çok önemli katkılar

sağlamıştır. Bu gelişmeleri takip eden yıllarda ilgili mekanizmaları açıklayan matematiksel denklemlerin analitik

yöntemlerle çözülmeleri önemli bir aşama olarak değerlendirilmiş, ancak karmaşık ve çok boyutlu ortamlarda

analitik yöntemler yetersiz kalmıştır. Sonlu Farklar ve Sonlu Elemanlar sayısal yöntemlerinin kullanılması ve

bilgisayar teknolojisindeki gelişmeler karmaşık problemlerin çözümünü sağlamış ve yapılan bilimsel araştırmalara

ivme kazandırmıştır.

Bu makalede yüzey çökmesi konusundaki araştırmalar tarihsel boyutta özetlenerek konunun bilimsel gelişimi

aktarılmaktadır. Temel denklemler yardımı ile su hareketi ve yüzey çökmesi mekanizması anlatılmakta ve dünya

genelinde yüzey çökmesi yaşanan bölgeler tanıtılarak konu ile ilgili güncel araştırmalar irdelenmektedir.

Keywords

Yüzey çökmesi, yeraltısuyu akımı-deformasyon ilişkisi, poroelastisite

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