İlk Çağlardan Günümüze Yeraltı Yapıları, Kaya Yapıları ve Kaya Mekaniği

Year 2017, Volume: 41 Issue: 2, 155 - 172, 15.12.2017

Ebru Akış , Özgür Satıcı

https://doi.org/10.24232/jmd.344499

Abstract

Yeraltındaki alanlarının
kullanımı insanlar için antik dönemlere uzanan eski bir alışkanlıktır.
Atalarımız, mağaraları vahşi hayattan korunmak için barınak olarak kullandılar,
ayrıca değerli mineralleri çıkarmak için kazarak yeraltı boşlukları
oluşturdular. Bu boşlukları kutsal alan, mezar veya depo olarak kullandılar.  Bu kullanım amaçlarına ek olarak, savaşlar
sırasında saldırı veya surları geçmek amacıyla tüneller inşa ettiler. Daha sonraları,
tüneller yerleşim yerlerine su getirmek veya söz konusu alanları selden korumak
amacıyla yapıldı. İlk kez ne zaman kullanıldıkları bilinmemekle birlikte,
birbirleriyle bağlantılı olarak inşa edilen yer altı yapıları insanlık tarihi
boyunca barınma amacıyla da kullanıldı. Sonraki yüzyıllarda, ulaşım
sistemlerine duyulan ihtiyaç nedeniyle yeni kazı tekniklerinin kullanıldığı
ulaşım ve iletim tünelleri inşa edildi. Bu dönemde, demiryolu tünelleri ve karayolu
tünelleri yapıldı. Bu yapıların çoğunluğu kaya ortamda yer almaktadır. İlk
kazılar elle yapılmış olup,  daha sonra
kolay kazmak için ateşin kullanıldığı bilinmektedir. Bu tekniği, barut,
patlayıcılar ve tünel açma makinaları takip etmiştir. Şu veya bu şekilde, eski  uygarlıklar kaya mekaniğinin temel
prensiplerini kullanmış ve bu prensipleri yeraltı yapılarının inşasında
uygulamışlardır. Kaya mekaniğinin prensipleri, tüm bu yapıların olmazsa olmaz
unsurudur. Bu çalışmada, kaya mekaniğinin tarihçesi kısaca anlatılacak, tarihi
ve anıtsal yeraltı ve kaya yapılarından örnekler sunulacaktır.

Keywords

Antik yeraltı kaya yapıları, kaya mekaniği tarihçesi, kaya mühendisliği, kaya mekaniği uygulamaları

Underground Structures, Rock Structures and Rock Mechanics fFrom Ancient Era to the Modern Age

Abstract

Usage of underground space is an old habit for human
beings from the ancient era. Our ancestors have used caves as a shelter for
protection from the wild life and nature and they excavated caves to extract
valuable minerals. They also used them as sanctuaries, tombs or for storage of
goods. In addition, they built tunnels to be used as assault systems or to
underpass fortifications during ancient warfare. Later on, tunnels were driven
to supply water to the towns or to protect the towns from floods. They also
built them for communication purposes. Though not knowing the exact time when
they were first used, natural underground structures, which have several
interconnections, were also built for underground dwelling purposes through the
human history. In the following centuries, due to the need of transportation
facilities, transportation tunnels were constructed, where new
excavation techniques were also used. Navigation canal tunnels, railway tunnels
and road tunnels were constructed during that period. All these structures were
mostly excavated in rocks. The first excavations were performed manually. Later
on, to excavate more easily, fire technique had been used. This was followed by
the methods in which gunpowder, explosives and tunneling machinery were used.
By some means or other, ancient civilizations had used fundamental principles
of rock mechanics and applied these principles in the construction of the
underground structures. Principles of rock mechanics are the sine qua non for
all of these structures and facilities. In this study, the history and
evaluation of rock mechanics will be given briefly and some examples of
historical and monumental underground and rock structures will be presented.

Keywords

ancient underground rock structures, history of rock mechanics, rock engineering, rock mechanic applications

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