Sıcak şerit haddesi dikey merdanelerine tozaltı ark kaynağı ile uygulanan Ni-Mo alaşımlı sert dolgu kaplamalarının yüksek sıcaklık aşınma davranışının incelenmesi
Year 2024,
Volume: 5 Issue: 1, 60 - 86, 26.06.2024
Hikmet Gizem Sarsılmaz
,
Ali Günen
,
Erdoğan Kanca
Abstract
Bu çalışmasında, demir çelik endüstrisi sıcak haddeleme kısmında kullanılan AISI 4140 çeliğinden imal edilen sıcak hadde dikey makaralara toz altı kaynak yöntemiyle ER430 ve E430+EC410NiMo kaplamaları uygulanmıştır. Kaplamaların karakterizasyonu taramalı elektron mikroskobu, enerji dağılım spektroskopisi, mikrosertlik ve aşınma davranışları (oda sıcaklığı, 300 °C, 600 °C) gerçekleştirilmiştir. XRD analizleri, ER 430 numunesinde kaplanan tabakaların baskın olarak α-ferrit fazı ve yanında γ (östenit) fazı, ER 430+EC 410Ni numunesinde ise α-ferrit fazının yanı sıra γ (östenit) ve M6C fazlarının da varlığı tespit edilmiştir. Kaplama kalınlıkları ve mikrosertlik değerleri, ER430 ve ER430+EC410NiMo için sırasıyla 1,5 mm ve 3,75 mm kaplama kalınlığına ve 533±42 HV0.1 ile 473±35 HV0.1 sertlik değerlerine sahiptir. Kaplanmış numunelerin yüzeyindeki sertlik artışıyla tüm koşullarda işlemsiz numuneye göre daha yüksek aşınma dirençleri göstermiştir. Ortlama sürtünme katsayı değerleri bakımından ise genellikle kaplanmış numunler daha düşük sürütnme kaysayısı değerleri sergilemişken bazı durumlarda ise ortalama sürtünme katsayısı daha yüksek olarak gerçekleşmiştir. Aşınma testlerinde en düşük aşınma hacim kayıpları 300 °C'deki testlerde, en yüksek aşınma hacim kayıpları ise 600 °C'deki testlerde gerçekleşmiştir. Aşınma mekanizmaları değerlendirildiğinde, kaplanmış numunelerde genellikle adhezif ve oksidasyon aşınma mekanizmalarının baskın aşınma mekanizması olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Yüksek sıcaklıklarda ise oksidasyon aşınma mekanizmasının daha belirgin olduğu tespit edilmiştir. ER430+EC410NiMo kaplamaları, ER430'a göre daha iyi aşınma direnci sergilemiştir, bu durum bu kaplamada γ (östenit) ve M6C fazlarının tokluk etkisine atfedilebilir. Sonuç olarak, AISI 4140 çeliğinden imal edilen sıcak hadde dikey makaralara uygulanan tozaltı kaynak kaplamaları bu makaraların aşınma direncini artırarak üretimde verimlilik artırabileceği tespit edilmiştir.
Ethical Statement
Journal of Materials and Mechatronics: A (JournalMM)-Araştırma ve Yayın Etiği Beyan Formu (In Turkish)
Yukarıda bilgisi verilen çalışmamızın yazım sürecinde uluslararası bilimsel, etik ve alıntı kurallarına uyulmuş, toplanan veriler üzerinde herhangi bir tahrifat yapılmamıştır, karşılaşılacak tüm etik ihlallerde Journal of Materials and Mechatronics: A (JournalMM) Dergisinin ve editör kurulunun hiçbir sorumluluğu yoktur. Tüm sorumluluğun bana ait olduğunu ve bu çalışmanın Journal of Materials and Mechatronics: A (JournalMM) Dergisinden başka hiçbir akademik yayın ortamında değerlendirilmemiş olduğunu taahhüt ederim.
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References
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- Bembenek M., Prysyazhnyuk P., Shihab T., Machnik R., Ivanov O., & Ropyak L., Microstructure and Wear Characterization of the Fe-Mo-BC—Based Hardfacing Alloys Deposited by Flux-Cored Arc Welding. Materials 15(14), 5074, 2022.
- Brühl S.P., Cabo A., Tuckart W.R., & Prieto G., Tribological behaviour of nitrided and nitrocarburized carbon steel used to produce engine parts. Industrial Lubrication and Tribology 68(1), 125-133, 2016.
- Bowden D., Krysiak Y., Palatinus L., Tsivoulas D., Plana-Ruiz S., Sarakinou E., … & Preuss M., (A high-strength silicide phase in a stainless steel alloy designed for wear-resistant applications. Nature Communications 9(1), 2018.
- Çelik O., Ahlatci H., Kayali E.S., & Cimenoglu, H., High temperature abrasive wear behavior of an as-cast ductile iron. Wear 258(1-4), 189-193, 2005.
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- Davis J.R., ASM Handbook Hardfacing, Chapter 6, Weld Cladding, and Dissimilar Metal Joining, https://doi.org/10.31399/asm.hb.v06.a0001442, 2017.
- Garbade R.R., & Dhokey N.B., Overview on hardfacing processes, materials and applications. In IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, IOP Publishing. 1017, 1, 2021.
- Girisken, I., & Çam, G., Characterization of microstructure and high-temperature wear behavior of pack-borided Co-based Haynes 25 superalloy. CIRP Journal of Manufacturing Science and Technology, 45, 82-98, 2023.
- Grützmacher P.G., Rosenkranz A., Rammacher S., Gachot C., & Mücklich F., The influence of centrifugal forces on friction and wear in rotational sliding. Tribology International, 116, 256-263, 2017.
- Günen A., Ulutan M., Gok M., Kurt B., & Orhan N., Friction and wear behaviour of borided aisi 304 stainless steel with nano particle and micro particle size of boriding agents. Journal of the Balkan Tribological Association, 20(3), 2014.
- Günen A., Kanca E., Karakaş M.S., Koç V., Gök M.S., Kanca Y., ... & Demir M., High temperature wear behavior of the surface-modified externally cooled rolls. Surface and Coatings Technology, 348, 130-141, 2018.
- Hamada A., Sahu P.C., & Porter, D., Indentation property and corrosion resistance of electroless nickel–phosphorus coatings deposited on austenitic high-mn twip steel. Applied Surface Science, 356, 1-8, 2015.
- Jiang W.H., Kovacevic, R., Laser deposited TiC/H13 tool steel composite coatings and their erosion resistance.” Journal of Materials Processing Technology 186, 331–338, 2007.
- Jilleh A., Babu N.K., Thota, V., Anis A.L., Harun M.K., & Talari M.K., Microstructural and wear investigation of high chromium white cast iron hardfacing alloys deposited on carbon steel. Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 857, 157472, 2021.
- Khan T.I., Khalid F.A., & Orhan N., Surface modification of tool steel using tungsten arc heat source. Surface Engineering 20(3), 215-219, 2004.
- Kaptanoğlu M., & Eroğlu, M., Ferroniyobyum ve Ferrobor İçeren Tozaltı Kaynak Tozları ile Elde Edilen Kaplamaların Mikroyapı ve Aşınma Özelliklerinin Araştırılması. Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi 20(1), 64-75, 2017.
- Kayalı Y., Kanca E., & Gunen A., Effect of boronizing on microstructure, high-temperature wear and corrosion behavior of additive manufactured Inconel 718. Materials Characterization, 191, 112155, 2022.
- Kazemipour M., Shokrollahi H., & Sharafi S., The influence of the matrix microstructure on abrasive wear resistance of heat-treated fe–32cr–4.5c wt% hardfacing alloy. Tribology Letters 39(2), 181-192, 2010.
- Kiryukhantsev-Korneev P.V., Sheveyko A. N., Shvindina N.V., Levashov E.A., & Shtansky D.V., Comparative study of Ti-C-Ni-Al, Ti-C-Ni-Fe, and Ti-C-Ni-Al/Ti-C-Ni-Fe coatings produced by magnetron sputtering, electro-spark deposition, and a combined two-step process. Ceramics International 44(7), 7637-7646, 2018.
- Koçyiğit F., Yıldız F., Gök M.S & Çay V.V., Dry-sliding wear behavior of AISI 4140-barrel steel at elevated temperatures. Materials Testing, 62(2), 189-195, 2020.
- Ortner H.M., Ettmayer P., & Kolaska H., The history of the technological progress of hardmetals. International Journal of Refractory Metals and Hard Materials 44, 148-159, 2014.
- Padilla E.H., Béjar L., Sánchez-Carrillo M., Medína A., Carreón-Garcidueñas H., Borjas-García S. E., … & Huirache–Acuña R., XPS study of corrosion deposit in stainless steel hardfacing. Microscopy and Microanalysis, 24(S1), 1086-1087, 2018.
- Podgornik B., Vižintin J., Ronkainen H., & Holmberg K., Wear resistance of dcl coating deposited on pretreated aisi 4140 steel. Advanced Engineering Materials 2(7), 444-448, 2000.
- Rovatti L., Lemke J.N., Lecis N., Stejskal O., & Vedani M., Effect of dilution on microstructure and wear resistance of a fe-based hardfacing alloy with a high amount of carbide-forming elements. Conference Papers in Science, 2015, 1-10, 2015.
- Saklakoğlu N., İrizalp S.G., Doğan S., Ildas G., & Saklakoğlu I., Performance of fe-based hardfacings on hot forging die: experimental, numerical and industrial studies. Metallic Materials 56(01), 15-27, 2018.
- Singh J., & Kumar Shukla D., Hardfacıng Wıth Saw Method On Mıld Steel-A Crıtıcal Revıew, International Journal of Technical Research & Science, V:3 I: XI, 2018.
- Suraj R., Hardfacing and its effect on wear and corrossion performance of various ferrous welded mild steels. Materials Today: Proceedings 42, 842-850, 2021.
- Şen U., Çeşitli yenileme işlemlerine uğratılan SAE 4140 tank palet çeliklerinin özellikleri. Doktora tezi, İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, 1993.
- Turunç U.D., Farklı Kimyasal Bileşimlerdeki sert Dolgu Aşınma Plakalarının Özelliklerinin İncelenmesi, Geliştirilmesi ve Optimizasyonu (Doctoral dissertation, İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, 2015.
- URL-1 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_steel_production
- Yang J., Wang C., Xing X., Yang Y., Ren X., & Yang Q., Stress induced phase transition on the medium-high carbon alloy steel hardfacing coating during the work hardening process: experiments and first-principles calculation. Materials Science and Engineering: A 670, 49-56, 2016.
- Zahiri R., Sundaramoorthy R., Lysz P., & Subramanian C., Hardfacing using ferro-alloy powder mixtures by submerged arc welding. Surface and Coatings Technology, 260, 220-229, 2014.
Investigation of high-temperature wear behavior of Ni-Mo alloyed hardfacing coatings applied on hot strip mill vertical rolls by submerged arc welding
Year 2024,
Volume: 5 Issue: 1, 60 - 86, 26.06.2024
Hikmet Gizem Sarsılmaz
,
Ali Günen
,
Erdoğan Kanca
Abstract
In this study, hot strip mill vertical rolls made of AISI 4140 steel, commonly used in the iron and steel industry's hot rolling section, were coated with ER430 and E430+EC410NiMo using the submerged arc welding (SAW) method. The coatings were characterized through scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), microhardness, and wear testing (room 24 °C, 300 °C, and 600 °C). XRD analysis showed that in the ER430 sample, the dominant phase was α-ferrite phase and a small amount of γ (austenite) phase observed, while in the ER 430+EC410NiMo sample, the α-ferrite phase was the dominant phase, but the γ (austenite) phase in the structure was more severe and additionally M6C carbide phase was formed. Coating thicknesses and microhardness values of ER430 and ER430+EC410NiMo coatings were measured as 1.5 mm and 3.75 mm thicknesses, and 533±42 HV0.1 and 473±35 HV0.1 respectively. The increase in hardness on the surface of coated specimens resulted in higher wear resistance compared to the uncoated specimens under all conditions. Regarding average friction coefficient values, coated specimens generally exhibited lower values, although in some cases, the average friction coefficient was higher. In the wear tests, the lowest wear volume losses occurred in the tests conducted at 300°C, while the highest wear volume losses were observed in the tests at 600°C. Upon evaluating the wear mechanisms, it was determined that adhesive and oxidative wear mechanisms were generally dominant in the coated specimens. At higher temperatures, oxidative wear mechanisms became more prominent. ER430+EC410NiMo coatings exhibited better wear resistance compared to ER430, which can be attributed to the toughness effect of γ (austenite) and M6C phases in these coatings. Consequently, it was concluded that applying powder deposition coatings onto hot strip mill vertical rolls made of AISI 4140 steel could enhance their wear resistance, thereby increasing productivity in manufacturing processes.
Ethical Statement
Journal of Materials and Mechatronics: A (JournalMM)-Research and Publication Ethics Declaration Form (In English)
During the writing process of our study, the information of which is given above, international scientific, ethical and citation rules have been followed, no falsification has been made on the data collected, and Journal of Materials and Mechatronics: A (JournalMM) and its editorial board have no responsibility for any ethical violations that may be encountered. I undertake that I have full responsibility and that this study has not been evaluated in any academic environment other than Journal of Materials and Mechatronics: A (JournalMM).
Supporting Institution
This study did not benefit from any support.
Thanks
Thank you for your time and consideration.
References
- Ardigo-Besnard M.R., Tellier A., Besnard A., & Chateau-Cornu J.P., Effect of the microstructure on the tribological properties of HIPed and PTA-welded Fe-based hardfacing alloy. Surface and Coatings Technology 425, 127691, 2021.
- Bembenek M., Prysyazhnyuk P., Shihab T., Machnik R., Ivanov O., & Ropyak L., Microstructure and Wear Characterization of the Fe-Mo-BC—Based Hardfacing Alloys Deposited by Flux-Cored Arc Welding. Materials 15(14), 5074, 2022.
- Brühl S.P., Cabo A., Tuckart W.R., & Prieto G., Tribological behaviour of nitrided and nitrocarburized carbon steel used to produce engine parts. Industrial Lubrication and Tribology 68(1), 125-133, 2016.
- Bowden D., Krysiak Y., Palatinus L., Tsivoulas D., Plana-Ruiz S., Sarakinou E., … & Preuss M., (A high-strength silicide phase in a stainless steel alloy designed for wear-resistant applications. Nature Communications 9(1), 2018.
- Çelik O., Ahlatci H., Kayali E.S., & Cimenoglu, H., High temperature abrasive wear behavior of an as-cast ductile iron. Wear 258(1-4), 189-193, 2005.
- Çürük A., Farklı kaplama teknikleri ile kaplanmış duşlu masa rollerinin yüksek sıcaklık aşınma korozyon davranışlarının incelenmesi, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, İskenderun Teknik Üniversitesi/Mühendislik ve Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü/İleri Metalurji ve Malzeme Teknolojileri Mühendisliği Anabilim Dalı, 2017.
- Davis J.R., ASM Handbook Hardfacing, Chapter 6, Weld Cladding, and Dissimilar Metal Joining, https://doi.org/10.31399/asm.hb.v06.a0001442, 2017.
- Garbade R.R., & Dhokey N.B., Overview on hardfacing processes, materials and applications. In IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, IOP Publishing. 1017, 1, 2021.
- Girisken, I., & Çam, G., Characterization of microstructure and high-temperature wear behavior of pack-borided Co-based Haynes 25 superalloy. CIRP Journal of Manufacturing Science and Technology, 45, 82-98, 2023.
- Grützmacher P.G., Rosenkranz A., Rammacher S., Gachot C., & Mücklich F., The influence of centrifugal forces on friction and wear in rotational sliding. Tribology International, 116, 256-263, 2017.
- Günen A., Ulutan M., Gok M., Kurt B., & Orhan N., Friction and wear behaviour of borided aisi 304 stainless steel with nano particle and micro particle size of boriding agents. Journal of the Balkan Tribological Association, 20(3), 2014.
- Günen A., Kanca E., Karakaş M.S., Koç V., Gök M.S., Kanca Y., ... & Demir M., High temperature wear behavior of the surface-modified externally cooled rolls. Surface and Coatings Technology, 348, 130-141, 2018.
- Hamada A., Sahu P.C., & Porter, D., Indentation property and corrosion resistance of electroless nickel–phosphorus coatings deposited on austenitic high-mn twip steel. Applied Surface Science, 356, 1-8, 2015.
- Jiang W.H., Kovacevic, R., Laser deposited TiC/H13 tool steel composite coatings and their erosion resistance.” Journal of Materials Processing Technology 186, 331–338, 2007.
- Jilleh A., Babu N.K., Thota, V., Anis A.L., Harun M.K., & Talari M.K., Microstructural and wear investigation of high chromium white cast iron hardfacing alloys deposited on carbon steel. Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 857, 157472, 2021.
- Khan T.I., Khalid F.A., & Orhan N., Surface modification of tool steel using tungsten arc heat source. Surface Engineering 20(3), 215-219, 2004.
- Kaptanoğlu M., & Eroğlu, M., Ferroniyobyum ve Ferrobor İçeren Tozaltı Kaynak Tozları ile Elde Edilen Kaplamaların Mikroyapı ve Aşınma Özelliklerinin Araştırılması. Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi 20(1), 64-75, 2017.
- Kayalı Y., Kanca E., & Gunen A., Effect of boronizing on microstructure, high-temperature wear and corrosion behavior of additive manufactured Inconel 718. Materials Characterization, 191, 112155, 2022.
- Kazemipour M., Shokrollahi H., & Sharafi S., The influence of the matrix microstructure on abrasive wear resistance of heat-treated fe–32cr–4.5c wt% hardfacing alloy. Tribology Letters 39(2), 181-192, 2010.
- Kiryukhantsev-Korneev P.V., Sheveyko A. N., Shvindina N.V., Levashov E.A., & Shtansky D.V., Comparative study of Ti-C-Ni-Al, Ti-C-Ni-Fe, and Ti-C-Ni-Al/Ti-C-Ni-Fe coatings produced by magnetron sputtering, electro-spark deposition, and a combined two-step process. Ceramics International 44(7), 7637-7646, 2018.
- Koçyiğit F., Yıldız F., Gök M.S & Çay V.V., Dry-sliding wear behavior of AISI 4140-barrel steel at elevated temperatures. Materials Testing, 62(2), 189-195, 2020.
- Ortner H.M., Ettmayer P., & Kolaska H., The history of the technological progress of hardmetals. International Journal of Refractory Metals and Hard Materials 44, 148-159, 2014.
- Padilla E.H., Béjar L., Sánchez-Carrillo M., Medína A., Carreón-Garcidueñas H., Borjas-García S. E., … & Huirache–Acuña R., XPS study of corrosion deposit in stainless steel hardfacing. Microscopy and Microanalysis, 24(S1), 1086-1087, 2018.
- Podgornik B., Vižintin J., Ronkainen H., & Holmberg K., Wear resistance of dcl coating deposited on pretreated aisi 4140 steel. Advanced Engineering Materials 2(7), 444-448, 2000.
- Rovatti L., Lemke J.N., Lecis N., Stejskal O., & Vedani M., Effect of dilution on microstructure and wear resistance of a fe-based hardfacing alloy with a high amount of carbide-forming elements. Conference Papers in Science, 2015, 1-10, 2015.
- Saklakoğlu N., İrizalp S.G., Doğan S., Ildas G., & Saklakoğlu I., Performance of fe-based hardfacings on hot forging die: experimental, numerical and industrial studies. Metallic Materials 56(01), 15-27, 2018.
- Singh J., & Kumar Shukla D., Hardfacıng Wıth Saw Method On Mıld Steel-A Crıtıcal Revıew, International Journal of Technical Research & Science, V:3 I: XI, 2018.
- Suraj R., Hardfacing and its effect on wear and corrossion performance of various ferrous welded mild steels. Materials Today: Proceedings 42, 842-850, 2021.
- Şen U., Çeşitli yenileme işlemlerine uğratılan SAE 4140 tank palet çeliklerinin özellikleri. Doktora tezi, İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, 1993.
- Turunç U.D., Farklı Kimyasal Bileşimlerdeki sert Dolgu Aşınma Plakalarının Özelliklerinin İncelenmesi, Geliştirilmesi ve Optimizasyonu (Doctoral dissertation, İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, 2015.
- URL-1 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_steel_production
- Yang J., Wang C., Xing X., Yang Y., Ren X., & Yang Q., Stress induced phase transition on the medium-high carbon alloy steel hardfacing coating during the work hardening process: experiments and first-principles calculation. Materials Science and Engineering: A 670, 49-56, 2016.
- Zahiri R., Sundaramoorthy R., Lysz P., & Subramanian C., Hardfacing using ferro-alloy powder mixtures by submerged arc welding. Surface and Coatings Technology, 260, 220-229, 2014.