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The Current State of Social Entrepreneurship: Comparing Turkish with South African Examples

Year 2023, Volume: 8 Issue: 2, 468 - 479, 30.12.2023

Abstract

Sosyal girişimcilik, uygulama ve yönetim açısından politika yapıcılar, kredi verenler, araştırmacılar ve eğitimciler için küresel bir hareketi temsil etmektedir. Toplumsal dönüşümün bir parçası olarak düşünüldüğünde sosyal girişimcilik uygulamaları desteklenmesi ve geliştirilmesi gereken bir alandır. Girişimcilik ve sosyal girişimcilik kavramını açıklamak ve örnekler sunarak Türkiye ve Afrika bağlamında sosyal girişimcilik eğiliminin farkını, gelişimini ve bu iki ülke arasındaki ilişkilere katkısını keşfetmek amacıyla yapılmıştır. Aynı zamanda bu çalışmanın, iki ülkenin sosyal girişimcilik alanındaki mevcut araştırma eğilimlerine ışık tutması amaçlanmıştır. Bu amaç doğrultusunda, Türkiye ve Afrika'nın sosyal girişimcilikten nasıl etkilendiği ve sosyal girişimciliğin katkıları karşılaştırmalı bir şekilde sunulmuş, sosyal girişimciler sosyal kimlik teorisi açısından ele alınarak kendi toplumlarında değer yaratma niyetlerine odaklandıkları örneklere yer verilmiştir. Ayrıca, çalışma ile her iki ülkedeki sosyal girişimcilik büyüme alanlarına işaret edilmiştir. Uluslararası boyutta ele alındığında sosyal girişimcilik ikili ilişkiler açısından önem arz etmektedir. Bu çalışma özelinde ise Sub-Sahara Afrika ve Orta Doğu arasındaki ikili işbirliğini geliştirebilecek sosyal girişimcilik uygulamaları hakkında bilgi toplanmasına ve bu bağlamda Türkiye’deki aracı kurumlar üzerinden sosyal girişimciliğin katkılarının incelenmesi önerilmektedir.

References

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  • Alby, P., Auriol, E. & Nguimkeu, P. (2020). Does Social Pressure Hinder Entrepreneurship in Africa? The Forced Mutual Help Hypothesis. Economica. 87: 299-327.
  • Ashoka.org. (2020). Ashoka envisions a world in which everyone is a changemaker. https://www.ashoka.org/en-za/about-ashoka].
  • Ashta, A. (2019). Toward a realistic theory of social entrepreneurship (NGOs) grounded on microfinance research: Selling dreams to society. Strategic Change. 28:301-314.
  • Austin, J., Stevenson, H & Wei-Skillern, J. (2006). Social and commercial entrepreneurship: same, different, or Both? Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice. 30(1): 1-19.
  • Brock, D. D., & Steiner, S. (2010). Social Entrepreneurship: Be the Change. Social Entrepreneurship Program. (Online). [Available at https://www.SSRN.1344412].
  • Çakanel, Z. (2018). Duygusal zekâ, sosyal zekâ ve sosyal girişimcilik arasındaki ilişkinin incelenmesi (Unpublished master's dissertation), Denizli: Pamukkale Üniversitesi
  • Chipeta, E.M. & Koloba, H.A. (2016). Influence of gender and age on social entrepreneurship intentions among university students in gauteng province, South Africa. Gender & Behaviour. 14(1): 6885-6899.
  • Çiftçi, F., & Zencir, E. (2019). Turizm sektöründeki sosyal girişim çalışanlarının sosyal girişimcilik davranışı, iş ve yaşam tatmini: Tatuta projesi Narköy örneği. Turizm Akademik Dergisi, 6(1): 131-145.
  • Civil Pages (2021). Civil Society Organizations funded by “Smart Start”, a EU Project Supporting Social Entrepreneurship in Turkey, Continue their way with a New Perspective http.sivilsayfalar.org/civil-pages-home
  • Çomak, İ. (2011). Türkiye’nin Afrika politikası ve sağlık sektöründe çalışan Türk STK’ların TİKA’nın desteğinde Afrika’da yürüttüğü faaliyetlerin bu politikaya etkisi. Avrasya Etüdleri. 40(2): 10-31.
  • Defourny, J., & Nyssens, M. (2010). Conceptions of social enterprise and social entrepreneurship in Europe and the United States: Convergences and divergences. Journal of social entrepreneurship, 1(1), 32-53.
  • Durul, T. (2018). Türkiye-Afrika ilişkileri 2018'de hız kazandı. https://www.aa.com.tr/tr/turkiye/turkiye-afrika-iliskileri-2018de-hiz-kazandi/1346417].
  • Elliott, R. M. (2019). Social entrepreneurship as catalyst to break the poverty trap: An analysis of the motivational factors in South Africa. Acta Commercii. 19(2): 1-13.
  • Fafchamps, M. (2004). Market Institutions in Sub-Saharan Africa. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
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  • Gordon Institute of Business Science (GIBS). (2020). Why social entrepreneurship in South Africa? https://www.bizcommunity.com/Article/196/713/189610.html
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  • Gupta, P., Chauhan, S., Paul, J., & Jaiswal, M. P. (2020). Social entrepreneurship research: A review and future research agenda. Journal of Business Research. 113: 209-229.
  • Kahn, M. (2016). Mitigating South Africa’s HIV Epidemic: The Interplay of Social Entrepreneurship and the Innovation System. Minerva. 54: 129-150.
  • Kahraman, A. (2019). İyisiyle Kötüsüyle Türkiye’de Sosyal Girişim Kurmak. https://www.sivilsayfalar.org/2019/04/11/iyisiyle-kotusuyle-turkiyede-sosyal-girisim-kurmak
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  • Karanda, C. & Toledano, N. (2018). Foreign aid versus support to social entrepreneurs: Reviewing the way of fighting poverty in Zimbabwe. Development Southern Africa. 35(4): 480-496.
  • Kayalar, M., & Arslan, E. T. (2009). Ashoka’ya Üye Sosyal Girişimcilerin Türkiye Ve Dünyadaki Faaliyet Alanlarının Karşılaştırılması. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Vizyoner Dergisi. 1(1): 56-76.
  • Kırılmaz, S. (2012). Sosyal girişimciliğin başarı faktörlerinin girişimci kişilik ve dönüştürücü liderlik bağlamında araştırılması. Doktora Tezi, Çanakkale: Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart Üniversitesi.
  • Koçak, O. & Kavi, E. (2014). Sosyal politika aktörü olarak sosyal girişimci belediyecilik. Hak İş Uluslararası Emek ve Toplum Dergisi. 3(6): 26-49.
  • Krige, K. (2019). From terra incognita to terra firma: Building the research agenda for social entrepreneurship in Africa. Social Business. 9(2): 183-192.
  • Kroesen, O. (2018). The Future of Africa – Not what it Used to Be. Journal of Futures Studies. 23(1): 105-114.
  • Mair, J., & Martin, I. (2006). Social entrepreneurship research: A source of explanation, prediction, and delight. Journal of world business. 41(1): 36-44.
  • Manyaka-Boshielo, S.J. (2017). Social entrepreneurship as a way of developing sustainable township economies. HTS Teologiese Studies/Theological Studies. 73(4): 1-11.
  • Martin, R.L. & Osberg, S. (2007). Social entrepreneurship: The case study for definition. Stanford Social Innovation Review. http://www.ssireview.org/articles/entry/social_entrepreneurship
  • Mirvis, P. & Googins, B. (2018). Catalyzing social entrepreneurship in Africa: roles for western universities, NGO’s and corporations. African Journal of Management. 4(1): 57-83.
  • Mort, G. S., Weerawardena, J., & Carnegie, K. (2002). Social entrepreneurship: Towards conceptualization and measurement. American Marketing Association: Conference Proceedings. (13): 5-24.
  • Ngatse-Ipangui, R. & Dassah, M.O. (2019). Impact of social entrepreneurs on community development in the Cape Town Metropolitan Municipality area, South Africa. The Journal for Transdisciplinary Research in Southern Africa. 15(1): 1-10.
  • Oğurlu, E. (2018). 1998-2018 Arası Dönemde Türkiye’nin Afrika Deneyimi: Fikirden Eyleme Bir Dönüşüm. Avrasya Etüdleri. 54(2): 65-94.
  • Oktay, E., Zeren, H., & Pekküçükşen, Ş. (2016). Belediyelerin Sosyal Girişimcilik Faaliyetlerinin Yerel Kalkınmaya Etkisi: Denizli Belediyesi Örneği. Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi. 5(2): 267-276.
  • Özdevecioğlu, M., & Cingöz, A. (2009). Sosyal girişimcilik ve sosyal girişimciler: Teorik çerçeve. Erciyes Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi. (32): 81-95.
  • Pan, N.D. Gruber, M. & Binder, J. (2019). Painting with All the Colors: The Value of Social Identity Theory for Understanding Social Entrepreneurship. Academy of Management Review. 44(1): 213–226.
  • Pless, N.M. (2012). Social Entrepreneurship in Theory and Practice—An Introduction. Journal of Business Ethics. 111: 317–320.
  • Praszkier, R. & Nowak, A. (2012). Social entrepreneurship: Theory and practice. Cambridge University Press. UK, London.
  • Prieto, L. Phipps, S. & Friedrich, T. (2012). Social entrepreneur development: An integration of critical pedagogy, the theory of planned behavior and the ACS model. Academy of Entrepreneurship Journal. 18(2): 1-15.
  • Roper, J., & Cheney, G. (2005). Social entrepreneurship: History, dimensions, and limitations. Corporate Governance. 5(3): 95-104.
  • Rossi, M., & Kjeldsen, J. E. (2015). Social Entrepreneurship in Morocco: Prospects and Challenges. In Social entrepreneurship in the middle east (pp. 112-130). Palgrave Macmillan, London.
  • Santos, F. (2012). A Positive Theory of Social Entrepreneurship. Journal of Business Ethics. 111: 335–351.
  • Seelosa, C., & Mair, J. (2005). Social entrepreneurship: Creating new business models to serve the poor. Business horizons. 48(3): 241-246.
  • Shahhosseini, A., Kavousy, E., Shirsavar, H. R. & Ardahaey, F. T. (2011). Appointing the level of individual entrepreneurship of Islamic Azad University students. Asian Social Science. 7(1): 106-114.
  • Silvestri A. & Veltri, S. (2019). Exploring the relationships between corporate social responsibility, leadership, and sustainable entrepreneurship theories: A conceptual framework. Corporate Social Responsibility and Environment Management. 27: 585–594.
  • Situmorang, D. B. M., & Mirzanti, I. R. (2012). Social entrepreneurship to develop ecotourism. Procedia Economics and Finance. 4: 398-405.
  • Socioeco.org. (2020). Green Paper on the Social and Solidarity Economy. http://www.socioeco.org/bdf_fiche-legislation-166_en.html.
  • Sönmez, A., Arıker, Ç., & Toksoy, A. (2016). Dünya’da Ve Türkiye’de Sosyal Girişimciliğin Gelişimi. Sosyal Ve Beşeri Bilimler Araştırmaları Dergisi. 3(2): 102-121.
  • Tajfel, H., & Turner, J. C. (1979). An integrative theory of intergroup conflict. In W. G. Austin & S. Worchel (Eds.), The social psychology of intergroup relations (pp. 33-47). Monterey, CA: Brooks/Cole.
  • Tan, W. L., Williams, J., & Tan, T. M. (2005). Defining the ‘social’ in ‘social entrepreneurship’: Altruism and entrepreneurship. The International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal. 1(3): 353-365.
  • Taş, H. Y., & Menteşe, B. (2016) Sosyal Girişimciliğin Gelişimi: Avrupa Birliği Ülkelerinde Ve Türkiye’de Sosyal Girişimciliğin Boyutları. İksad. 305-325.
  • Taş, H. Y., & Şemşek, İ. (2017). Türkiye Ve Dünya’dan Sosyal Girişimcilik Örnekleri Ve İstihdama Katkıları. Hak İş Uluslararası Emek ve Toplum Dergisi. 6(16): 480-497.
  • Tepeciklioğlu, E. E. (2012). Afrika Kıtasının Dünya Politikasında Artan Önemi ve Türkiye-Afrika İlişkileri. Ankara Üniversitesi Afrika Çalışmaları Dergisi. 1(2): 59-94.
  • Tepecikliogu, E.E. (2017). Economic relations between turkey and Africa: challenges and prospects. Journal of Sustainable Development Law and Policy. DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.4314/jsdlp.v8i1.2.
  • Türkeş, N. (2017). Türkiye'de sosyal girişimciliğin gelişimi ve bir örnek olarak İhsan Doğramacı (Unpublished Master's thesis, İstanbul: Maltepe Üniversitesi.
  • Visser, K. (2011). Social entrepreneurship in South Africa: context, relevance and extent. Industry and Higher Education. 25(4): 233-247.
  • Viviers, S., Venter, C. & Solomon, G. (2012). South African students’ intentions to establish social enterprises. The Southern African Journal of Entrepreneurship and Small Business Management. 5(1): 70-88.
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The Current State of Social Entrepreneurship: Comparing Turkish with South African Examples

Year 2023, Volume: 8 Issue: 2, 468 - 479, 30.12.2023

Abstract

Social entrepreneurship represents a global movement for policy makers, lenders, researchers and educators in terms of practice and management. Considered as a part of social transformation, social entrepreneurship practices are an area that should be supported and developed. It was aimed to explain the concept of entrepreneurship and social entrepreneurship and to explore the difference and development of social entrepreneurship trend in the context of Turkey and Africa and its contribution to the relations between these two countries by providing examples. At the same time, this study aims to shed light on the current research trends in the field of social entrepreneurship in the two countries. For this purpose, how Turkey and Africa are affected by social entrepreneurship and the contributions of social entrepreneurship are presented in a comparative manner, and social entrepreneurs are discussed in terms of social identity theory and examples are given where they focus on their intention to create value in their own societies. Additionally, the study pointed out areas of social entrepreneurship growth in both countries. When considered on an international scale, social entrepreneurship is important for bilateral relations. In the specific case of this study, it is recommended to collect information about social entrepreneurship practices that can improve bilateral cooperation between Sub-Saharan Africa and the Middle East, and in this context, to examine the contributions of social entrepreneurship through intermediary institutions in Turkey.

References

  • Ajzen, I. (1991). The theory of planned behavior. Organizational Behavior & Human Decision Processes. 50(2): 179-211.
  • Alby, P., Auriol, E. & Nguimkeu, P. (2020). Does Social Pressure Hinder Entrepreneurship in Africa? The Forced Mutual Help Hypothesis. Economica. 87: 299-327.
  • Ashoka.org. (2020). Ashoka envisions a world in which everyone is a changemaker. https://www.ashoka.org/en-za/about-ashoka].
  • Ashta, A. (2019). Toward a realistic theory of social entrepreneurship (NGOs) grounded on microfinance research: Selling dreams to society. Strategic Change. 28:301-314.
  • Austin, J., Stevenson, H & Wei-Skillern, J. (2006). Social and commercial entrepreneurship: same, different, or Both? Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice. 30(1): 1-19.
  • Brock, D. D., & Steiner, S. (2010). Social Entrepreneurship: Be the Change. Social Entrepreneurship Program. (Online). [Available at https://www.SSRN.1344412].
  • Çakanel, Z. (2018). Duygusal zekâ, sosyal zekâ ve sosyal girişimcilik arasındaki ilişkinin incelenmesi (Unpublished master's dissertation), Denizli: Pamukkale Üniversitesi
  • Chipeta, E.M. & Koloba, H.A. (2016). Influence of gender and age on social entrepreneurship intentions among university students in gauteng province, South Africa. Gender & Behaviour. 14(1): 6885-6899.
  • Çiftçi, F., & Zencir, E. (2019). Turizm sektöründeki sosyal girişim çalışanlarının sosyal girişimcilik davranışı, iş ve yaşam tatmini: Tatuta projesi Narköy örneği. Turizm Akademik Dergisi, 6(1): 131-145.
  • Civil Pages (2021). Civil Society Organizations funded by “Smart Start”, a EU Project Supporting Social Entrepreneurship in Turkey, Continue their way with a New Perspective http.sivilsayfalar.org/civil-pages-home
  • Çomak, İ. (2011). Türkiye’nin Afrika politikası ve sağlık sektöründe çalışan Türk STK’ların TİKA’nın desteğinde Afrika’da yürüttüğü faaliyetlerin bu politikaya etkisi. Avrasya Etüdleri. 40(2): 10-31.
  • Defourny, J., & Nyssens, M. (2010). Conceptions of social enterprise and social entrepreneurship in Europe and the United States: Convergences and divergences. Journal of social entrepreneurship, 1(1), 32-53.
  • Durul, T. (2018). Türkiye-Afrika ilişkileri 2018'de hız kazandı. https://www.aa.com.tr/tr/turkiye/turkiye-afrika-iliskileri-2018de-hiz-kazandi/1346417].
  • Elliott, R. M. (2019). Social entrepreneurship as catalyst to break the poverty trap: An analysis of the motivational factors in South Africa. Acta Commercii. 19(2): 1-13.
  • Fafchamps, M. (2004). Market Institutions in Sub-Saharan Africa. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
  • Gevers, W. (2007). Speaking truth to power in South Africa: Nutritional influences on HIV infection and tuberculosis. S A Journal of Science. 103: 266-268.
  • Gordon Institute of Business Science (GIBS). (2020). Why social entrepreneurship in South Africa? https://www.bizcommunity.com/Article/196/713/189610.html
  • Greenleaf, R. K. (2002). Servant leadership: A journey into the nature of legitimate power and greatness (25th anniversary ed.). New York: Paulist Press.
  • Gupta, P., Chauhan, S., Paul, J., & Jaiswal, M. P. (2020). Social entrepreneurship research: A review and future research agenda. Journal of Business Research. 113: 209-229.
  • Kahn, M. (2016). Mitigating South Africa’s HIV Epidemic: The Interplay of Social Entrepreneurship and the Innovation System. Minerva. 54: 129-150.
  • Kahraman, A. (2019). İyisiyle Kötüsüyle Türkiye’de Sosyal Girişim Kurmak. https://www.sivilsayfalar.org/2019/04/11/iyisiyle-kotusuyle-turkiyede-sosyal-girisim-kurmak
  • Kamer Foundattion (2021). https://www.kamer.org.tr/eng/
  • Karanda, C. & Toledano, N. (2018). Foreign aid versus support to social entrepreneurs: Reviewing the way of fighting poverty in Zimbabwe. Development Southern Africa. 35(4): 480-496.
  • Kayalar, M., & Arslan, E. T. (2009). Ashoka’ya Üye Sosyal Girişimcilerin Türkiye Ve Dünyadaki Faaliyet Alanlarının Karşılaştırılması. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Vizyoner Dergisi. 1(1): 56-76.
  • Kırılmaz, S. (2012). Sosyal girişimciliğin başarı faktörlerinin girişimci kişilik ve dönüştürücü liderlik bağlamında araştırılması. Doktora Tezi, Çanakkale: Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart Üniversitesi.
  • Koçak, O. & Kavi, E. (2014). Sosyal politika aktörü olarak sosyal girişimci belediyecilik. Hak İş Uluslararası Emek ve Toplum Dergisi. 3(6): 26-49.
  • Krige, K. (2019). From terra incognita to terra firma: Building the research agenda for social entrepreneurship in Africa. Social Business. 9(2): 183-192.
  • Kroesen, O. (2018). The Future of Africa – Not what it Used to Be. Journal of Futures Studies. 23(1): 105-114.
  • Mair, J., & Martin, I. (2006). Social entrepreneurship research: A source of explanation, prediction, and delight. Journal of world business. 41(1): 36-44.
  • Manyaka-Boshielo, S.J. (2017). Social entrepreneurship as a way of developing sustainable township economies. HTS Teologiese Studies/Theological Studies. 73(4): 1-11.
  • Martin, R.L. & Osberg, S. (2007). Social entrepreneurship: The case study for definition. Stanford Social Innovation Review. http://www.ssireview.org/articles/entry/social_entrepreneurship
  • Mirvis, P. & Googins, B. (2018). Catalyzing social entrepreneurship in Africa: roles for western universities, NGO’s and corporations. African Journal of Management. 4(1): 57-83.
  • Mort, G. S., Weerawardena, J., & Carnegie, K. (2002). Social entrepreneurship: Towards conceptualization and measurement. American Marketing Association: Conference Proceedings. (13): 5-24.
  • Ngatse-Ipangui, R. & Dassah, M.O. (2019). Impact of social entrepreneurs on community development in the Cape Town Metropolitan Municipality area, South Africa. The Journal for Transdisciplinary Research in Southern Africa. 15(1): 1-10.
  • Oğurlu, E. (2018). 1998-2018 Arası Dönemde Türkiye’nin Afrika Deneyimi: Fikirden Eyleme Bir Dönüşüm. Avrasya Etüdleri. 54(2): 65-94.
  • Oktay, E., Zeren, H., & Pekküçükşen, Ş. (2016). Belediyelerin Sosyal Girişimcilik Faaliyetlerinin Yerel Kalkınmaya Etkisi: Denizli Belediyesi Örneği. Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi. 5(2): 267-276.
  • Özdevecioğlu, M., & Cingöz, A. (2009). Sosyal girişimcilik ve sosyal girişimciler: Teorik çerçeve. Erciyes Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi. (32): 81-95.
  • Pan, N.D. Gruber, M. & Binder, J. (2019). Painting with All the Colors: The Value of Social Identity Theory for Understanding Social Entrepreneurship. Academy of Management Review. 44(1): 213–226.
  • Pless, N.M. (2012). Social Entrepreneurship in Theory and Practice—An Introduction. Journal of Business Ethics. 111: 317–320.
  • Praszkier, R. & Nowak, A. (2012). Social entrepreneurship: Theory and practice. Cambridge University Press. UK, London.
  • Prieto, L. Phipps, S. & Friedrich, T. (2012). Social entrepreneur development: An integration of critical pedagogy, the theory of planned behavior and the ACS model. Academy of Entrepreneurship Journal. 18(2): 1-15.
  • Roper, J., & Cheney, G. (2005). Social entrepreneurship: History, dimensions, and limitations. Corporate Governance. 5(3): 95-104.
  • Rossi, M., & Kjeldsen, J. E. (2015). Social Entrepreneurship in Morocco: Prospects and Challenges. In Social entrepreneurship in the middle east (pp. 112-130). Palgrave Macmillan, London.
  • Santos, F. (2012). A Positive Theory of Social Entrepreneurship. Journal of Business Ethics. 111: 335–351.
  • Seelosa, C., & Mair, J. (2005). Social entrepreneurship: Creating new business models to serve the poor. Business horizons. 48(3): 241-246.
  • Shahhosseini, A., Kavousy, E., Shirsavar, H. R. & Ardahaey, F. T. (2011). Appointing the level of individual entrepreneurship of Islamic Azad University students. Asian Social Science. 7(1): 106-114.
  • Silvestri A. & Veltri, S. (2019). Exploring the relationships between corporate social responsibility, leadership, and sustainable entrepreneurship theories: A conceptual framework. Corporate Social Responsibility and Environment Management. 27: 585–594.
  • Situmorang, D. B. M., & Mirzanti, I. R. (2012). Social entrepreneurship to develop ecotourism. Procedia Economics and Finance. 4: 398-405.
  • Socioeco.org. (2020). Green Paper on the Social and Solidarity Economy. http://www.socioeco.org/bdf_fiche-legislation-166_en.html.
  • Sönmez, A., Arıker, Ç., & Toksoy, A. (2016). Dünya’da Ve Türkiye’de Sosyal Girişimciliğin Gelişimi. Sosyal Ve Beşeri Bilimler Araştırmaları Dergisi. 3(2): 102-121.
  • Tajfel, H., & Turner, J. C. (1979). An integrative theory of intergroup conflict. In W. G. Austin & S. Worchel (Eds.), The social psychology of intergroup relations (pp. 33-47). Monterey, CA: Brooks/Cole.
  • Tan, W. L., Williams, J., & Tan, T. M. (2005). Defining the ‘social’ in ‘social entrepreneurship’: Altruism and entrepreneurship. The International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal. 1(3): 353-365.
  • Taş, H. Y., & Menteşe, B. (2016) Sosyal Girişimciliğin Gelişimi: Avrupa Birliği Ülkelerinde Ve Türkiye’de Sosyal Girişimciliğin Boyutları. İksad. 305-325.
  • Taş, H. Y., & Şemşek, İ. (2017). Türkiye Ve Dünya’dan Sosyal Girişimcilik Örnekleri Ve İstihdama Katkıları. Hak İş Uluslararası Emek ve Toplum Dergisi. 6(16): 480-497.
  • Tepeciklioğlu, E. E. (2012). Afrika Kıtasının Dünya Politikasında Artan Önemi ve Türkiye-Afrika İlişkileri. Ankara Üniversitesi Afrika Çalışmaları Dergisi. 1(2): 59-94.
  • Tepecikliogu, E.E. (2017). Economic relations between turkey and Africa: challenges and prospects. Journal of Sustainable Development Law and Policy. DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.4314/jsdlp.v8i1.2.
  • Türkeş, N. (2017). Türkiye'de sosyal girişimciliğin gelişimi ve bir örnek olarak İhsan Doğramacı (Unpublished Master's thesis, İstanbul: Maltepe Üniversitesi.
  • Visser, K. (2011). Social entrepreneurship in South Africa: context, relevance and extent. Industry and Higher Education. 25(4): 233-247.
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There are 61 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Sociology (Other), Corporate Social Responsibility, Entrepreneurship
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Nebiye Konuk Kandemir 0000-0002-2046-1133

Cashandra Mara 0000-0003-4304-6474

Elif Habip 0000-0002-6297-8624

Early Pub Date December 12, 2023
Publication Date December 30, 2023
Published in Issue Year 2023 Volume: 8 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Konuk Kandemir, N., Mara, C., & Habip, E. (2023). The Current State of Social Entrepreneurship: Comparing Turkish with South African Examples. JOEEP: Journal of Emerging Economies and Policy, 8(2), 468-479.

JOEEP is published as two issues per year June and December and all publication policies and processes are conducted according to the international standards. JOEEP accepts and publishes the research articles in the fields of economics, political economy, fiscal economics, applied economics, business economics, labour economics and econometrics. JOEEP, without depending on any institution or organization, is a non-profit journal that has an International Editorial Board specialist on their fields. All “Publication Process” and “Writing Guidelines” are explained in the related title and it is expected from authors to Show a complete match to the rules. JOEEP is an open Access journal.