Gelişmekte Olan Ülkelerde İnovasyon ve Ekonomik Büyümenin CO2 Emisyonu Üzerine Etkisi

Year 2023, Volume: 8 Issue: 2, 507 - 516, 30.12.2023

Murat Tekbaş , Metin Yıldırım

Abstract

Çevresel sorunların giderek arttığı günümüzde her alanda çözüm arayışları sürmektedir. İktisat literatüründe de ekonomik büyüme ile çevre kirliliği arasındaki ilişki sıklıkla ele alınmaktadır. Bu çalışmada gelişmekte olan 13 ülkede 2000 – 2019 yılları arasındaki dönemde inovasyon, ekonomik büyüme, ticari açıklık ve yenilenebilir enerji tüketiminin CO2 emisyonu üzerindeki etkisi analiz edilmiştir. Analizlerde yatay kesit bağımlılığını göz önünde bulunduran ikinci nesil Hadri – Kurozumi (2012) Panel Birim Kök Testi, Westerlund & Edgerton (2007) Panel LM Bootstrap Eşbütünleşme Testi ve AMG Katsayı Tahmincisi uygulanmıştır. Analizler neticesinde elde edilen ülke sonuçlar ülkelere göre farklılıklar göstermektedir. Bu sonuçlara göre Ermenistan ve Kuzey Makedonya’da inovasyon CO2 emisyonunu azaltırken, Brezilya, Bulgaristan, Çin, Kolombiya ve Türkiye artırmaktadır. Elde edilen diğer sonuçlarda ise ekonomik büyüme ve yenilenebilir enerji tüketiminin bu ülkelerde CO2 emisyonunun azaltılmasında önemli faktörler olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Elde edilen sonuçlar kapsamında gelişmekte olan ülkelerde yenilenebilir enerji tüketimin yaygınlaştırılması, çevre kirliliği odaklı inovasyon faaliyetlerinin teşvik edilmesi önemli görülmektedir. Ayrıca yapılan inovasyon çalışmaları ülkelerin fosil yakıt bağımlılığını azaltmak üzere yeniden oluşturulmalıdır.

Keywords

İnovasyon, Ekonomik Büyüme, CO2 emisyonu

The Effect of Innovation and Economic Growth on CO2 Emissions in Developing Countries

Abstract

In today's world, where environmental problems are increasing day by day, the search for solutions continues in every field. The relationship between economic growth and environmental pollution is frequently discussed in the economics literature. In this study, the effect of innovation, economic growth, trade openness and renewable energy consumption on CO2 emissions in the period between 2000 and 2019 in 13 developing countries was analyzed. The second generation Hadri – Kurozumi (2012) Panel Unit Root Test, Westerlund & Edgerton (2007) Panel LM Bootstrap Cointegration Test and AMG Coefficient Estimator were applied, which took into account the cross-section dependency in the analyses. The country results obtained as a result of the analyzes differ according to the countries. According to these results, while innovation reduces CO2 emissions in Armenia and North Macedonia, it increases it in Brazil, Bulgaria, China, Colombia and Turkey. In other results, it has been determined that economic growth and renewable energy consumption are important factors in reducing CO2 emissions in these countries. Within the scope of the results obtained, it is considered important to spread renewable energy consumption in developing countries and to encourage environmental pollution-oriented innovation activities. In addition, innovation studies should be reconstructed in order to reduce the fossil fuel dependence of countries.

Keywords

Innovation, Economic Growth, CO2 emissions

References

• Akyol, M., & Emrullah, M. (2021). Çevresel Teknolojik İnovasyonların CO2 Emisyonu Üzerindeki Etkisi: OECD Ülkeleri Örneğ. İstanbul İktisat Dergisi, 71(2), 569-590. https://doi.org/10.26650/ISTJECON2021-935480
• Al Mamun, M., Sohag, K., Shahbaz, M., & Hammoudeh, S. (2018). Financial markets, innovations and cleaner energy production in OECD countries. Energy Economics, 72, 236-254. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2018.04.011
• Apergis, N., Eleftheriou, S., & Payne, J. E. (2013). The relationship between international financial reporting standards, carbon emissions, and R&D expenditures: Evidence from European manufacturing firms. Ecological Economics, 88, 57-66. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2012.12.024
• Aydın, S., & Artan, S. (2021). İnovasyonların Ticaret Akımları Üzerindeki Etkileri: OECD Ülkeleri Örneği. Gaziantep Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergsi, 20(3), 1112-1123. https://doi.org/10.21547/jss.925732.
• Balsalobre-Lorente, D., Shahbaz, M., Roubaud, D., & Farhani, S. (2018). How economic growth, renewable electricity and natural resources contribute to CO2 emissions?. Energy policy, 113, 356-367. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2017.10.050
• Bond, S., & Eberhardt, M. (2013). Accounting for unobserved heterogeneity in panel time series models. University of Oxford, 1-11.
• Breusch, T. S., & Pagan, A. R. (1980). The Lagrange multiplier test and its applications to model specification in econometrics. The review of economic studies, 47(1), 239-253. https://doi.org/10.2307/2297111
• Charfeddine, L., & Kahia, M. (2019). Impact of renewable energy consumption and financial development on CO2 emissions and economic growth in the MENA region: a panel vector autoregressive (PVAR) analysis. Renewable energy, 139, 198-213. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2019.01.010
• Chen, W., & Lei, Y. (2018). The impacts of renewable energy and technological innovation on environment-energy-growth nexus: New evidence from a panel quantile regression. Renewable energy, 123, 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2018.02.026.
• Cho, J. H., & Sohn, S. Y. (2018). A novel decomposition analysis of green patent applications for the evaluation of R&D efforts to reduce CO2 emissions from fossil fuel energy consumption. Journal of Cleaner Production, 193, 290-299. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.05.060
• Dauda, L., Long, X., Mensah, C. N., & Salman, M. (2019). The effects of economic growth and innovation on CO2 emissions in different regions. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 26, 15028-15038. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-019-04891-y
• Destek, M. A. (2016). NATO Ülkelerinde Askeri Harcamalar ve Ekonomik Büyüme İlişkisi: Yatay Kesit Bağımlılığı Altında Panel Veri Analizi. Uluslararası Yönetim İktisat ve İşletme Dergisi, 12(28), 209-223. https://doi.org/10.17130/ijmeb.20162819853
• Destek, M. A., & Manga, M. (2021). Technological innovation, financialization, and ecological footprint: evidence from BEM economies. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 28, 21991-22001. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-11845-2
• Eberhardt, M., & Teal, F. (2010). Productivity analysis in global manufacturing production. Department of Economics Discussion Paper Series. University of Oxford
• Erdoğan, S., Yıldırım, S., Yıldırım, D. Ç., & Gedikli, A. (2020). The effects of innovation on sectoral carbon emissions: Evidence from G20 countries. Journal of environmental management, 267, 110637. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.110637
• Fernández, Y. F., López, M. F., & Blanco, B. O. (2018). Innovation for sustainability: the impact of R&D spending on CO2 emissions. Journal of cleaner production, 172, 3459-3467. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.11.001
• Ganda, F. (2019). The impact of innovation and technology investments on carbon emissions in selected organisation for economic Co-operation and development countries. Journal of cleaner production, 217, 469-483. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.01.235
• Gültekin, H. (2023). Finansal Gelişme, İnovasyon ve CO2 Emisyonları: ARDL Sınır Testi Yaklaşımı. Econder International Academic Journal, 7(1), 25-39. https://doi.org/10.35342/econder.1269394 .
• Güney, T., & Üstündağ, E. (2022). Wind energy and CO2 emissions: AMG estimations for selected countries. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-17382-w
• Hadri, K., & Kurozumi, E. (2012). A simple panel stationarity test in the presence of serial correlation and a common factor. Economics Letters, 115(1), 31-34. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econlet.2011.11.036
• Kevser, M., Tekbaş, M., Doğan, M., & Koyluoglu, S. (2022). Nexus among biomass energy consumption, economic growth, and financial development: Evidence from selected 15 countries. Energy Reports, 8, 8372-8380. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egyr.2022.06.033
• Khan, A., Chenggang, Y., Hussain, J., & Kui, Z. (2021). Impact of technological innovation, financial development and foreign direct investment on renewable energy, non-renewable energy and the environment in belt & Road Initiative countries. Renewable Energy, 171, 479-491. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2021.02.075
• Khan, K., Su, C. W., Rehman, A. U., & Ullah, R. (2022). Is technological innovation a driver of renewable energy?. Technology in Society, 70, 102044. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techsoc.2022.102044
• Khan, Z., Ali, S., Umar, M., Kirikkaleli, D., & Jiao, Z. (2020). Consumption-based carbon emissions and international trade in G7 countries: the role of environmental innovation and renewable energy. Science of the Total Environment, 730, 138945. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138945
• Koçbulut, Ö., & Altıntaş, H. (2016). İkiz açıklar ve Feldstein-Horioka Hipotezi: OECD ülkeleri üzerine yatay kesit bağımlılığı altında yapısal kırılmalı panel eşbütünleşme analizi. Erciyes Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, (48), 145-174.
• Mahmood, H., Furqan, M., Saqib, N., Adow, A. H., & Abbas, M. (2023). Innovations and the CO2 Emissions Nexus in the MENA Region: A Spatial Analysis. Sustainability, 15(13), 10729. https://doi.org/10.3390/su151310729
• Mehmood, U., Tariq, S., Haq, Z. U., Nawaz, H., Ali, S., Murshed, M., & Iqbal, M. (2023). Evaluating the role of renewable energy and technology innovations in lowering CO2 emission: a wavelet coherence approach. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 30(15), 44914-44927. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-25379-w
• Mensah, C. N., Long, X., Boamah, K. B., Bediako, I. A., Dauda, L., & Salman, M. (2018). The effect of innovation on CO2 emissions of OCED countries from 1990 to 2014. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 25, 29678-29698. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-018-2968-0
• Nguyen, T. T., Pham, T. A. T., & Tram, H. T. X. (2020). Role of information and communication technologies and innovation in driving carbon emissions and economic growth in selected G-20 countries. Journal of environmental management, 261, 110162. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.110162
• Oğul, B. (2022). Türkiye’de Çevresel Teknolojik İnovasyonlar Ekolojik Ayak İzini Azaltıyor Mu? Ardl Sınır Testi Analizi. İnönü Üniversitesi Uluslararası Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi (INIJOSS), 11(2). 409-427. https://doi.org/10.54282/inijoss.1116874
• Pesaran, M. H., & Yamagata, T. (2008). Testing slope homogeneity in large panels. Journal of econometrics, 142(1), 50-93. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeconom.2007.05.010
• Pesaran, M. H., Ullah, A., & Yamagata, T. (2008). A bias‐adjusted LM test of error cross‐section independence. The econometrics journal, 11(1), 105-127. Https://Doi.Org/10.1111/J.1368-423X.2007.00227.X
• Pesaran, M. H. (2004). General Diagnostic Tests for Cross Section Dependence in Panels. Center for Economic Studies & Ifo Institute for Economic Research CESifo. Working Paper No. 1229. http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.572504
• Qoyash, F. K., & Miraç, E. (2022). Türkiye’de teknolojik inovasyon ve yenilenebilir enerji tüketiminin çevre kirliliği üzerine etkisi. Ardahan Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 4(2), 110-118.
• Romer, P. M. (1986). Increasing returns and long-run growth. Journal of political economy, 94(5), 1002-1037.
• Samargandi, N. (2017). Sector value addition, technology and CO2 emissions in Saudi Arabia. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 78, 868-877. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2017.04.056
• Schumpeter, J. A. (1964). Business cycles: A theoretical, historical and statistical analysis of the capitalist process. Abridged, with an introd., by Rendigs Fels. McGraw-Hill.
• Shahzadi, I., Yaseen, M. R., Khan, M. T. I., Makhdum, M. S. A., & Ali, Q. (2022). The nexus between research and development, renewable energy and environmental quality: Evidence from developed and developing countries. Renewable Energy, 190, 1089-1099. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2021.10.050.
• Su, C. W., Liu, F., Stefea, P., & Umar, M. (2023). Does technology innovation help to achieve carbon neutrality?. Economic Analysis and Policy, 78, 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eap.2023.01.010
• Su, C. W., Pang, L. D., Tao, R., Shao, X., & Umar, M. (2022). Renewable energy and technological innovation: Which one is the winner in promoting net-zero emissions?. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 182, 121798. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2022.121798
• Şahin, D. (2018). Yükselen Piyasa Ekonomilerinde Finansal Gelişme, Enerji Tüketimi ve Ekonomik Büyüme İlişkisinin Analizi. Iğdır Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, (14), 335-356.
• Tao, R., Su, C. W., Naqvi, B., & Rizvi, S. K. A. (2022). Can Fintech development pave the way for a transition towards low-carbon economy: A global perspective. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 174, 121278. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2021.121278
• Tao, R., Umar, M., Naseer, A., & Razi, U. (2021). The dynamic effect of eco-innovation and environmental taxes on carbon neutrality target in emerging seven (E7) economies. Journal of Environmental Management, 299, 113525. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.113525
• Ullah, A., Dogan, M., Topcu, B. A., & Saadaoui, H. (2023). Modeling the impacts of technological innovation and financial development on environmental sustainability: New evidence from the world's top 14 financially developed countries. Energy Strategy Reviews, 50, 101229. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.esr.2023.101229
• Ullah, A., Tekbaş, M., & Doğan, M. (2023). The Impact of Economic Growth, Natural Resources, Urbanization and Biocapacity on the Ecological Footprint: The Case of Turkey. Sustainability, 15(17), 12855. https://doi.org/10.3390/su151712855
• Ulucak, R. (2021). Renewable energy, technological innovation and the environment: A novel dynamic auto-regressive distributive lag simulation. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 150, 111433. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2021.111433
• Westerlund, J., & Edgerton, D. L. (2007). A panel bootstrap cointegration test. Economics letters, 97(3), 185-190. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econlet.2007.03.003
• World Bank (2023, July 20). New World Bank country classifications by income level: 2022-2023. https://blogs.worldbank.org/opendata/new-world-bank-country-classifications-income-level-2022-2023 .
• World Bank (2023, May 21). World Development Indicators, https://blogs.worldbank.org/opendata/new-world-bank-country-classifications-income-level-2022-2023
• Yii, K. J., & Geetha, C. (2017). The nexus between technology innovation and CO2 emissions in Malaysia: evidence from granger causality test. Energy Procedia, 105, 3118-3124. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2017.03.654
• Zameer, H., Yasmeen, H., Zafar, M. W., Waheed, A., & Sinha, A. (2020). Analyzing the association between innovation, economic growth, and environment: divulging the importance of FDI and trade openness in India. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 27, 29539-29553. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-09112-5
• Zhang, H. (2021). Technology innovation, economic growth and carbon emissions in the context of carbon neutrality: evidence from BRICS. Sustainability, 13(20), 11138. https://doi.org/10.3390/su132011138