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E, A ve C Vitaminlerinin Antioksidan Olarak İmmün Sistem Üzerine Etkileri

Year 2023, Volume: 1 Issue: 1, 39 - 47, 20.06.2023

Abstract

Vitaminlerin sağlık üzerine pek çok olumlu etkileri bulunmaktadır. Bu noktada A vitamini, C vitamini ve E vitamini antioksidan rolleriyle ön plana çıkmaktadır. Güçlü antioksidan etkiye sahip olan bu vitaminler, hem doğuştan gelen hem de adaptif bağışıklık sistemi üzerinde pek çok etkiye sahiptir. Bu derlemenin amacı A, C ve E vitaminlerinin antioksidan olarak immün sistem üzerine etki mekanizmalarının değerlendirilmesidir.

References

  • Puertollano, M., Puertollano, E., Alvarez De Cienfuegos, G., & A. De Pablo, M. (2011). Dietary Antioxidants: Immunity and Host Defense. Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry, 11(14), 1752-1766. https://doi.org/10.2174/156802611796235107 Adolfsson, O., Huber, B. T., & Meydani, S. N. (2001). Vitamin E-Enhanced IL-2 Production in Old Mice: Naive But Not Memory T Cells Show Increased Cell Division Cycling and IL-2-Producing Capacity. The Journal of Immunology, 167(7), 3809-3817. https://doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.167.7.3809
  • Ahsan, H., Ahad, A., Iqbal, J., & Siddiqui, W. A. (2014). Pharmacological potential of tocotrienols: A review. Nutrition & Metabolism, 11(1), 52. https://doi.org/10.1186/1743-7075-11-52
  • Bielski, B. H. J., Richter, H. W., & Chan, P. C. (1975). SOME PROPERTIES OF THE ASCORBATE FREE RADICAL. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 258(1 Second Confer), 231-237. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1975.tb29283.x
  • Buettner, G. R., & Moseley, P. L. (1993). EPR Spin Trapping of Free Radicals Produced by Bleomycin and Ascorbate. Free Radical Research Communications, 19(sup1), s89-s93. https://doi.org/10.3109/10715769309056s89
  • Carr, A., & Maggini, S. (2017). Vitamin C and Immune Function. Nutrients, 9(11), 1211. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu9111211
  • Chambial, S., Dwivedi, S., Shukla, K. K., John, P. J., & Sharma, P. (2013). Vitamin C in Disease Prevention and Cure: An Overview. Indian Journal of Clinical Biochemistry, 28(4), 314-328. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12291-013-0375-3
  • Childs, Calder, & Miles. (2019). Diet and Immune Function. Nutrients, 11(8), 1933. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11081933
  • Cooney, R. (1995). Products of γ-tocopherol reaction with NO2 and their formation in rat insulinoma (RINm5F) cells. Free Radical Biology and Medicine, 19(3), 259-269. https://doi.org/10.1016/0891-5849(95)00019-T
  • De La Fuente, M., Hernanz, A., Guayerbas, N., Manuel Victor, V., & Arnalich, F. (2008). Vitamin E ingestion improves several immune functions in elderly men and women. Free Radical Research, 42(3), 272-280. https://doi.org/10.1080/10715760801898838
  • Frega, N., Mozzon, M., & Bocci, F. (1998). Identification and estimation of tocotrienols in the annatto lipid fraction by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Journal of the American Oil Chemists’ Society, 75(12), 1723-1727. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11746-998-0323-1
  • Ghodratizadeh, S., Kanbak, G., Beyramzadeh, M., Dikmen, Z. G., Memarzadeh, S., & Habibian, R. (2014). Effect of carotenoid β-cryptoxanthin on cellular and humoral immune response in rabbit. Veterinary Research Communications, 38(1), 59-62. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11259-013-9584-8
  • Gilbert, C. (2013). What is vitamin A and why do we need it? Community Eye Health, 26(84), 65.
  • Green, H. N., & Mellanby, E. (1928). VITAMIN A AS AN ANTI-INFECTIVE AGENT. BMJ, 2(3537), 691-696. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.2.3537.691
  • Heine, G., Hollstein, T., Treptow, S., Radbruch, A., & Worm, M. (2018). 9-cis retinoic acid modulates the type I allergic immune response. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, 141(2), 650-658.e5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2017.03.046
  • Hemalatha, S., & Rao, M. V. V. (2004). Sesame lignans enhance antioxidant activity of vitamin E in lipid peroxidation systems. Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, 262(1/2), 195-202. https://doi.org/10.1023/B:MCBI.0000038235.01389.a9
  • Hiemstra, I. H., Beijer, M. R., Veninga, H., Vrijland, K., Borg, E. G. F., Olivier, B. J., Mebius, R. E., Kraal, G., & Den Haan, J. M. M. (2014). The identification and developmental requirements of colonic CD169 + macrophages. Immunology, 142(2), 269-278. https://doi.org/10.1111/imm.12251
  • Kolb, E. (1981). [Recent findings on the importance of vitamin A and its metabolism in man and laboratory animals]. Zeitschrift fur die gesamte innere Medizin und ihre Grenzgebiete, 36(23), 897-902.
  • Lewis, E. D., Meydani, S. N., & Wu, D. (2019). Regulatory role of vitamin E in the immune system and inflammation. IUBMB Life, 71(4), 487-494. https://doi.org/10.1002/iub.1976
  • Ma, J., Liu, Y., Li, Y., Gu, J., Liu, J., Tang, J., Wang, J., Ryffel, B., Shen, Y., Brand, D., Liu, Z., & Zheng, S. G. (2013). Differential role of all -trans retinoic acid in promoting the development of CD4+ and CD8+ regulatory T cells. Journal of Leukocyte Biology, 95(2), 275-283. https://doi.org/10.1189/jlb.0513297
  • Meganathan, P., & Fu, J.-Y. (2016). Biological Properties of Tocotrienols: Evidence in Human Studies. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 17(11), 1682. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms17111682
  • Meydani, S. N., Han, S. N., & Wu, D. (2005). Vitamin E and immune response in the aged: Molecular mechanisms and clinical implications. Immunological Reviews, 205(1), 269-284. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0105-2896.2005.00274.x
  • Meydani, S. N., Meydani, M., Verdon, C. P., Shapiro, A. A., Blumberg, J. B., & Hayes, K. C. (1986). Vitamin E supplementation suppresses prostaglandin E21 synthesis and enhances the immune response of aged mice. Mechanisms of Ageing and Development, 34(2), 191-201. https://doi.org/10.1016/0047-6374(86)90034-5
  • Mora, J. R., & Von Andrian, U. H. (2006). T-cell homing specificity and plasticity: New concepts and future challenges. Trends in Immunology, 27(5), 235-243. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.it.2006.03.007
  • Packer, L., Weber, S. U., & Rimbach, G. (2001). Molecular Aspects of α-Tocotrienol Antioxidant Action and Cell Signalling. The Journal of Nutrition, 131(2), 369S-373S. https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/131.2.369S
  • Palace, V. P., Khaper, N., Qin, Q., & Singal, P. K. (1999). Antioxidant potentials of vitamin A and carotenoids and their relevance to heart disease. Free Radical Biology and Medicine, 26(5-6), 746-761. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0891-5849(98)00266-4
  • Palozza, P., Verdecchia, S., Avanzi, L., Vertuani, S., Serini, S., Iannone, A., & Manfredini, S. (2006). Comparative antioxidant activity of tocotrienols and the novel chromanyl-polyisoprenyl molecule FeAox-6 in isolated membranes and intact cells. Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, 287(1-2), 21-32. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11010-005-9020-7
  • Pantazi, E., Marks, E., Stolarczyk, E., Lycke, N., Noelle, R. J., & Elgueta, R. (2015). Cutting Edge: Retinoic Acid Signaling in B Cells Is Essential for Oral Immunization and Microflora Composition. The Journal of Immunology, 195(4), 1368-1371. https://doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.1500989
  • Peh, H. Y., Ho, W. E., Cheng, C., Chan, T. K., Seow, A. C. G., Lim, A. Y. H., Fong, C. W., Seng, K. Y., Ong, C. N., & Wong, W. S. F. (2015). Vitamin E Isoform γ-Tocotrienol Downregulates House Dust Mite–Induced Asthma. The Journal of Immunology, 195(2), 437-444. https://doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.1500362
  • Peh, H. Y., Tan, W. S. D., Liao, W., & Wong, W. S. F. (2016). Vitamin E therapy beyond cancer: Tocopherol versus tocotrienol. Pharmacology & Therapeutics, 162, 152-169. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pharmthera.2015.12.003
  • Repa, J. J., Hanson, K. K., & Clagett-Dame, M. (1993). All-trans-retinol is a ligand for the retinoic acid receptors. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 90(15), 7293-7297. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.90.15.7293
  • Riabroy, N., & Tanumihardjo, S. A. (2014). Oral Doses of α-Retinyl Ester Track Chylomicron Uptake and Distribution of Vitamin A in a Male Piglet Model for Newborn Infants. The Journal of Nutrition, 144(8), 1188-1195. https://doi.org/10.3945/jn.114.191668
  • Shrestha, S., Kim, S.-Y., Yun, Y.-J., Kim, J.-K., Lee, J. M., Shin, M., Song, D.-K., & Hong, C.-W. (2017). Retinoic acid induces hypersegmentation and enhances cytotoxicity of neutrophils against cancer cells. Immunology Letters, 182, 24-29. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.imlet.2017.01.001
  • Taimi, M., Helvig, C., Wisniewski, J., Ramshaw, H., White, J., Amad, M., Korczak, B., & Petkovich, M. (2004). A Novel Human Cytochrome P450, CYP26C1, Involved in Metabolism of 9-cis and All-trans Isomers of Retinoic Acid. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 279(1), 77-85. https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M308337200
  • U.S. Department of Agriculture. (t.y.). FoodData Central. Geliş tarihi 15 Temmuz 2023, gönderen https://fdc.nal.usda.gov/
  • Van Bennekum, A. M., Kong, L. R. W. Y., Gijbels, M. J. J., Tielen, F. J., Roholl, P. J. M., Brouwer, A., & Hendriks, H. F. J. (1991). Mitogen Response of B Cells, but not T Cells, is Impaired in Adult Vitamin A-Deficient Rats. The Journal of Nutrition, 121(12), 1960-1968. https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/121.12.1960
  • Vellozo, N. S., Pereira-Marques, S. T., Cabral-Piccin, M. P., Filardy, A. A., Ribeiro-Gomes, F. L., Rigoni, T. S., DosReis, G. A., & Lopes, M. F. (2017). All-Trans Retinoic Acid Promotes an M1- to M2-Phenotype Shift and Inhibits Macrophage-Mediated Immunity to Leishmania major. Frontiers in Immunology, 8, 1560. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2017.01560
  • Wang, X. (1999). Vitamin E and its function in membranes. Progress in Lipid Research, 38(4), 309-336. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0163-7827(99)00008-9
  • Wang, Y., & Watson, R. R. (1994). Vitamin E supplementation at various levels alters cytokine production by thymocytes during retrovirus infection causing murine AIDS. Thymus, 22(3), 153-165.
  • Worbs, T., Hammerschmidt, S. I., & Förster, R. (2017). Dendritic cell migration in health and disease. Nature Reviews Immunology, 17(1), 30-48. https://doi.org/10.1038/nri.2016.116
  • Zheng, S. G., Wang, J., Wang, P., Gray, J. D., & Horwitz, D. A. (2007). IL-2 Is Essential for TGF-β to Convert Naive CD4+CD25− Cells to CD25+Foxp3+ Regulatory T Cells and for Expansion of These Cells. The Journal of Immunology, 178(4), 2018-2027. https://doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.178.4.2018

Effects of Vitamins E, A and C as Antioxidants on the Immune System

Year 2023, Volume: 1 Issue: 1, 39 - 47, 20.06.2023

Abstract

Vitamins have many positive effects on health. At this point, vitamin A, vitamin C and vitamin E come to the fore with their antioxidant roles. These vitamins, which have strong antioxidant effects, have many effects on both the innate and adaptive immune systems. The aim of this review is to evaluate the mechanisms of action of vitamins A, C and E as antioxidants on the immune system.

References

  • Puertollano, M., Puertollano, E., Alvarez De Cienfuegos, G., & A. De Pablo, M. (2011). Dietary Antioxidants: Immunity and Host Defense. Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry, 11(14), 1752-1766. https://doi.org/10.2174/156802611796235107 Adolfsson, O., Huber, B. T., & Meydani, S. N. (2001). Vitamin E-Enhanced IL-2 Production in Old Mice: Naive But Not Memory T Cells Show Increased Cell Division Cycling and IL-2-Producing Capacity. The Journal of Immunology, 167(7), 3809-3817. https://doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.167.7.3809
  • Ahsan, H., Ahad, A., Iqbal, J., & Siddiqui, W. A. (2014). Pharmacological potential of tocotrienols: A review. Nutrition & Metabolism, 11(1), 52. https://doi.org/10.1186/1743-7075-11-52
  • Bielski, B. H. J., Richter, H. W., & Chan, P. C. (1975). SOME PROPERTIES OF THE ASCORBATE FREE RADICAL. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 258(1 Second Confer), 231-237. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1975.tb29283.x
  • Buettner, G. R., & Moseley, P. L. (1993). EPR Spin Trapping of Free Radicals Produced by Bleomycin and Ascorbate. Free Radical Research Communications, 19(sup1), s89-s93. https://doi.org/10.3109/10715769309056s89
  • Carr, A., & Maggini, S. (2017). Vitamin C and Immune Function. Nutrients, 9(11), 1211. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu9111211
  • Chambial, S., Dwivedi, S., Shukla, K. K., John, P. J., & Sharma, P. (2013). Vitamin C in Disease Prevention and Cure: An Overview. Indian Journal of Clinical Biochemistry, 28(4), 314-328. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12291-013-0375-3
  • Childs, Calder, & Miles. (2019). Diet and Immune Function. Nutrients, 11(8), 1933. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11081933
  • Cooney, R. (1995). Products of γ-tocopherol reaction with NO2 and their formation in rat insulinoma (RINm5F) cells. Free Radical Biology and Medicine, 19(3), 259-269. https://doi.org/10.1016/0891-5849(95)00019-T
  • De La Fuente, M., Hernanz, A., Guayerbas, N., Manuel Victor, V., & Arnalich, F. (2008). Vitamin E ingestion improves several immune functions in elderly men and women. Free Radical Research, 42(3), 272-280. https://doi.org/10.1080/10715760801898838
  • Frega, N., Mozzon, M., & Bocci, F. (1998). Identification and estimation of tocotrienols in the annatto lipid fraction by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Journal of the American Oil Chemists’ Society, 75(12), 1723-1727. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11746-998-0323-1
  • Ghodratizadeh, S., Kanbak, G., Beyramzadeh, M., Dikmen, Z. G., Memarzadeh, S., & Habibian, R. (2014). Effect of carotenoid β-cryptoxanthin on cellular and humoral immune response in rabbit. Veterinary Research Communications, 38(1), 59-62. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11259-013-9584-8
  • Gilbert, C. (2013). What is vitamin A and why do we need it? Community Eye Health, 26(84), 65.
  • Green, H. N., & Mellanby, E. (1928). VITAMIN A AS AN ANTI-INFECTIVE AGENT. BMJ, 2(3537), 691-696. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.2.3537.691
  • Heine, G., Hollstein, T., Treptow, S., Radbruch, A., & Worm, M. (2018). 9-cis retinoic acid modulates the type I allergic immune response. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, 141(2), 650-658.e5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2017.03.046
  • Hemalatha, S., & Rao, M. V. V. (2004). Sesame lignans enhance antioxidant activity of vitamin E in lipid peroxidation systems. Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, 262(1/2), 195-202. https://doi.org/10.1023/B:MCBI.0000038235.01389.a9
  • Hiemstra, I. H., Beijer, M. R., Veninga, H., Vrijland, K., Borg, E. G. F., Olivier, B. J., Mebius, R. E., Kraal, G., & Den Haan, J. M. M. (2014). The identification and developmental requirements of colonic CD169 + macrophages. Immunology, 142(2), 269-278. https://doi.org/10.1111/imm.12251
  • Kolb, E. (1981). [Recent findings on the importance of vitamin A and its metabolism in man and laboratory animals]. Zeitschrift fur die gesamte innere Medizin und ihre Grenzgebiete, 36(23), 897-902.
  • Lewis, E. D., Meydani, S. N., & Wu, D. (2019). Regulatory role of vitamin E in the immune system and inflammation. IUBMB Life, 71(4), 487-494. https://doi.org/10.1002/iub.1976
  • Ma, J., Liu, Y., Li, Y., Gu, J., Liu, J., Tang, J., Wang, J., Ryffel, B., Shen, Y., Brand, D., Liu, Z., & Zheng, S. G. (2013). Differential role of all -trans retinoic acid in promoting the development of CD4+ and CD8+ regulatory T cells. Journal of Leukocyte Biology, 95(2), 275-283. https://doi.org/10.1189/jlb.0513297
  • Meganathan, P., & Fu, J.-Y. (2016). Biological Properties of Tocotrienols: Evidence in Human Studies. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 17(11), 1682. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms17111682
  • Meydani, S. N., Han, S. N., & Wu, D. (2005). Vitamin E and immune response in the aged: Molecular mechanisms and clinical implications. Immunological Reviews, 205(1), 269-284. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0105-2896.2005.00274.x
  • Meydani, S. N., Meydani, M., Verdon, C. P., Shapiro, A. A., Blumberg, J. B., & Hayes, K. C. (1986). Vitamin E supplementation suppresses prostaglandin E21 synthesis and enhances the immune response of aged mice. Mechanisms of Ageing and Development, 34(2), 191-201. https://doi.org/10.1016/0047-6374(86)90034-5
  • Mora, J. R., & Von Andrian, U. H. (2006). T-cell homing specificity and plasticity: New concepts and future challenges. Trends in Immunology, 27(5), 235-243. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.it.2006.03.007
  • Packer, L., Weber, S. U., & Rimbach, G. (2001). Molecular Aspects of α-Tocotrienol Antioxidant Action and Cell Signalling. The Journal of Nutrition, 131(2), 369S-373S. https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/131.2.369S
  • Palace, V. P., Khaper, N., Qin, Q., & Singal, P. K. (1999). Antioxidant potentials of vitamin A and carotenoids and their relevance to heart disease. Free Radical Biology and Medicine, 26(5-6), 746-761. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0891-5849(98)00266-4
  • Palozza, P., Verdecchia, S., Avanzi, L., Vertuani, S., Serini, S., Iannone, A., & Manfredini, S. (2006). Comparative antioxidant activity of tocotrienols and the novel chromanyl-polyisoprenyl molecule FeAox-6 in isolated membranes and intact cells. Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, 287(1-2), 21-32. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11010-005-9020-7
  • Pantazi, E., Marks, E., Stolarczyk, E., Lycke, N., Noelle, R. J., & Elgueta, R. (2015). Cutting Edge: Retinoic Acid Signaling in B Cells Is Essential for Oral Immunization and Microflora Composition. The Journal of Immunology, 195(4), 1368-1371. https://doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.1500989
  • Peh, H. Y., Ho, W. E., Cheng, C., Chan, T. K., Seow, A. C. G., Lim, A. Y. H., Fong, C. W., Seng, K. Y., Ong, C. N., & Wong, W. S. F. (2015). Vitamin E Isoform γ-Tocotrienol Downregulates House Dust Mite–Induced Asthma. The Journal of Immunology, 195(2), 437-444. https://doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.1500362
  • Peh, H. Y., Tan, W. S. D., Liao, W., & Wong, W. S. F. (2016). Vitamin E therapy beyond cancer: Tocopherol versus tocotrienol. Pharmacology & Therapeutics, 162, 152-169. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pharmthera.2015.12.003
  • Repa, J. J., Hanson, K. K., & Clagett-Dame, M. (1993). All-trans-retinol is a ligand for the retinoic acid receptors. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 90(15), 7293-7297. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.90.15.7293
  • Riabroy, N., & Tanumihardjo, S. A. (2014). Oral Doses of α-Retinyl Ester Track Chylomicron Uptake and Distribution of Vitamin A in a Male Piglet Model for Newborn Infants. The Journal of Nutrition, 144(8), 1188-1195. https://doi.org/10.3945/jn.114.191668
  • Shrestha, S., Kim, S.-Y., Yun, Y.-J., Kim, J.-K., Lee, J. M., Shin, M., Song, D.-K., & Hong, C.-W. (2017). Retinoic acid induces hypersegmentation and enhances cytotoxicity of neutrophils against cancer cells. Immunology Letters, 182, 24-29. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.imlet.2017.01.001
  • Taimi, M., Helvig, C., Wisniewski, J., Ramshaw, H., White, J., Amad, M., Korczak, B., & Petkovich, M. (2004). A Novel Human Cytochrome P450, CYP26C1, Involved in Metabolism of 9-cis and All-trans Isomers of Retinoic Acid. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 279(1), 77-85. https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M308337200
  • U.S. Department of Agriculture. (t.y.). FoodData Central. Geliş tarihi 15 Temmuz 2023, gönderen https://fdc.nal.usda.gov/
  • Van Bennekum, A. M., Kong, L. R. W. Y., Gijbels, M. J. J., Tielen, F. J., Roholl, P. J. M., Brouwer, A., & Hendriks, H. F. J. (1991). Mitogen Response of B Cells, but not T Cells, is Impaired in Adult Vitamin A-Deficient Rats. The Journal of Nutrition, 121(12), 1960-1968. https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/121.12.1960
  • Vellozo, N. S., Pereira-Marques, S. T., Cabral-Piccin, M. P., Filardy, A. A., Ribeiro-Gomes, F. L., Rigoni, T. S., DosReis, G. A., & Lopes, M. F. (2017). All-Trans Retinoic Acid Promotes an M1- to M2-Phenotype Shift and Inhibits Macrophage-Mediated Immunity to Leishmania major. Frontiers in Immunology, 8, 1560. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2017.01560
  • Wang, X. (1999). Vitamin E and its function in membranes. Progress in Lipid Research, 38(4), 309-336. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0163-7827(99)00008-9
  • Wang, Y., & Watson, R. R. (1994). Vitamin E supplementation at various levels alters cytokine production by thymocytes during retrovirus infection causing murine AIDS. Thymus, 22(3), 153-165.
  • Worbs, T., Hammerschmidt, S. I., & Förster, R. (2017). Dendritic cell migration in health and disease. Nature Reviews Immunology, 17(1), 30-48. https://doi.org/10.1038/nri.2016.116
  • Zheng, S. G., Wang, J., Wang, P., Gray, J. D., & Horwitz, D. A. (2007). IL-2 Is Essential for TGF-β to Convert Naive CD4+CD25− Cells to CD25+Foxp3+ Regulatory T Cells and for Expansion of These Cells. The Journal of Immunology, 178(4), 2018-2027. https://doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.178.4.2018
There are 40 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Health Care Administration
Journal Section Reviews
Authors

Çağla Pınarlı 0000-0002-8733-8148

Publication Date June 20, 2023
Submission Date April 27, 2023
Published in Issue Year 2023 Volume: 1 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Pınarlı, Ç. (2023). E, A ve C Vitaminlerinin Antioksidan Olarak İmmün Sistem Üzerine Etkileri. Journal of Kocaeli Health and Technology University, 1(1), 39-47.


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