Investigating the Effectiveness of Web 2.0-Based Critical Thinking Curriculum Developed for Secondary School Students: A Mixed-Methods Study
Year 2022,
Volume: 7 Issue: 2, 175 - 191, 06.07.2022
Pınar Korukluoğlu
,
Mine Çeliköz
,
Mehmet Gürol
Abstract
It is crucial for students to develop their 21st-century skills such as technological literacy and critical thinking skills with various curricula to be updated in accordance with technology integration in education. Therefore, a critical thinking curriculum was designed, implemented and evaluated by using Web 2.0 tools for secondary school students. The research, adopting embedded mixed design [qual+Quan(qual)+qual] research model, was carried out with 21 secondary school students studying at 5th and 6th grades. Before the 8-week implementation process, a needs analysis was carried out, student journals during the implementation were analyzed with content analysis. A significant difference was found, in favor of the post-test, between the pre-tests/post-tests of “Critical Thinking Skills Test” and “Critical Thinking Disposition Instrument” as a result of Wilcoxon Signed Ranked Test analysis while there was no significant difference between the post-tests based on variables of grade and gender in the Mann Whitney-U analysis. In the content analysis of the student interviews carried out after the implementation, it is seen that students found the curriculum entertaining and gained awareness in utilizing critical thinking skills. In addition, students suggested activities embodying more verbal expressions and extracurricular assignments to be more active.
Supporting Institution
None. This research did not receive any funding.
References
- Alp, G. (2019). Scratch Programı ile Web destekli işbirlikli öğrenme yönteminin ilkokul 5. sınıf öğrencilerinin kavramsal anlama düzeylerine ve eleştirel düşünme becerilerine etkisi [The impact of scratch program and web assisted cooperative learning method on the level of conceptual understanding and critical thinking skills of 5th grade students]. (Master's thesis). Bursa Uludağ University Bursa, Turkey. Available from the Council of Higher Education, National Dissertation Center, Dissertation ID: 543479
- Ananiadou, K., & Claro, M. (2009). 21st century skills and competences for new millennium learners in OECD countries. OECD Publishing. Retrieved April 20, 2021 from https://tuv.oer4pacific.org/id/eprint/4/
- Anderson, J., Van Weert, T., & Duchâteau, C. (2002). Information and communication technology in education: A curriculum for schools and programme of teacher development. UNESCO. Retrieved April 24, 2021 from https://bit.ly/3GVafz9
- Anderson, P. (2007). What is Web 2.0?: ideas, technologies and implications for education (Vol. 1, No. 1, pp. 1-64). Bristol: JISC. Retrieved May 02, 2021 from https://bit.ly/3kcFXhJ
- Aybek, Ö. (2007). Konu ve beceri temelli eleştirel düşünme öğretiminin öğretmen adaylarının eleştirel düşünme eğilimi ve düzeyine etkisi [The effect of subject and skill-based critical thinking teaching on pre-service teachers' critical thinking disposition and level]. Journal of Çukurova University Institute of Social Sciences, 16 (2), 43-60.
- Berg, B. L., & Lune, H. (2019). Sosyal bilimlerde nitel araştırma yöntemleri [Qualitative research methods in the social sciences]. (Arı, A., Ed. & Trans.) Konya: Eğitim Yayınevi.
- Beyer, B. K. (1984). Improving thinking skills: Defining the problem. The Phi Delta Kappan, 65(7), 486-490.
- Bozkurt, A. (2013). Açık ve uzaktan öğretim: Web 2.0 ve sosyal ağların etkileri [Open and distance education: The effects of Web 2.0 and social networks]. In Akgül, M. et. Al (Eds.), XV. Akademik Bilişim Conference (Akademik Bilişim, 2013), (pp. 23-25). Antalya, Akdeniz University.
- Conklin, W. (2011). Higher-order thinking skills to develop 21st century learners. Teacher Created Materials. Retrieved May 03, 2021 from https://bit.ly/3BQaurN
- Creswell, J., W., & Plano Clark, L., V. (2020). Karma yöntem araştırmaları tasarımı ve yürütülmesi [Designing and conducting: mixed methods research]. (Dede,Y. & Demir, S., B., Ed. & Trans.) Ankara: Anı Yayıncılık
- Çelik, T. (2021). Web 2.0 araçları kullanımı yetkinliği ölçeği geliştirme çalışması [Web 2.0 tools usage competence scale development study]. Pamukkale University Journal of Education, 51, 449-478. https://doi.org/10.9779/pauefd.700181
- Çubukçu, Z. (2006). Critical thinking dispositions of the Turkish teacher candidates. The Turkish Online Journal of Educational Technology -TOJET, 5(4), 22-36.
- Dede, C. (2010). Comparing frameworks for 21st century skills: 21st century skills: Rethinking how students learn. Bellenca, J., & Brandt, R. (Eds.). (pp.51-76). US, Solution Tree Press. Retrieved April 25, 2021 from https://bit.ly/3qb1JpS
- Demirel, Ö. (2019). Eğitimde program geliştirme kuramdan uygulamaya [Curriculum development in education from theory to practice]. (26th. Edition.). Ankara: Pegem A Akademi
- Drexler, W., Baralt, A., & Dawson, K. (2008). The teach web 2.0 consortium: A tool to promote educational social networking and web 2.0 use among educators. Educational Media International, 45(4), 271–28. https://doi.org/10.1080/09523980802571499
- Dwyer, C. P., Hogan, M. J., & Stewart, I. (2014). An integrated critical thinking framework for the 21st century. Thinking Skills and Creativity, 12, 43-52. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tsc.2013.12.004
- Eğmir, E. (2016). Eleştirel düşünme becerisi öğretim programının hazırlanması, uygulanması ve değerlendirilmesi [Preparation, implementation and evaluation of critical thinking skill curriculum]. Afyon Kocatepe University, Turkey. (Doctoral dissertation). Available from the Council of Higher Education, National Dissertation Center, Dissertation ID: 447711
- Ertaş Kılıç, H., & Şen, A. İ. (2014). UF/EMI Eleştirel düşünme eğilimi ölçeğini Türkçe’ye uyarlama çalışması [Turkish adaptation study of UF/EMI critical thinking disposition instrument]. Education and Science, 39(176), 1-12. http://dx.doi.org/10.15390/EB.2014.3632
- Ennis, R. H. (1985). A logical basis for measuring critical thinking skills. Educational Leadership, 43(2), 44-48.
- Ennis, C. D. (1991). Discrete Thinking Skills in Two Teachers' Physical Education Classes. The Elementary School Journal, 91(5), 473-487.
- Evancho, S. R. (2000). Critical thinking skills and dispositions of the undergraduate baccalaureate nursing student. Southern Connecticut State University, New Haven, US. (Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from ProQuest Digital Dissertations and Theses database (UMI No. 1398931).
- Facione, P. A. (1990). Critical thinking: A statement of expert consensus for purposes of educational assessment and instruction. Research findings and recommendations. (The Delphi Report). American Philosophical Association, Newark, Delaware, 112p. Retrieved April 04, 2021 from https://philpapers.org/archive/FACCTA.pdf
- Fisher, R. (1995). Teaching children to think. United Kingdom. United Kindom: Stanley Thornes Publishers Ltd. Retrieved April 10, 2021 from https://bit.ly/3CP9Fk5
- Gretter, S., & Yadav, A. (2016). Computational thinking and media & information literacy: An integrated approach to teaching twenty-first century skills. TechTrends, 60(5), 510-516. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11528-016-0098-4
- Gündoğdu, M. H. (2017). Web 2.0 teknolojileri ile geliştirilmiş işbirlikli öğrenme ortamının ortaokul öğrencilerinin akademik başarıları ile problem çözmeye yönelik yansıtıcı düşünme becerilerine ve motivasyon düzeylerine etkisi [The effects of web 2.0 technologies and developed collaborative learning environments on academic achievements, reflective thinking skills for problem solving and the level of motivation of secondary school learners]. (Master’s thesis). Necmettin Erbakan Univeristy, Konya, Turkey. Dissertation ID: 461343
- Güneş, F. (2012). Öğrencilerin düşünme becerilerini geliştirme [Developing students' thinking skills]. Journal of Turkology Research, (32), 127-146.
- Halpern, D. F. (1999). Teaching for critical thinking: Helping college students develop the skills and dispositions of a critical thinker. New directions for teaching and learning, 1999(80), 69-74. https://doi.org/10.1002/tl.8005
- Halpern, D. F. (2003). Thoughts and Knowledge: An Introduction to Critical Thinking. New Jersey-London: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. Retrieved April 20, 2021 from https://bit.ly/3CQfii6
- Horzum, M. B. (2007). Web tabanlı yeni öğretim teknolojileri: Web 2.0 araçları [Web based new ınstructıonal technologıes: Web 2.0 tools]. Journal of Educational Sciences & Practices, 6(12), 99-121.
- Horzum, M. B. (2010). Öğretmenlerin Web 2.0 araçlarından haberdarlığı, kullanım sıklıkları ve amaçlarının çeşitli değişkenler açısından incelenmesi [Investigating teachers’ Web 2.0 tools awareness, frequency and purposes of usage in terms of different variables]. International Journal of Human Sciences, 7(1), 603-634.
- Hursen, C. (2020). The Effect of Problem-Based Learning Method Supported by Web 2.0 Tools on Academic Achievement and Critical Thinking Skills in Teacher Education. Technology, Knowledge and Learning, 26(3), 515-533. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10758-020-09458-2
- International Society for Technology in Education (ISTE) (2008). Essential conditions: Necessary conditions to effectively leverage technology for learning. Retrieved April 25, 2001, from https://www.iste.org/standards/for-educators
- Ilgaz, H. (2018). Bireysel farklılıklar kapsamında çevrimiçi öğrenme araştırmalarına ilişkin sistematik bir derleme [A systematic review of online learning researches in the context of ındividual differences]. Journal of Theoretical Educational Science, 11 (4), 1003-1018. https://doi.org/10.30831/akukeg.407289
- Kaya, Z. (2006). Öğretim teknolojileri ve materyal geliştirme [Instructional technologies and material development]. (2nd. ed.). Ankara: Pegem A Yayıncılık
- Kazancı, K. (2014). The effect of Web tools 2.0 on critical thinking with a special emphasis on collaborative learning. (Master’s thesis). Çukurova University, Adana, Turkey. Available from the Council of Higher Education, National Dissertation Center, Dissertation ID: 375338
- Kivunja, C. (2014). Do You Want Your Students to Be Job-Ready with 21st Century Skills? Change Pedagogies: A Pedagogical Paradigm Shift from Vygotskyian Social Constructivism to Critical Thinking, Problem Solving and Siemens' Digital Connectivism. International Journal of Higher Education, 3(3), 81-91. http://dx.doi.org/10.5430/ijhe.v3n3p81
- Kuhn, D., & Dean, Jr, D. (2004). Metacognition: A bridge between cognitive psychology and educational practice. Theory into Practice, 43(4), 268-273. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15430421tip4304_4
- Kurnaz, A. (2019). Eleştirel Düşünme Öğretimi Etkinlikleri Planlama-Uygulama ve Değerlendirme [Planning, ımplementation and evaluation of critical thinking teaching activities]. (3rd. ed.). Konya: Eğitim Kitabevi.
- Larson, L. C., & Miller, T. N. (2011). 21st century skills: Prepare students for the future. Kappa Delta Pi Record, 47(3), 121-123. https://doi.org/10.1080/00228958.2011.10516575
- Lewin, C., & McNicol, S. (2015). Supporting the development of 21st century skills through ICT. KEYCIT 2014: Key Competencies in Informatics and ICT, (7), 181-198. Retrieved April 25, 2021 from https://bit.ly/3qbgZmL
- Magnuson, M. L. (2012). Construction and reflection: Using Web 2.0 foster engagement with technology for information literacy instruction. Wisconsin University, Milwaukee. (Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from ProQuest Digital Dissertations and Theses database. (UMI No. 3520737).
- Norwich, B. (2002). Education, inclusion and individual differences: Recognising and resolving dilemmas. British Journal of Educational Studies, 50(4), 482-502. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8527.t01-1-00215
- Nossich, M., G. (2018). Disiplinlerarası eleştirel düşünme rehberi [Learning to thinks through: A guide to critical thinking across the curriculum]. (Aybek, B., Ed. & Trans). (4rd. ed.). Ankara: Anı Yayıncılık
- Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD). (2017). What do we know about children and technology? Retrieved May 01, 2021, from https://bit.ly/3qak06F
- Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD). (2018). The future of education and skills: Education 2030. OECD Education Working Papers. Retrieved May 01, 2021 from https://bit.ly/301gAbG
- Önal, İ (2020). Eleştirel düşünme becerilerine yönelik bir program geliştirme çalışması [A curriculum development study for critical thinking skills]. (Doctoral dissertation).
Yildiz Technical University, İstanbul, Turkey. Available from the Council of Higher Education, National Dissertation Center, Dissertation ID: 629745
- Paul, R., & Elder, L. (2001). Critical thinking: tools for taking charge of your learning and your life. Upper Saddle River, Nj: Prentice-Hall. Retrieved April 20, 2021 from https://bit.ly/3o5B2Ax
- Paul, R., & Elder, L. (2008). Minik eleştirel düşünme kılavuzu: Kavramlar ve araçlar [The miniature guide to critical thinking concepts and tools], (Fidan, M. B., Trans.), Foundation for Critical Thinking. Retrieved May 01, 2021, from https://www.criticalthinking.org/files/Turkish_CT_Concepts_Tools.pdf
- Paul, R. (1987). Critical Thinking Handbook: 4th-6th Grades. A Guide for Remodelling Lesson Plans in Language Arts, Social Studies, & Science. Retrieved April 21, 2021 from https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED308480.pdf
- Paul, R., Weil, D., & Binker, A. J. A. (1990). Critical thinking handbook: K-3rd grades - A guide for remodelling lesson plans in language arts, social studies & science. Center for Critical Thinking and Moral Critique, Sonoma State University, Rohnert Park, CA. Retrieved April 21, 2021 from https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED325803.pdf
- Parlak, B. (2017). Dijital çağda eğitim: olanaklar ve uygulamalar üzerine bir analiz [Education in digital age: An analysis on opportunities and applications]. Suleyman Demirel University The Journal of Faculty Economics Administrative Sciences, 22, Special Issue on Kayfor, pp.1741-1759.
- Partnership for 21st Century Learning. (2015). P21 framework definitions. Retrieved April 4, 2021, from http://www.p21.org/storage/documents/P21_Framework_Definitions.pdf.
- Patton, M. Q. (2018). Nitel Araştırma ve Değerlendirme Yöntemleri [Qualitative Research and Evaluation Methods]. (Demir, S. B. & Bütün, M., Trans.). Ankara: Pegem A Akademi
- Pearlman, B. (2010). Designing new learning environments to support 21st century skills. 21st century skills: Rethinking how students learn, Bellenca, J., & Brandt, R. (Eds.). (pp. 116-147.). US, Solution Tree Press. Retrieved April 25, 2021 from https://bit.ly/3mNWBpL
- Polat, S. (2014). Eleştirel düşünme becerisi öğretiminin çok yönlü incelenmesi [Multifaceted Examination of Critical Thinking Skill Instruction]. (Doctoral dissertation). Necmettin Erbakan University, Konya, Turkey. Available from the Council of Higher Education, National Dissertation Center, Dissertation ID: 373628
- Pürbudak, A. (2020). Web 2.0 temelli işbirlikli grup etkinliklerinin öğrenme stilleri bağlamında deneysel olarak incelenmesi [Experimental investigation of web 2.0 based cooperated group activities in the context of learning styles]. (Master’s thesis). Necmettin Erbakan University, Konya, Turkey. Available from the Council of Higher Education, National Dissertation Center, Dissertation ID: 641691
- Prensky, M. (2001). Digital natives, digital immigrants. On The Horizon, 9(5), 1-6. https://doi.org/10.1108/10748120110424816
- Semerci, Ç. (2003). Eleştirel düşünme becerilerinin geliştirilmesi [Developing critical thinking skills.] Education and Science, 28(127), 64-70.
- Söylemez, Y. (2018). Üst düzey düşünme becerileri [High-level thinking skills]. Erzurum: Fenomen Yayıncılık
- Şeker, H. (2017). Eğitimde program geliştirme [Curriculum development in education]. Ankara: Anı Yayıncılık
- Uğur, B. (2019). Teknolojinin öğrenme-öğretme süreçlerine entegrasyonuna ilişkin tasarlanan çevrimiçi bir derse yönelik öğretmen görüşleri [Teachers’ views on an online course designed for technology integration into learning teaching process]. (Master’s thesis). Hacettepe Univeristy, Ankara, Turkey. Available from the Council of Higher Education, National Dissertation Center, Dissertation ID: 584422
- Voogt, J., & Roblin, N. P. (2010). 21st century skills. Discussienota. Zoetermeer: The Netherlands: Kennisnet, 23(03), 2000. Retrieved May 01, 2021 from https://bit.ly/3ETbTjf
- Yılmaz, K. (2019). Eleştirel ve analitik düşünme [Critical and analytical thinking]. Ankara: Pegem Akademi
- Yurdakul, I. K., Dönmez, O., Yaman, F., & Odabaşı, H. F. (2013). Dijital ebeveynlik ve değişen roller [Digital parenting and changing roles]. Gaziantep University Journal of Social Sciences, 12(4), 883-896.
- Zhang, L. F. (2003). Contributions of thinking styles to critical thinking dispositions. Journal of Psychology, 137(6), 517-543. https://doi.org/10.1080/00223980309600633
Year 2022,
Volume: 7 Issue: 2, 175 - 191, 06.07.2022
Pınar Korukluoğlu
,
Mine Çeliköz
,
Mehmet Gürol
References
- Alp, G. (2019). Scratch Programı ile Web destekli işbirlikli öğrenme yönteminin ilkokul 5. sınıf öğrencilerinin kavramsal anlama düzeylerine ve eleştirel düşünme becerilerine etkisi [The impact of scratch program and web assisted cooperative learning method on the level of conceptual understanding and critical thinking skills of 5th grade students]. (Master's thesis). Bursa Uludağ University Bursa, Turkey. Available from the Council of Higher Education, National Dissertation Center, Dissertation ID: 543479
- Ananiadou, K., & Claro, M. (2009). 21st century skills and competences for new millennium learners in OECD countries. OECD Publishing. Retrieved April 20, 2021 from https://tuv.oer4pacific.org/id/eprint/4/
- Anderson, J., Van Weert, T., & Duchâteau, C. (2002). Information and communication technology in education: A curriculum for schools and programme of teacher development. UNESCO. Retrieved April 24, 2021 from https://bit.ly/3GVafz9
- Anderson, P. (2007). What is Web 2.0?: ideas, technologies and implications for education (Vol. 1, No. 1, pp. 1-64). Bristol: JISC. Retrieved May 02, 2021 from https://bit.ly/3kcFXhJ
- Aybek, Ö. (2007). Konu ve beceri temelli eleştirel düşünme öğretiminin öğretmen adaylarının eleştirel düşünme eğilimi ve düzeyine etkisi [The effect of subject and skill-based critical thinking teaching on pre-service teachers' critical thinking disposition and level]. Journal of Çukurova University Institute of Social Sciences, 16 (2), 43-60.
- Berg, B. L., & Lune, H. (2019). Sosyal bilimlerde nitel araştırma yöntemleri [Qualitative research methods in the social sciences]. (Arı, A., Ed. & Trans.) Konya: Eğitim Yayınevi.
- Beyer, B. K. (1984). Improving thinking skills: Defining the problem. The Phi Delta Kappan, 65(7), 486-490.
- Bozkurt, A. (2013). Açık ve uzaktan öğretim: Web 2.0 ve sosyal ağların etkileri [Open and distance education: The effects of Web 2.0 and social networks]. In Akgül, M. et. Al (Eds.), XV. Akademik Bilişim Conference (Akademik Bilişim, 2013), (pp. 23-25). Antalya, Akdeniz University.
- Conklin, W. (2011). Higher-order thinking skills to develop 21st century learners. Teacher Created Materials. Retrieved May 03, 2021 from https://bit.ly/3BQaurN
- Creswell, J., W., & Plano Clark, L., V. (2020). Karma yöntem araştırmaları tasarımı ve yürütülmesi [Designing and conducting: mixed methods research]. (Dede,Y. & Demir, S., B., Ed. & Trans.) Ankara: Anı Yayıncılık
- Çelik, T. (2021). Web 2.0 araçları kullanımı yetkinliği ölçeği geliştirme çalışması [Web 2.0 tools usage competence scale development study]. Pamukkale University Journal of Education, 51, 449-478. https://doi.org/10.9779/pauefd.700181
- Çubukçu, Z. (2006). Critical thinking dispositions of the Turkish teacher candidates. The Turkish Online Journal of Educational Technology -TOJET, 5(4), 22-36.
- Dede, C. (2010). Comparing frameworks for 21st century skills: 21st century skills: Rethinking how students learn. Bellenca, J., & Brandt, R. (Eds.). (pp.51-76). US, Solution Tree Press. Retrieved April 25, 2021 from https://bit.ly/3qb1JpS
- Demirel, Ö. (2019). Eğitimde program geliştirme kuramdan uygulamaya [Curriculum development in education from theory to practice]. (26th. Edition.). Ankara: Pegem A Akademi
- Drexler, W., Baralt, A., & Dawson, K. (2008). The teach web 2.0 consortium: A tool to promote educational social networking and web 2.0 use among educators. Educational Media International, 45(4), 271–28. https://doi.org/10.1080/09523980802571499
- Dwyer, C. P., Hogan, M. J., & Stewart, I. (2014). An integrated critical thinking framework for the 21st century. Thinking Skills and Creativity, 12, 43-52. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tsc.2013.12.004
- Eğmir, E. (2016). Eleştirel düşünme becerisi öğretim programının hazırlanması, uygulanması ve değerlendirilmesi [Preparation, implementation and evaluation of critical thinking skill curriculum]. Afyon Kocatepe University, Turkey. (Doctoral dissertation). Available from the Council of Higher Education, National Dissertation Center, Dissertation ID: 447711
- Ertaş Kılıç, H., & Şen, A. İ. (2014). UF/EMI Eleştirel düşünme eğilimi ölçeğini Türkçe’ye uyarlama çalışması [Turkish adaptation study of UF/EMI critical thinking disposition instrument]. Education and Science, 39(176), 1-12. http://dx.doi.org/10.15390/EB.2014.3632
- Ennis, R. H. (1985). A logical basis for measuring critical thinking skills. Educational Leadership, 43(2), 44-48.
- Ennis, C. D. (1991). Discrete Thinking Skills in Two Teachers' Physical Education Classes. The Elementary School Journal, 91(5), 473-487.
- Evancho, S. R. (2000). Critical thinking skills and dispositions of the undergraduate baccalaureate nursing student. Southern Connecticut State University, New Haven, US. (Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from ProQuest Digital Dissertations and Theses database (UMI No. 1398931).
- Facione, P. A. (1990). Critical thinking: A statement of expert consensus for purposes of educational assessment and instruction. Research findings and recommendations. (The Delphi Report). American Philosophical Association, Newark, Delaware, 112p. Retrieved April 04, 2021 from https://philpapers.org/archive/FACCTA.pdf
- Fisher, R. (1995). Teaching children to think. United Kingdom. United Kindom: Stanley Thornes Publishers Ltd. Retrieved April 10, 2021 from https://bit.ly/3CP9Fk5
- Gretter, S., & Yadav, A. (2016). Computational thinking and media & information literacy: An integrated approach to teaching twenty-first century skills. TechTrends, 60(5), 510-516. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11528-016-0098-4
- Gündoğdu, M. H. (2017). Web 2.0 teknolojileri ile geliştirilmiş işbirlikli öğrenme ortamının ortaokul öğrencilerinin akademik başarıları ile problem çözmeye yönelik yansıtıcı düşünme becerilerine ve motivasyon düzeylerine etkisi [The effects of web 2.0 technologies and developed collaborative learning environments on academic achievements, reflective thinking skills for problem solving and the level of motivation of secondary school learners]. (Master’s thesis). Necmettin Erbakan Univeristy, Konya, Turkey. Dissertation ID: 461343
- Güneş, F. (2012). Öğrencilerin düşünme becerilerini geliştirme [Developing students' thinking skills]. Journal of Turkology Research, (32), 127-146.
- Halpern, D. F. (1999). Teaching for critical thinking: Helping college students develop the skills and dispositions of a critical thinker. New directions for teaching and learning, 1999(80), 69-74. https://doi.org/10.1002/tl.8005
- Halpern, D. F. (2003). Thoughts and Knowledge: An Introduction to Critical Thinking. New Jersey-London: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. Retrieved April 20, 2021 from https://bit.ly/3CQfii6
- Horzum, M. B. (2007). Web tabanlı yeni öğretim teknolojileri: Web 2.0 araçları [Web based new ınstructıonal technologıes: Web 2.0 tools]. Journal of Educational Sciences & Practices, 6(12), 99-121.
- Horzum, M. B. (2010). Öğretmenlerin Web 2.0 araçlarından haberdarlığı, kullanım sıklıkları ve amaçlarının çeşitli değişkenler açısından incelenmesi [Investigating teachers’ Web 2.0 tools awareness, frequency and purposes of usage in terms of different variables]. International Journal of Human Sciences, 7(1), 603-634.
- Hursen, C. (2020). The Effect of Problem-Based Learning Method Supported by Web 2.0 Tools on Academic Achievement and Critical Thinking Skills in Teacher Education. Technology, Knowledge and Learning, 26(3), 515-533. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10758-020-09458-2
- International Society for Technology in Education (ISTE) (2008). Essential conditions: Necessary conditions to effectively leverage technology for learning. Retrieved April 25, 2001, from https://www.iste.org/standards/for-educators
- Ilgaz, H. (2018). Bireysel farklılıklar kapsamında çevrimiçi öğrenme araştırmalarına ilişkin sistematik bir derleme [A systematic review of online learning researches in the context of ındividual differences]. Journal of Theoretical Educational Science, 11 (4), 1003-1018. https://doi.org/10.30831/akukeg.407289
- Kaya, Z. (2006). Öğretim teknolojileri ve materyal geliştirme [Instructional technologies and material development]. (2nd. ed.). Ankara: Pegem A Yayıncılık
- Kazancı, K. (2014). The effect of Web tools 2.0 on critical thinking with a special emphasis on collaborative learning. (Master’s thesis). Çukurova University, Adana, Turkey. Available from the Council of Higher Education, National Dissertation Center, Dissertation ID: 375338
- Kivunja, C. (2014). Do You Want Your Students to Be Job-Ready with 21st Century Skills? Change Pedagogies: A Pedagogical Paradigm Shift from Vygotskyian Social Constructivism to Critical Thinking, Problem Solving and Siemens' Digital Connectivism. International Journal of Higher Education, 3(3), 81-91. http://dx.doi.org/10.5430/ijhe.v3n3p81
- Kuhn, D., & Dean, Jr, D. (2004). Metacognition: A bridge between cognitive psychology and educational practice. Theory into Practice, 43(4), 268-273. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15430421tip4304_4
- Kurnaz, A. (2019). Eleştirel Düşünme Öğretimi Etkinlikleri Planlama-Uygulama ve Değerlendirme [Planning, ımplementation and evaluation of critical thinking teaching activities]. (3rd. ed.). Konya: Eğitim Kitabevi.
- Larson, L. C., & Miller, T. N. (2011). 21st century skills: Prepare students for the future. Kappa Delta Pi Record, 47(3), 121-123. https://doi.org/10.1080/00228958.2011.10516575
- Lewin, C., & McNicol, S. (2015). Supporting the development of 21st century skills through ICT. KEYCIT 2014: Key Competencies in Informatics and ICT, (7), 181-198. Retrieved April 25, 2021 from https://bit.ly/3qbgZmL
- Magnuson, M. L. (2012). Construction and reflection: Using Web 2.0 foster engagement with technology for information literacy instruction. Wisconsin University, Milwaukee. (Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from ProQuest Digital Dissertations and Theses database. (UMI No. 3520737).
- Norwich, B. (2002). Education, inclusion and individual differences: Recognising and resolving dilemmas. British Journal of Educational Studies, 50(4), 482-502. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8527.t01-1-00215
- Nossich, M., G. (2018). Disiplinlerarası eleştirel düşünme rehberi [Learning to thinks through: A guide to critical thinking across the curriculum]. (Aybek, B., Ed. & Trans). (4rd. ed.). Ankara: Anı Yayıncılık
- Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD). (2017). What do we know about children and technology? Retrieved May 01, 2021, from https://bit.ly/3qak06F
- Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD). (2018). The future of education and skills: Education 2030. OECD Education Working Papers. Retrieved May 01, 2021 from https://bit.ly/301gAbG
- Önal, İ (2020). Eleştirel düşünme becerilerine yönelik bir program geliştirme çalışması [A curriculum development study for critical thinking skills]. (Doctoral dissertation).
Yildiz Technical University, İstanbul, Turkey. Available from the Council of Higher Education, National Dissertation Center, Dissertation ID: 629745
- Paul, R., & Elder, L. (2001). Critical thinking: tools for taking charge of your learning and your life. Upper Saddle River, Nj: Prentice-Hall. Retrieved April 20, 2021 from https://bit.ly/3o5B2Ax
- Paul, R., & Elder, L. (2008). Minik eleştirel düşünme kılavuzu: Kavramlar ve araçlar [The miniature guide to critical thinking concepts and tools], (Fidan, M. B., Trans.), Foundation for Critical Thinking. Retrieved May 01, 2021, from https://www.criticalthinking.org/files/Turkish_CT_Concepts_Tools.pdf
- Paul, R. (1987). Critical Thinking Handbook: 4th-6th Grades. A Guide for Remodelling Lesson Plans in Language Arts, Social Studies, & Science. Retrieved April 21, 2021 from https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED308480.pdf
- Paul, R., Weil, D., & Binker, A. J. A. (1990). Critical thinking handbook: K-3rd grades - A guide for remodelling lesson plans in language arts, social studies & science. Center for Critical Thinking and Moral Critique, Sonoma State University, Rohnert Park, CA. Retrieved April 21, 2021 from https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED325803.pdf
- Parlak, B. (2017). Dijital çağda eğitim: olanaklar ve uygulamalar üzerine bir analiz [Education in digital age: An analysis on opportunities and applications]. Suleyman Demirel University The Journal of Faculty Economics Administrative Sciences, 22, Special Issue on Kayfor, pp.1741-1759.
- Partnership for 21st Century Learning. (2015). P21 framework definitions. Retrieved April 4, 2021, from http://www.p21.org/storage/documents/P21_Framework_Definitions.pdf.
- Patton, M. Q. (2018). Nitel Araştırma ve Değerlendirme Yöntemleri [Qualitative Research and Evaluation Methods]. (Demir, S. B. & Bütün, M., Trans.). Ankara: Pegem A Akademi
- Pearlman, B. (2010). Designing new learning environments to support 21st century skills. 21st century skills: Rethinking how students learn, Bellenca, J., & Brandt, R. (Eds.). (pp. 116-147.). US, Solution Tree Press. Retrieved April 25, 2021 from https://bit.ly/3mNWBpL
- Polat, S. (2014). Eleştirel düşünme becerisi öğretiminin çok yönlü incelenmesi [Multifaceted Examination of Critical Thinking Skill Instruction]. (Doctoral dissertation). Necmettin Erbakan University, Konya, Turkey. Available from the Council of Higher Education, National Dissertation Center, Dissertation ID: 373628
- Pürbudak, A. (2020). Web 2.0 temelli işbirlikli grup etkinliklerinin öğrenme stilleri bağlamında deneysel olarak incelenmesi [Experimental investigation of web 2.0 based cooperated group activities in the context of learning styles]. (Master’s thesis). Necmettin Erbakan University, Konya, Turkey. Available from the Council of Higher Education, National Dissertation Center, Dissertation ID: 641691
- Prensky, M. (2001). Digital natives, digital immigrants. On The Horizon, 9(5), 1-6. https://doi.org/10.1108/10748120110424816
- Semerci, Ç. (2003). Eleştirel düşünme becerilerinin geliştirilmesi [Developing critical thinking skills.] Education and Science, 28(127), 64-70.
- Söylemez, Y. (2018). Üst düzey düşünme becerileri [High-level thinking skills]. Erzurum: Fenomen Yayıncılık
- Şeker, H. (2017). Eğitimde program geliştirme [Curriculum development in education]. Ankara: Anı Yayıncılık
- Uğur, B. (2019). Teknolojinin öğrenme-öğretme süreçlerine entegrasyonuna ilişkin tasarlanan çevrimiçi bir derse yönelik öğretmen görüşleri [Teachers’ views on an online course designed for technology integration into learning teaching process]. (Master’s thesis). Hacettepe Univeristy, Ankara, Turkey. Available from the Council of Higher Education, National Dissertation Center, Dissertation ID: 584422
- Voogt, J., & Roblin, N. P. (2010). 21st century skills. Discussienota. Zoetermeer: The Netherlands: Kennisnet, 23(03), 2000. Retrieved May 01, 2021 from https://bit.ly/3ETbTjf
- Yılmaz, K. (2019). Eleştirel ve analitik düşünme [Critical and analytical thinking]. Ankara: Pegem Akademi
- Yurdakul, I. K., Dönmez, O., Yaman, F., & Odabaşı, H. F. (2013). Dijital ebeveynlik ve değişen roller [Digital parenting and changing roles]. Gaziantep University Journal of Social Sciences, 12(4), 883-896.
- Zhang, L. F. (2003). Contributions of thinking styles to critical thinking dispositions. Journal of Psychology, 137(6), 517-543. https://doi.org/10.1080/00223980309600633