AB ÜLKELERİNDE GÖÇMEN KARŞITLIĞI VE AŞIRILIKÇI SAĞ: YUNANİSTAN VE ALMANYA ÖRNEĞİ

Year 2022, , 15 - 48, 30.12.2022

Suzan Ezgi Kösalı , Fuat Aksu

https://doi.org/10.24013/jomelips.1197689

Abstract

Avrupa’da son yıllarda güçlendiği ifade edilen aşırılıkçı sağ hareketlerin köklü bir geçmişe sahip olduğu bilinmektedir. Bugünün koşullarında ise gerek Avrupa Birliği kurumlarında gerekse üye devletlerin günlük siyasetlerinde yaşanan politik tıkanmışlığın yabancı karşıtı ve aşırılıkçı sağcı hareketlerin söylemlerine süreklilik kazandırdığı gözlemlenmektedir. AB ülkelerindeki aşırılıkçı sağcı hareketlerin birbirinden farklı özellikler taşıdığı görülse de göçmen karşıtlığı ve yabancı düşmanlığında birleşen ortak bir söylem birlikteliğiyle hareket ettikleri anlaşılmaktadır. Söylem düzeyinde gözlemlenen aşırılıkçı tutumun şiddet eylemlerine dönüşüp dönüşmediğinin incelenmesi ihtiyacından hareketle 1990 yılından itibaren Avrupa ülkelerinde aşırılıkçı sağcı şiddet ve terör eylemlerinin istatistiklerinin yer aldığı RTV (Right-Wing Terrorism and Violence) veri seti analiz edilecektir. RTV verileri üzerinden yapılacak bu inceleme ile aşırılıkçı sağcı şiddetin zaman içerisindeki dönüşümünü, aşırılıkçı sağ şiddet eylemlerinin artış gösterdiği yönündeki genel algıyı ve seçilen AB ülkelerinde eylemlerini sürdüren aşırılıkçı sağcı grupların arasındaki farklılıkları anlamak mümkün olacaktır. Çalışmada, son yıllarda aşırılıkçı sağ şiddet eylemlerinin en fazla gerçekleştiği Yunanistan’da Altın Şafak Partisinin ve Almanya’da İmparatorluk Vatandaşı Hareketinin eylemleri üzerine değerlendirmelerde bulunulacak ve doğrudan kitlesel göç hareketliliğiyle ilişkilendirilen bu eylemlerin arka planında yer alan temel sebepler ele alınacaktır.

Keywords

Avrupa Birliği, Aşırılıkçı Sağ Hareketler, Altın Şafak, İmparatorluk Vatandaşı Hareketi

References

• Bötticher, A. (2017), Towards Academic Consensus Definitions of Radicalism and Extremism. Perspectives on Terrorism. 11 (4), 74-75. Calhoun, C. (2012), The Roots of Radicalism: Tradition, The Public Sphere and Early Nineteenth – Century Social Movements, Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
• Dalgaard-Nielsen, A. (2010), Violent Radicalization in Europe: What We Know and What We Do Not Know. Studies in Conflict & Terrorism. 33 (9), 798.
• Ellinas, A. A. (2015), Neo-Nazism in an Established Democracy: The Persistence of Golden Dawn in Greece. South European Society and Politics. 20 (1), 4-6.
• Erdoğan, M. M. (2018), Türkiye’deki Suriyeliler: Toplumsal Kabul ve Uyum, 2. bs. İstanbul: İstanbul Bilgi Üniversitesi Yayınları.
• Gerodimos, R. (2018), Humiliation, Shame, and Violence: Honor, Trauma, and Political Extremism before and after the 2009 Crisis in Greece. International Forum of Psychoanalysis. 31 (1), 9-11.
• Kaya, A. (2021), Islamist and Nativist Reactionary Radicalisation in Europe. Politics and Governance. 9 (3), 210-213.
• Kaya, A. (2021), Radikalizm, Ekstremizm ve Neoliberalizm: Geçmişten Günümüze Radikalleşme, 10.03.2022 tarihinde https://sarkac.org/2021/09/radikalizm-ekstremizm-ve-neoliberalizm-gecmisten-gunumuze-radikallesme/ adresinden alındı. Koehler, D. (2016), Right-Wing Extremism and Terrorism in Europe: Current Developments and Issues for the Future. PRISM. 6 (2), 89.
• Kotonen, T. (2019), The Soldiers of Odin Finland: From a Local Movement to an International Franchise, Miroslav Mareš ve Tore Bjørgo içinde, Vigilantism Against Migrants and Minorities (241-257), Oxon: Routledge.
• Kurum, M., Avcı E. (2018), Radikalizm ve Aşırıcılıktan Terörizme: Siyasal Şiddetin Araçsallaştırılması. Güvenlik Stratejileri. 14 (28), 43.
• Mareš, M., Bjørgo, T. (2019), Vigilantism Against Migrants and Minorities: Concepts and Goals of Current Research, Miroslav Mareš ve Tore Bjørgo içinde, Vigilantism Against Migrants and Minorities (17), Oxon: Routledge. Martin, G. (2017), Terörizm: Kavramlar ve Kuramlar. çev. İ. Çapcıoğlu, B. Metin. Ankara: Adres Yayınları. McAllister, B., Schmid, A. P. (2017), Theories of Terrorism. A. P. Schmid içinde, The Routledge Handbook of Terrorism Research. London: Routledge.
• Moghaddam, F. M. (2005), The Staircase to Terrorism: A Psychological Exploration. American Psychologist. 60 (2), 161-167.
• Mulhall, J., Khan-Ruf, S. (2021), State of Hate: Far-Right Extremism in Europe 2021. HOPE not hate Charitable Trust, EXPO Foundation, Amadeu Antonio Foundation. 18.05.2022 tarihinde https://hopenothate.org.uk/2021/02/16/state-of-hate-europe2021/ adresinden alındı.
• Petrou, M., Kandylis, G. (2016), Violence and Extreme-Right Activism: The Neo-Nazi Golden Dawn in a Greek Rural Community. Journal of Intercultural Studies. 37 (6), 590.
• Ravndal, J. A. ve diğ. (2022), RTV Trend Report 2022: Right-Wing Terrorism and Violence in Western Europe, 1990 – 2021. University of Oslo. 15.07.2022 tarihinde https://www.sv.uio.no/c-rex/english/publications/c-rex-reports/2022/rtv_trend_report_2022.pdf adresinden alındı.
• Sageman, M. (2017), Turning to Political Violence: The Emergence of Terrorism, Pennsylvania: University of Pennsylvania Press. Schmid, A. P. (2013), Radicalisation, De-Radicalisation, Counter-Radicalisation: A Conceptual Discussion and Literature Review. The International Centre for Counter-Terrorism (ICCT) The Netherlands. 10.03.2022 tarihinde http://www.icct.nl/app/uploads/download/file/ICCT-Schmid-Radicalisation-De-Radicalisation-Counter-Radicalisation-March-2013.pdf adresinden alındı. Schwörer, J. (2019), Alternative fü r Deutschland: From the Streets to the Parliament?, M. Caiani, O. Císař içinde Radical Right Movement Parties in Europe (s. 30) Oxon: Routledge. Silber, M. D., Bhatt, A. (2007), Radicalization in the West: The Homegrown Threat. The New York City Police Department. Vasilopoulou, S., Halikiopoulou, D. (2015), The Golden Dawn’s ‘Nationalist Solution’: Explaining the Rise of the Far Right in Greece (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2015), 17.
• Sprinzak, E. (1991), The Process of Delegitimation: Towards a Linkage Theory of Political Terrorism. Terrorism and Political Violence. 3 (1), 53-58.
• Turam, B. (2021), Refugees in Borderlands: Safe Places versus Securitization in Athens, Greece. Journal of Urban Affairs. 43 (6), 763. Weggemans, D., de Graaf, B. (2017), Reintegrating Jihadist Extremist Detainees: Helping Extremist Offenders Back into Society. 1. bs. London: Routledge.
• Whine, M. (2012), Trans-European Trends in Right Wing Extremism. Andrea Mammone, Emmanuel Godin, Brian Jenkins (Ed.), Mapping the Extreme Right in Contemporary Europe: From Local to Transnational içinde (327-328). Oxon: Routledge. Μέτωπο Νεολαίας. https://antepithesi.gr/2019/08/blog-post_62.html/ [15.07.2022]
• “‘Reichsbürger’ and ‘Selbstverwalter’ Enemies of the State, Profiteers, Conspiracy Theorists”. Bundesamt für Verfassungsschutz – BfV. https://www.verfassungsschutz.de/EN/topics/reichsbuerger-and-selbstverwalter/reichsbuerger-and-selbstverwalter_node.html;jsessionid=9DE9ED3F02509939D115E41754620561.internet272 [22.07.2022]
• “‘Reichsbürger’ und ‘Selbstverwalter’ - Eine Zunehmende Gefahr?”. Bundesministerium des Innern und für Heimat. https://www.bmi.bund.de/SharedDocs/topthemen/DE/topthema-reichsbuerger/topthema-reichsbuerger.html [22.07.2022] Almanya'da Aşırı Sağcılar Silahlanıyor. Sputnik Türkiye. https://tr.sputniknews.com/20190928/almanyada-asiri-sagcilar-silahlaniyor-1040277060.html [22.07.2022]
• European Union Terrorism Situation and Trend Report 2020. EUROPOL. https://www.europol.europa.eu/cms/sites/default/files/documents/european_union_terrorism_situation_and_trend_report_te-sat_2020_0.pdf [18.05.2022]
• European Union Terrorism Situation and Trend Report 2021. EUROPOL, https://www.europol.europa.eu/cms/sites/default/files/documents/tesat_2021_0.pdf [18.05.2022] Germany. UNHCR. https://www.unhcr.org/germany.html [20.07.2022]
• Greece, Country Facts. International Rescue Committee. https://www.rescue.org/country/greece#:~:text=Greece%20currently%20hosts%20approximately%2050%2C000,will%20remain%20in%20the%20country. [21.06.2022]
• Greek Islands: Migrant Population Down by 79%. Info Migrants. https://www.infomigrants.net/en/post/38228/greek-islands-migrant-population-down-by-79 [21.06.2022]
• Population, Total – Greece. The World Bank. https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.POP.TOTL?locations=GR [21.06.2022]
• Prevention of Radicalisation. European Commission Migration and Home Affairs. https://ec.europa.eu/home-affairs/policies/internal-security/counter-terrorism-and-radicalisation/prevention-radicalisation_en [10.03.2022]
• “Quarterly Regional Report, DTM Europe”, International Organization for Migration, https://displacement.iom.int/sites/default/files/public/reports/Q4%202021%20Narrative%20Overview_0.pdf [21.06.2022]
• Radicalisation. IATE (Interactive Terminology for Europe). https://iate.europa.eu/entry/result/3567189/en [10.03.2022]
• Radicalism. Lexico Oxford English Dictionaries. https://www.lexico.com/definition/radicalism [10.03.2022]
• Right-wing Extremism. Bundesamt für Verfassungsschutz (BfV). https://www.verfassungsschutz.de/EN/topics/right-wing-extremism/right-wing-extremism_article.html [20.07.2022]
• The New Reality: Germany Adapts to Its Role as a Major Migrant Magnet. Migration Policy Institute. https://www.migrationpolicy.org/article/new-reality-germany-adapts-its-role-major-migrant-magnet?gclid=EAIaIQobChMIhbmVyPiP-QIVVOJ3Ch0fxw4_EAAYAiAAEgIotfD_BwE [20.07.2022]
• Verfassungsschutzbericht 2021. Ministerium des Innern und für Sport. https://mdi.rlp.de/de/unsere-themen/verfassungsschutz/aufgabenfelder-und-extremismus-bereiche/reichsbuerger-und-selbstverwalter/ [22.07.2022]
• Yunanistan'da Solcu Şarkıcıya 'Neo Nazi Saldırısı'”. BBC News Türkçe. 18 Eylül 2013. https://www.bbc.com/turkce/haberler/2013/09/130918_yunanistan_bicaklama [15.07.2022]
• Δυναμικό “παρών” στην συγκέντρωση κατά της λαθρομετανάστευσης. Μέτωπο Νεολαίας. https://antepithesi.gr/2020/03/blog-post_8.html/ [15.07.2022]
• Εθνικιστικό Στέκι Θεσσαλονίκης “ΣΑΡΙΣΑ”: Επανέναρξη λειτουργίας. Μέτωπο Νεολαίας. https://antepithesi.gr/2021/08/blog-post_23-2.html/ [16.07.2022]