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Frost Tolerances of Turkish Olive (Olea europaea L.) Cultivars

Year 2023, Volume: 20 Issue: 2, 293 - 305, 22.05.2023
https://doi.org/10.33462/jotaf.1081561

Abstract

Zeytinin anavatanı Akdeniz Havzası’nın doğusu olarak görülmektedir. Türkiye coğrafi konum olarak bu havzayı kısmen içermektedir ve zeytin biyoçeşitliliği bakımından zengin bir kaynağa sahiptir. Türkiye’de zeytin yetiştiriciliği Ege, Marmara, Akdeniz, Güneydoğu Anadolu ve Karadeniz bölgelerinde yapılmaktadır. Toprak isteği bakımından fazla seçici olmayan zeytinin sınırlarını iklimsel faktörler belirlemektedir. Zeytincilik yapılan bölgelerde genellikle Akdeniz iklimi hüküm sürmektedir. Bu bölgelerde kışlar ılık ve yağışlı, yazlar ise sıcak ve kurak geçmektedir. Buna karşın, bazı yıllar oluşan şiddetli soğuklar özellikle İç Ege, Marmara ve Karadeniz bölgelerinde önemli zararlanmalara neden olabilmektedir. Nitekim Ülkemizdeki zeytin işletmelerinin % 31.8’inin dönem dönem don zararına maruz kaldığı bilinmektedir. Bu durum don toleransı yüksek çeşitlerin belirlenmesi ve soğuk zararlarının meydana gelebileceği bölgeler için uygun çeşitlerin saptanması gerekliliğini ortaya çıkarmıştır. Çalışmada Zeytincilik Araştırma Enstitüsü (Bornova/İzmir) bünyesinde bulunan “Kemalpaşa Zeytin Arazi Gen Bankası”ndaki 40 zeytin çeşidinin don toleransı araştırılmıştır. Çeşitlerin dona toleransının araştırmak amacıyla iki yıllık süreçte altı farklı dönemde alınan yaprak örnekleri kontrol (+4°C), -2°C, -5°C, -8°C, -11°C, -14°C, -17°C ve -20°C’lerde don testlerine tabi tutulmuş ve bu testlerde iyon sızıntısı (elektriksel iletkenlik) yönteminden yararlanılmıştır. Sonuç olarak zeytin çeşitlerinin don toleransının gerek genetik olarak gerekse mevsimsel olarak önemli değişkenlikler gösterdiği saptanmıştır. Butko, Memeli, Otur, Gemlik, Sinop No 5, Yün çelebi, Kara yaprak, Satı ve Sarı Ulak çeşitlerinin don toleransının yüksek olduğu belirlenmiştir. Sinop No 1, Marantelli, Ayvalık, Görvele, Çakır, Samsun Tuzlamalık, Erkence, Saurani, Eşek Zeytini (Tekirdağ), Kan Çelebi, İzmir Sofralık, Çilli, Samsun Yağlık, Domat, Eşek Zeytini (Ödemiş), Saçaklı Otur, Sinop No 4, Memecik, Nizip Yağlık, Tekirdağ Çizmelik ve Patos çeşitlerinin dona orta derecede toleranslı olduğu, Edincik, Sinop No 6, Çekişte, Mavi, Kiraz, Kilis Yağlık, Çelebi (İznik), Trabzon Yağlık, Uslu ve Girit Zeytini çeşitlerinin ise don toleransının düşük olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Ayrıca sonuçlar zeytinde soğuk aklimasyonunun oldukça önemli olduğunu ve belirli bir süre düşük sıcaklıklara maruz kalmanın don toleransını önemli derecede arttırdığını göstermiştir. Ancak bu durumun durağan olmadığı ve uyumun gerçekleşmediği sıcaklığa dönüldüğünde hızlıca kaybedilebileceği görülmüştür.

Project Number

TAGEM/BBAD/14/A08/P06/02

References

  • Antognozzi, E., Pilli, M., Proietti, P. and Romani, F. (1990). Analysis of Some Factors Affecting Frost Resistance in Olive Trees. XXIII International Horticultural Congress. August 27 - September 1, Abstract Book, 4289, Firenze, Italy.
  • Arora, R., Wisniewski, M. E. and Scorza, R. (1992). Cold acclimation in genetically related (sibling) deciduous and evergreen peach (Prunus persica [L..] Batsch). I. Seasonal changes in cold harcliness and polypeptides of bark and xylem tissues. Plant Physiology, 99: 1562-1568.
  • Asl Moshtaghi, E., Shahsavar, A. R. and Taslimpour, M. R. (2009). Ionic leakage as indicators of cold hardiness in olive (Olea europaea L.). World Applied Sciences Journal, 7(10): 1308-1310.
  • Aybar, V. E., Melo-Abreu, J. P. D., Searles, P. S., Matias, A. C., Del Río, C., Caballero, J. M. and Rousseaux, M. C. (2015). Evaluation of olive flowering at low latitude sites in Argentina using a chilling requirement model. Spanish Journal of Agricultural Research, 13(1): e09-001, 10 pages.
  • Barranco, D., Ruiz, N. and Campo, M. G. (2005). Frost tolerance of eight olive cultivars. American Society for Horticultural Science, 40(3): 558–560.
  • Bartolozzi, F. and Fontanazza, G. (1999). Assessment of frost tolerance in olive (Olea europaea L.). Scientia Horticulturae, 81(3): 309-319.
  • Beck, E. J., Heim, R. and Hansen, J. (2004). Plant resistance to cold stress: Mechanisms and environmental signals triggering frost hardening and dehardening. Journal of Biosciences, 29(4): 449-459.
  • Bongi, G. and Palliotti, A. (1994). Olive, In Handbook of Environmental Physiology of Fruit Crops: Temperate Crops, Vol. I, p. 165–187, (Editors: Shaffer B, Anderson P. C), CRC Press, Boca Raton.
  • Cansev, A., Gulen, H. and Eris, A. (2009). Cold-hardiness of olive (Olea europaea L.) cultivars in cold-acclimated and non-acclimated stages: seasonal alteration of antioxidative enzymes and dehydrin-like proteins. Journal of Agricultural Science, 147(1): 51-61.
  • De-Andres Cantero, F. (2001). Enfermendades Y Plagas Del Olivo. Riquelme y Vargas Ediciones, Madrid, Spain.
  • Eriş, A., Gulen, H., Barut, E. and Cansev, A. (2007). Annual patterns of total soluble sugars and proteins related to cold-hardiness in olive (Olea europaea L. 'Gemlik'). Journal of Horticultural Science & Biotechnology, 82(4): 597-604.
  • Fiorino, P. and Mancuso, S. (2000). Differential thermal analysis, deep supercooling and cell viability in organs of Olea europaea at subzero temperatures. Advances in Horticultural Science, 14(1): 23-27.
  • Graniti, A., Faedda, R., Cacciola, S. O. and Magnano di San Lio, G. (2011). Olive diseases in a changing ecosystem, In Olive Diseases and Disorders, p. 403-433, (Editors: Schena L, Agosteo G. E, Cacciola S. O), Transworld Research Newtwork, Trivandrum, Kerala, India.
  • Kosova, K., Vitamvas, P. and Prasil, I. T. (2007). The role of dehydrins in plant response to cold. Biologia Plantarum, 51(4): 601-617.
  • Levitt, J. (1980). Responses of Plants to Environmental Stresses. Academic Press, New York.
  • Lodolini, E. M., Alfei, B., Santinelli, A., Cioccolanti, T., Polverigiani, S. and Neri, D. (2016). Frost tolerance of 24 olive cultivars and subsequent vegetative re-sprouting as indication of recovery ability. Scientia Horticulturae, 211: 152–157.
  • Mancuso, S. (2000). Electrical resistance changes during exposure to low temperature measure chilling and freezing tolerance in olive tree (Olea europaea L.) plants. Plant, Cell and Environment, 23: 291-299.
  • Mete, N., Şahin, M., Çetin, Ö., Hakan, M., Güloğlu, U., Kaya, H. ve Uluçay, N. (2016a). Bazı zeytin çeşitlerinde don toleransının dönemsel değişimi. Zeytin Bilimi, 6(1): 25-31.
  • Mete, N., Şahin, M. and Çetin, Ö. (2016b). Determination of self-fertility of the 'Hayat' olive cultivar obtained by hybridization breeding. Journal of Tekirdag Agricultural Faculty, 13(3): 60-64.
  • Özaltaş, M., Savran, M. K., Ulaş, M., Kaptan, S. ve Köktürk H. (2016). Türkiye Zeytincilik Sektör Raporu. Zeytincilik Araştırma Enstitüsü yayınları, ISBN: 978-605-9175-57-9, Bornova, İzmir.
  • Palliotti, A. and Bongi, G. (1996). Freezing injury in the olive leaf and effects of mefluidide treatment. Journal of Horticultural Science, 71(1): 57-63.
  • Sanzani, S. M., Schena, L., Nigro, F., Sergeeva, V., Ippolito, A. and Salerno, M. G. (2012). Abiotic diseases of olive. Journal of Plant Pathology, 94(3): 469–491.
  • Soleimani, A., Talie, A. R., Tabaeıaghdaei, M., Esmaeilzadeh, H. and Eghrari, B. H. (2004). The survey of cold hardiness in some olive (Olea Europaea L.) cultivars. Horticultural Science Abstract, 74(10): 1410.
  • Sütçü, A. R., Burak, M., Fidan, A. E. ve Büyükyılmaz, M. (1994). Bazı Zeytin Çeşitlerinin Kış Soğuklarına Dayanıklılıkları Üzerinde Araştırmalar. Atatürk Bahçe Kültürleri Merkez Araştırma Enstitüsü Yayınları, Yalova.
  • Thomashow, M. F. (1999). Plant cold acclimation: Freezing tolerance genes and regulatory mechanisms. Annual Review of Plant Physiology and Plant Molecular Biology, 50: 571-599.
  • Travert, S., Valerio, L., Fouraste, I., Boudet, A. M. and Teulieres, C. (1997). Enrichment in specific soluble sugars of two eucalyptus cell-suspension cultures by various treatments enhances their frost tolerance via a non-colligative mechanism. Plant Physiology, 114(4): 1433-1442.
  • Usanmaz, D., Canözer, Ö. ve Özahçı, E. (1988). Zeytinde Soğuk Zararı ve Alınacak Önlemler. Zeytincilik Araştırma Enstitüsü Müdürlüğü. Yayın No: 41 Bornova, İzmir.
  • Vitagliano, C. and Sebastiani, L. (2002). Physiological and biochemical remarks on environmental stress in olive (Olea europaea L.). Acta Horticulturae, 586: 435-440.
  • Weisberg, S. (1985). Applied Linear Regression. 2nd ed. John Wiley, New York, 324 pp.
  • Yang, M. T., Chen, S. L., Lin, C. Y. and Chen, Y. M. (2005). Chilling stress suppresses chloroplast development and nuclear gene expression in leaves of mung bean seedlings. Planta, 221(3): 374-385.

Frost Tolerances of Turkish Olive (Olea europaea L.) Cultivars

Year 2023, Volume: 20 Issue: 2, 293 - 305, 22.05.2023
https://doi.org/10.33462/jotaf.1081561

Abstract

The motherland of the olive is considered as east of the Mediterranean Basin. Turkey is partly located within this basin having a rich source of biodiversity. Olive growing in Turkey is carried out in the Aegean, Marmara, Mediterranean, Southeastern Anatolia and Black Sea Regions. Climatic factors determine the cultivation limits of olive which is not very selective in terms of soil demand. In regions where olives are grown, the Mediterranean climate prevails. Winters are warm and rainy in the region, while summers are hot and dry. On the other hand, severe cold damage in some years can cause significant damage especially in the inner parts of Aegean, Marmara and Black Sea Regions. As a matter of fact, it is known that 31.8% of olive plantations in Turkey are exposed to occasional frost damage. This situation has revealed the necessity of determining the varieties with high frost tolerance and determining the suitable varieties for the regions where cold damage may occur. In the study, 40 registered olive cultivars in “Kemalpaşa Olive Germplasm Bank" in Bornova Olive Research Institute, in İzmir were screened in terms of frost tolerance. To evaluate the frost tolerance (LT50) of cultivars, as estimated by ion leakage (electrical conductivity), leaf samples taken in six different periods over two years were exposed to temperatures at +4 °C (control), -2 °C, -5°C, -8 °C, -11°C, -14 °C, -17 °C and -20 °C. In conclusion; it has been determined that frost tolerance of olive varieties revealed significant variability both genetically and seasonally. Butko, Memeli, Otur, Gemlik, Sinop No 5, Yün Çelebi, Kara Yaprak, Satı and Sarı Ulak were determined as cultivars that were more tolerant of frost. Sinop No 1, Marantelli, Ayvalık, Görvele, Çakır, Samsun Tuzlamalık, Erkence, Saurani, Eşek Zeytini (Tekirdağ), Kan Çelebi, İzmir Sofralık, Çilli, Samsun Yağlık, Domat, Eşek Zeytini (Ödemiş), Saçaklı Otur, Sinop No 4, Memecik, Nizip Yağlık, Tekirdağ Çizmelik and Patos were found to be moderately tolerant cultivars while Edincik, Sinop No 6, Çekişte, Mavi, Kiraz, Kilis Yağlık, Çelebi (İznik), Trabzon Yağlık, Uslu and Girit olive cultivars were grouped as cultivars having low tolerance to frost. In addition, data showed that cold acclimation in the olive is quite important, and exposure to low temperatures for a certain period of time has significantly increased the frost tolerance. However, this condition was not stable and could rapidly become reversed when temperature reached to the point at which adapdation did not ensure.

Supporting Institution

Republic of Turkey Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry General Directorate of Agricultural Research and Policies

Project Number

TAGEM/BBAD/14/A08/P06/02

Thanks

Grants from Republic of Turkey Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry General Directorate of Agricultural Research and Policies (TAGEM/BBAD/14/A08/P06/02) supported the current research.

References

  • Antognozzi, E., Pilli, M., Proietti, P. and Romani, F. (1990). Analysis of Some Factors Affecting Frost Resistance in Olive Trees. XXIII International Horticultural Congress. August 27 - September 1, Abstract Book, 4289, Firenze, Italy.
  • Arora, R., Wisniewski, M. E. and Scorza, R. (1992). Cold acclimation in genetically related (sibling) deciduous and evergreen peach (Prunus persica [L..] Batsch). I. Seasonal changes in cold harcliness and polypeptides of bark and xylem tissues. Plant Physiology, 99: 1562-1568.
  • Asl Moshtaghi, E., Shahsavar, A. R. and Taslimpour, M. R. (2009). Ionic leakage as indicators of cold hardiness in olive (Olea europaea L.). World Applied Sciences Journal, 7(10): 1308-1310.
  • Aybar, V. E., Melo-Abreu, J. P. D., Searles, P. S., Matias, A. C., Del Río, C., Caballero, J. M. and Rousseaux, M. C. (2015). Evaluation of olive flowering at low latitude sites in Argentina using a chilling requirement model. Spanish Journal of Agricultural Research, 13(1): e09-001, 10 pages.
  • Barranco, D., Ruiz, N. and Campo, M. G. (2005). Frost tolerance of eight olive cultivars. American Society for Horticultural Science, 40(3): 558–560.
  • Bartolozzi, F. and Fontanazza, G. (1999). Assessment of frost tolerance in olive (Olea europaea L.). Scientia Horticulturae, 81(3): 309-319.
  • Beck, E. J., Heim, R. and Hansen, J. (2004). Plant resistance to cold stress: Mechanisms and environmental signals triggering frost hardening and dehardening. Journal of Biosciences, 29(4): 449-459.
  • Bongi, G. and Palliotti, A. (1994). Olive, In Handbook of Environmental Physiology of Fruit Crops: Temperate Crops, Vol. I, p. 165–187, (Editors: Shaffer B, Anderson P. C), CRC Press, Boca Raton.
  • Cansev, A., Gulen, H. and Eris, A. (2009). Cold-hardiness of olive (Olea europaea L.) cultivars in cold-acclimated and non-acclimated stages: seasonal alteration of antioxidative enzymes and dehydrin-like proteins. Journal of Agricultural Science, 147(1): 51-61.
  • De-Andres Cantero, F. (2001). Enfermendades Y Plagas Del Olivo. Riquelme y Vargas Ediciones, Madrid, Spain.
  • Eriş, A., Gulen, H., Barut, E. and Cansev, A. (2007). Annual patterns of total soluble sugars and proteins related to cold-hardiness in olive (Olea europaea L. 'Gemlik'). Journal of Horticultural Science & Biotechnology, 82(4): 597-604.
  • Fiorino, P. and Mancuso, S. (2000). Differential thermal analysis, deep supercooling and cell viability in organs of Olea europaea at subzero temperatures. Advances in Horticultural Science, 14(1): 23-27.
  • Graniti, A., Faedda, R., Cacciola, S. O. and Magnano di San Lio, G. (2011). Olive diseases in a changing ecosystem, In Olive Diseases and Disorders, p. 403-433, (Editors: Schena L, Agosteo G. E, Cacciola S. O), Transworld Research Newtwork, Trivandrum, Kerala, India.
  • Kosova, K., Vitamvas, P. and Prasil, I. T. (2007). The role of dehydrins in plant response to cold. Biologia Plantarum, 51(4): 601-617.
  • Levitt, J. (1980). Responses of Plants to Environmental Stresses. Academic Press, New York.
  • Lodolini, E. M., Alfei, B., Santinelli, A., Cioccolanti, T., Polverigiani, S. and Neri, D. (2016). Frost tolerance of 24 olive cultivars and subsequent vegetative re-sprouting as indication of recovery ability. Scientia Horticulturae, 211: 152–157.
  • Mancuso, S. (2000). Electrical resistance changes during exposure to low temperature measure chilling and freezing tolerance in olive tree (Olea europaea L.) plants. Plant, Cell and Environment, 23: 291-299.
  • Mete, N., Şahin, M., Çetin, Ö., Hakan, M., Güloğlu, U., Kaya, H. ve Uluçay, N. (2016a). Bazı zeytin çeşitlerinde don toleransının dönemsel değişimi. Zeytin Bilimi, 6(1): 25-31.
  • Mete, N., Şahin, M. and Çetin, Ö. (2016b). Determination of self-fertility of the 'Hayat' olive cultivar obtained by hybridization breeding. Journal of Tekirdag Agricultural Faculty, 13(3): 60-64.
  • Özaltaş, M., Savran, M. K., Ulaş, M., Kaptan, S. ve Köktürk H. (2016). Türkiye Zeytincilik Sektör Raporu. Zeytincilik Araştırma Enstitüsü yayınları, ISBN: 978-605-9175-57-9, Bornova, İzmir.
  • Palliotti, A. and Bongi, G. (1996). Freezing injury in the olive leaf and effects of mefluidide treatment. Journal of Horticultural Science, 71(1): 57-63.
  • Sanzani, S. M., Schena, L., Nigro, F., Sergeeva, V., Ippolito, A. and Salerno, M. G. (2012). Abiotic diseases of olive. Journal of Plant Pathology, 94(3): 469–491.
  • Soleimani, A., Talie, A. R., Tabaeıaghdaei, M., Esmaeilzadeh, H. and Eghrari, B. H. (2004). The survey of cold hardiness in some olive (Olea Europaea L.) cultivars. Horticultural Science Abstract, 74(10): 1410.
  • Sütçü, A. R., Burak, M., Fidan, A. E. ve Büyükyılmaz, M. (1994). Bazı Zeytin Çeşitlerinin Kış Soğuklarına Dayanıklılıkları Üzerinde Araştırmalar. Atatürk Bahçe Kültürleri Merkez Araştırma Enstitüsü Yayınları, Yalova.
  • Thomashow, M. F. (1999). Plant cold acclimation: Freezing tolerance genes and regulatory mechanisms. Annual Review of Plant Physiology and Plant Molecular Biology, 50: 571-599.
  • Travert, S., Valerio, L., Fouraste, I., Boudet, A. M. and Teulieres, C. (1997). Enrichment in specific soluble sugars of two eucalyptus cell-suspension cultures by various treatments enhances their frost tolerance via a non-colligative mechanism. Plant Physiology, 114(4): 1433-1442.
  • Usanmaz, D., Canözer, Ö. ve Özahçı, E. (1988). Zeytinde Soğuk Zararı ve Alınacak Önlemler. Zeytincilik Araştırma Enstitüsü Müdürlüğü. Yayın No: 41 Bornova, İzmir.
  • Vitagliano, C. and Sebastiani, L. (2002). Physiological and biochemical remarks on environmental stress in olive (Olea europaea L.). Acta Horticulturae, 586: 435-440.
  • Weisberg, S. (1985). Applied Linear Regression. 2nd ed. John Wiley, New York, 324 pp.
  • Yang, M. T., Chen, S. L., Lin, C. Y. and Chen, Y. M. (2005). Chilling stress suppresses chloroplast development and nuclear gene expression in leaves of mung bean seedlings. Planta, 221(3): 374-385.
There are 30 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Nurengin Mete 0000-0003-4357-8614

Hatice Gülen 0000-0003-4357-8614

Öznur Çetin 0000-0003-4252-0357

Mehmet Hakan 0000-0002-7353-0323

Uğur Güloğlu 0000-0003-2000-1855

Hülya Kaya

Nurcan Uluçay 0000-0003-3865-7705

Project Number TAGEM/BBAD/14/A08/P06/02
Early Pub Date May 8, 2023
Publication Date May 22, 2023
Submission Date March 2, 2022
Acceptance Date January 19, 2023
Published in Issue Year 2023 Volume: 20 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Mete, N., Gülen, H., Çetin, Ö., Hakan, M., et al. (2023). Frost Tolerances of Turkish Olive (Olea europaea L.) Cultivars. Tekirdağ Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi, 20(2), 293-305. https://doi.org/10.33462/jotaf.1081561
AMA Mete N, Gülen H, Çetin Ö, Hakan M, Güloğlu U, Kaya H, Uluçay N. Frost Tolerances of Turkish Olive (Olea europaea L.) Cultivars. JOTAF. May 2023;20(2):293-305. doi:10.33462/jotaf.1081561
Chicago Mete, Nurengin, Hatice Gülen, Öznur Çetin, Mehmet Hakan, Uğur Güloğlu, Hülya Kaya, and Nurcan Uluçay. “Frost Tolerances of Turkish Olive (Olea Europaea L.) Cultivars”. Tekirdağ Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi 20, no. 2 (May 2023): 293-305. https://doi.org/10.33462/jotaf.1081561.
EndNote Mete N, Gülen H, Çetin Ö, Hakan M, Güloğlu U, Kaya H, Uluçay N (May 1, 2023) Frost Tolerances of Turkish Olive (Olea europaea L.) Cultivars. Tekirdağ Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi 20 2 293–305.
IEEE N. Mete, H. Gülen, Ö. Çetin, M. Hakan, U. Güloğlu, H. Kaya, and N. Uluçay, “Frost Tolerances of Turkish Olive (Olea europaea L.) Cultivars”, JOTAF, vol. 20, no. 2, pp. 293–305, 2023, doi: 10.33462/jotaf.1081561.
ISNAD Mete, Nurengin et al. “Frost Tolerances of Turkish Olive (Olea Europaea L.) Cultivars”. Tekirdağ Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi 20/2 (May 2023), 293-305. https://doi.org/10.33462/jotaf.1081561.
JAMA Mete N, Gülen H, Çetin Ö, Hakan M, Güloğlu U, Kaya H, Uluçay N. Frost Tolerances of Turkish Olive (Olea europaea L.) Cultivars. JOTAF. 2023;20:293–305.
MLA Mete, Nurengin et al. “Frost Tolerances of Turkish Olive (Olea Europaea L.) Cultivars”. Tekirdağ Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi, vol. 20, no. 2, 2023, pp. 293-05, doi:10.33462/jotaf.1081561.
Vancouver Mete N, Gülen H, Çetin Ö, Hakan M, Güloğlu U, Kaya H, Uluçay N. Frost Tolerances of Turkish Olive (Olea europaea L.) Cultivars. JOTAF. 2023;20(2):293-305.