INVESTIGATION OF HEAVY METAL CONCENTRATIONS IN THE GULF OF IZMIT (MARMARA SEA) ALTINOVA SHIPYARD REGION

Year 2022, Volume: 9 Issue: 4, 1263 - 1276, 30.11.2022

Kübra Bayrak , Erol Kam , Zeki Yümün , Melike Önce

https://doi.org/10.18596/jotcsa.1066355

Abstract

In this study, heavy metal concentrations (Ca, Mg, Hg, As, Sb, Ag, Al, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, V, Zn, Ti, Th, U, Mo, Cd) amounts were measured by examining marine sediment samples obtained from the coasts of the Izmit Bay Altınova shipyards region. The natural and anthropogenic pollution levels of the region were revealed by the analysis of sediment samples. The extent to which the marine ecosystem may have been affected by the shipyard activities that have been actively carried out in the region for the last ten years was also investigated. Heavy metal analyses of sediment samples were carried out by the XRF method. In addition, the morphological and surface features of the sediment grains were obtained by SEM analysis, and the element contents of seawater samples obtained from the region were determined with an ICP-OES device. The heavy metal pollution level of the region was revealed by evaluation of the data obtained as a result of the analysis. The results of the XRF analysis showed that the heavy metals, which are toxic for humans, such as cadmium (max 17.984 ppm), lead (max 31.302 ppm), nickel (max 71.725 ppm) and arsenic (max 13.852 ppm) were detected. According to the results of elemental analysis with ICP-OES, Hg, As, Sb, Ag, Al, Co, Cr, Ni, Pb, V, Ti, U, Mo, and Cd were below the measurable limit.

Keywords

pollution, XRF, SEM, Yalova, Marmara Sea, heavy metal

References

• 1. Dökmeci AH. Concentrations of different macro and trace elements in sediment and fish samples from the coast of tekirdag marmara sea. Fresenius Environmental Bulletin. 2021;30(02A):1902–15.
• 2. Özden S, Aközcan S. Natural radioactivity measurements and evaluation of radiological hazards in sediment of Aliağa Bay, İzmir (Turkey). Arab J Geosci [Internet]. 2021 Jan [cited 2022 Oct 15];14(1):64.
• 3. Yümün ZÜ, Kam E. Effects of radionuclides on the recent foraminifera from the clastic sediments of the Çanakkale Strait-Turkey. Journal of African Earth Sciences [Internet]. 2017 Jul [cited 2022 Oct 15];131:179–82.
• 4. Yümün ZÜ, Önce M. Monitoring heavy metal pollution in foraminifera from the Gulf of Edremit (northeastern Aegean Sea) between Izmir, Balıkesir and Çanakkale (Turkey). Journal of African Earth Sciences [Internet]. 2017 Jun [cited 2022 Oct 15];130:110–24.
• 5. Yümün ZÜ, Kam E, Dinçer AR, Önce M, Yümün S. THE INVESTIGATION OF TOXIC ELEMENT POLLUTION AND RADIOACTIVITY ANALYSES OF MARINE SEDIMENTS IN THE GULF OF GEMLIK (BURSA, TURKEY). Appl Ecol Env Res [Internet]. 2021 [cited 2022 Oct 15];19(2):881–900.
• 6. Ranjan P, Ramanathan AL, Kumar A, Singhal RK, Datta D, Venkatesh M. Trace metal distribution, assessment and enrichment in the surface sediments of Sundarban mangrove ecosystem in India and Bangladesh. Marine Pollution Bulletin [Internet]. 2018 Feb [cited 2022 Oct 15];127:541–7.
• 7. Leivuori M, Joksas K, Seisuma Z, Kulikova I, Petersell V, Larsen B, et al. Distribution of heavy metals in sediments of the Gulf of Riga, Baltic Sea. Boreal Environment Research. 2000;5(2):165–85.
• 8. Yurkovskis A, Wulff F, Rahm L, Andruzaitis A, Rodriguez-Medina M. A Nutrient Budget of the Gulf of Riga; Baltic Sea. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science [Internet]. 1993 Aug [cited 2022 Oct 15];37(2):113–27.
• 9. Masiol M, Facca C, Visin F, Sfriso A, Pavoni B. Interannual heavy element and nutrient concentration trends in the top sediments of Venice Lagoon (Italy). Marine Pollution Bulletin [Internet]. 2014 Dec [cited 2022 Oct 15];89(1–2):49–58.
• 10. Kontas A, Uluturhan E, Alyuruk H, Darilmaz E, Bilgin M, Altay O. Metal contamination in surficial sediments of Edremit Bay (Aegean Sea): Spatial distribution, source identification and ecological risk assessment. Regional Studies in Marine Science [Internet]. 2020 Nov [cited 2022 Oct 15];40:101487.
• 11. N’guessan YM, Probst JL, Bur T, Probst A. Trace elements in stream bed sediments from agricultural catchments (Gascogne region, S-W France): Where do they come from? Science of The Total Environment [Internet]. 2009 Apr [cited 2022 Oct 15];407(8):2939–52.
• 12. El Nemr A, El-Said GF, Khaled A, Ragab S. Distribution and ecological risk assessment of some heavy metals in coastal surface sediments along the Red Sea, Egypt. International Journal of Sediment Research [Internet]. 2016 Jun [cited 2022 Oct 15];31(2):164–72.
• 13. Hussain T, Gondal MA. Monitoring and assessment of toxic metals in Gulf War oil spill contaminated soil using laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy. Environ Monit Assess [Internet]. 2007 Nov 22 [cited 2022 Oct 15];136(1–3):391–9.
• 14. Yang J, Cui Z, Dada OA, Yang Y, Yu H, Xu Y, et al. Distribution and enrichment of trace metals in surface marine sediments collected by the manned submersible Jiaolong in the Yap Trench, northwest Pacific Ocean. Marine Pollution Bulletin [Internet]. 2018 Oct [cited 2022 Oct 15];135:1035–41.
• 15. Sousa CAM, Delgado J, Szalaj D, Boski T. Holocene background concentrations and actual enrichment factors of metals in sediments from Ria Formosa, Portugal. Marine Pollution Bulletin [Internet]. 2019 Dec [cited 2022 Oct 15];149:110533.
• 16. Bakan G. Studies of environmental sedimentology and sediment quality criteria. Çevre Bilim ve Teknoloji. 2000;1(1):14–23.
• 17. Coban B, Balkıs N, Aksu A. Heavy metal levels in sea water and sediments of Zonguldak, TurkeyZonguldak deniz suyunda ve sedimentlerinde ağır metal seviyeleri. JOR. 2009;15(1).
• 18. Aydın B. Chemical Monitoring in Sediment According to Water Framework Directive and Evaluation of Turkey Applications. Presentation presented at; 2014; T.R. Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry.
• 19. Dinçer A, Dökmeci A. Concentrations of some heavy metals in the Gala Lake water, sediments and pollution sources. Journal of Environmental Protection and Ecology. 2006;7(4):759–65.
• 20. Okay OS, Tolun L, Tellı-Karakoç F, Tüfekçı V, Tüfekçı H, Morkoç E. İzmıt Bay (Turkey) Ecosystem after Marmara Earthquake and Subsequent Refinery Fire: the Long-term Data. Marine Pollution Bulletin [Internet]. 2001 May [cited 2022 Oct 15];42(5):361–9.
• 21. Morkoç E, Tüfekçi V, Okay O, Egesel L, Tüfekçi H, Orhon S. Izmit Bay Water Quality Characteristics. Gebze, Kocaeli: TÜBİTAK-MAM; 1995 p. 56.
• 22. Sur H, Apak R, Yüksek A, Altıok H, Taş S, Balkıs N, et al. Marmara Sea Pollution Monitoring Project Final Report. Ministry of Environment and Forestry; 2010 p. 60–3.
• 23. Bayrak K, Yümün ZÜ, Kam E. Determination of natural radiation levels in Izmit gulf Altinova shipyard area. J BIOL ENVIRON SCI. 2018;12(34):7–11.
• 24. Beken C, Aydöner C, Ediger D, Hüsrevoğlu S, Logicci M, Aydöner C, et al. Sea and Coast Determination of Water Quality Conditions and Classification (DEKOS) project final report. Gebze, Kocaeli: TÜBİTAK MAM; 2014.
• 25. Bergqvist R, Monios J, editors. Green ports: inland and seaside sustainable transportation strategies. Amsterdam, Netherlands ; Cambridge, MA, United States: Elsevier; 2019. 284 p.
• 26. Alkan G, İncaz S, Bakırcı E. Marine Pollution in International Legislation and Its Applications in Turkey. Istanbul, Turkey; 2005.
• 27. Klopott M. Restructuring of environmental management in Baltic ports: case of Poland. Maritime Policy & Management [Internet]. 2013 Sep [cited 2022 Oct 15];40(5):439–50.
• 28. Alnıpak S, Yorulmaz M. Sustainable Environmental Management in Our Ports: The Green Port Concept. In Istanbul, Turkey: Yıldız Technical University; 2019. 29. Baykal B, Öğüt A, Baykal M. Ships as Pollutant Source and Wastewater Management on Ships. In İzmir, Turkey;
• 30. Akanlar F. Investigation of Recycling of Waste Products in Shipbuilding [PhD Thesis]. [Istanbul, Turkey]: Yıldız Technical University; 2010.
• 31. Bayrak K. Investigation of Heavy Metal and Environmental Radioactivity in Marmara Sea, İzmit Bay, Altınova Shipyard Area [PhD Thesis]. [Istanbul, Turkey]: Yıldız Technical University;
• 32. Tanner PA, Leong LS, Pan SM. Contamination of Heavy Metals in Marine Sediment Cores from Victoria Harbour, Hong Kong. Marine Pollution Bulletin [Internet]. 2000 Sep [cited 2022 Oct 15];40(9):769–79.
• 33. Şi̇mşek B, Ergi̇n M, Evren M, Türkmen Ö, Palas S, Pehli̇van H, et al. GRAIN SIZE, TOTAL HEAVY MINERAL AND ELEMENT DISTRIBUTION AND CONTROL FACTORS OF CURRENT SEDIMENTS ON THE FLOOR OF HISARONU AND DATCA BAYS. Bulletin Of The Mineral Research and Exploration [Internet]. 2017 Apr 8 [cited 2022 Oct 15];154(154):59–82.
• 34. Baltas H, Kiris E, Sirin M. Determination of radioactivity levels and heavy metal concentrations in seawater, sediment and anchovy ( Engraulis encrasicolus ) from the Black Sea in Rize, Turkey. Marine Pollution Bulletin [Internet]. 2017 Mar [cited 2022 Oct 15];116(1–2):528–33.
• 35. Ghosh S, Prasanna VL, Sowjanya B, Srivani P, Alagaraja M, Banji D. Inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy: a review. Asian J Pharm Ana. 2013;3(1):24–33.
• 36. Marathe R. XRD and SEM analysis of tapti river sediment: a case study. Archives of Applied Science Research. 2012;4(1):78–84.
• 37. Kucuksezgin F, Kontas A, Altay O, Uluturhan E, Darılmaz E. Assessment of marine pollution in Izmir Bay: Nutrient, heavy metal and total hydrocarbon concentrations. Environment International [Internet]. 2006 Jan [cited 2022 Oct 15];32(1):41–51.
• 38. Anonymous. Water Quality Control Regulation [Internet]. 2004.
• 39. Ma JF, Yamaji N. Silicon uptake and accumulation in higher plants. Trends in Plant Science [Internet]. 2006 Aug [cited 2022 Oct 15];11(8):392–7.
• 40. Yüksel C, Ankarali S, Aslan Yüksel N. The Use of Neodymium Magnets in Healthcare and Their Effects on Health. North Clin Istanbul [Internet]. 2018 [cited 2022 Oct 15];5(3):268–73.
• 41. Özbolat G, Tuli A. Effects of heavy metal toxicity on human health. Archives Medical Review Journal. 2016;25(4):502–21.