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Sığırlarda Mycoplasma wenyonii ve Candidatus Mycoplasma Haemobos

Year 2023, Volume: 2 Issue: 2, 66 - 77, 31.12.2023

Abstract

Hemoplazmalar (hemotropik mikoplazmalar) küçük, pleomorfik ve hücre duvarından yoksun, gram negatif olarak sınıflandırılan mikroorganizmalardır. Yıllarca Rickettsia grubunda Hemobartonella ve Eperythrozoon olarak isimlendirilen hemoplazmalar 16S rRNA gen bölgesine dayalı yapılan filogenetik analizler sonucunda Mycoplasmataceae ailesine dâhil edilmişlerdir. Doğal yolla bulaşması tam olarak bilinmese de kan emici arthropod ve sivrisineklerin bulaşmada rol oynadıkları öne sürülmüştür. Bunun yanında iatrojenik ve transplasental bulaşmadan da bahsedilen hemotropik mikoplazmalar; konakçıda akut, subakut ve kronik anemiye sebep olmaktadır. Hemoplazma infeksiyonunun teşhisi Romanowsky boyama yöntemiyle boyaması yapılmış kan frotilerinde organizmaların tekli çiftli veya zincir şeklinde eritrositlerin yüzeyinde görülmesiyle yapılabilmekte iken bir diğer boyama yöntemi olarak Diff-Quick veya filtre edilmiş Giemsa boyaları da kullanılabilmektedir. Klasik yöntemlerle üretilip saf kültür elde edilmesi zor olan bu mikroorganizmaların teşhisinde sitolojik tanı da düşük spesifite (özgüllük) ve sensitiviteye (duyarlılık) sahiptir. Bu nedenle türleri birbirinden ayırt edememektedir. Hemoplazmaların üreme zorlukları ve henüz yeterli olmayan serolojik çalışmalar göz önünde bulundurulduğunda teşhis yöntemi olarak moleküler yöntemler tercih edilmekte, uygulanmaktadır. Bu yöntemlerden en sık kullanılan Polimeraz Zincir Reaksiyonu (PCR) yöntemidir. Farklı moleküler yöntemler (Real-Time PCR, Nested PCR, Konvensiyonel PCR, Direkt PCR, Duplex PCR gibi) kullanılarak yapılan araştırmalarda ağırlıklı olarak yaklaşık %30 ila %40 oranlarında pozitiflik saptanmıştır. Ülkemizde ve dünyada hemoplazmalar hakkında farklı türler (kedi, köpek, koyun, keçi, sığır, manda) üzerine yapılan araştırmalar vardır. Spesifik bir tedavi yöntemi olmayıp tetrasiklin türevi antibiyotikler kullanılarak tedavi edilen infeksiyonlardan başlıca korunma yöntemi olarak kan emicileri ortadan kaldırmak amacıyla akarisit kullanımı içermektedir. Hayvanlar ile ilişkili çalışan meslek grubuna mensup insanlarda da hastalık etkenleri saptanmıştır. Son yıllarda meslek hastalığı ve zoonoz hastalık oluşturma riskine sahip olduğu düşünülen hemoplazmalar hakkında araştırmalar gün geçtikçe önem kazanmaktadır. Bu çalışmada hemoplazmalar, hayvanlarda oluşturduğu infeksiyonlar ve teşhis yöntemleri hakkında bilgi verilmesi amaçlanmıştır.

References

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  • McAuliffe L., Lawes J., Bell S., Barlow A., Ayling R. & Nicholas R. (2006). “The detection of Mycoplasma ( formerly Eperythrozoon) wenyonii by 16S rDNA PCR and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis”, Veterinary Microbiology 117:292–296.
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Year 2023, Volume: 2 Issue: 2, 66 - 77, 31.12.2023

Abstract

References

  • Ade J., Niethammer F., Schade B., Schilling T., Hoelzle K. & Hoelzle LE. (2018). “Quantitative analysis of Mycoplasma wenyonii and Candidatus Mycoplasma haemobos infections in cattle using novel gapN-based realtime PCR assays”, Vet. Microbiol. 220: 1–6.
  • Adler S. & Ellenbogen V. (1934). “A note on two new blood parasites of cattle, Eperythrozoon and Bartonella”, J. Comp. Pathol. Therapeutics., 47: 219–21.
  • Aktas M. & Ozubek S. (2017). “A molecular survey of small ruminant hemotropic mycoplasmosis in Turkey including first laboratory confirmed clinical cases caused by Mycoplasma ovis”, Vet. Microbiol. 208:217-222.
  • Atalay T., Aslan O. & Bekdik İ.K. (2015). “Diagnosis of Mycoplasma haemofelis and Candidatus Mycoplasma haemominutum using PCR assay in cats”, Journal of Health Sciences, 24 (1): 1-6.
  • Biondo A.W., Dos Santos A.P., Guimaraes A.M., Vieira R.F., Vidotto O., de Macieira B., Almosny N.R., Molento M.B., Timenetsky J., de Morais H.A., Gonzalez F.H. & Messick J.B. (2009). “A review of the occurrence of hemoplasmas (hemotrophic mycoplasmas) in Brazil”, Rev. Bras. Parasitol. Vet., 18: 1–7.
  • Boularias G., Azzag N., Gandoin C., Bouillin C., Chomel B., Haddad N. & Boulouis H.J. (2020). “Bovines Harbor a Diverse Array of VectorBorne Pathogens in Northeast Algeria”, Pathogens 9(11): 883.
  • Carney HC. & England JJ. (1993). “Feline hemobartonellosis.”, Vet. Clin. North Am. Small Anim. Pract. 23: 79-90. Yuan CL., Liang Ai B., Cong B. Yao, Zhi B. Yang, Jian G. Zhu, Li Cui, Fei Yu, Ning Y. Zhu, Xiao W. Yang & Xiu G. Hua (2009). “Prevalence of Mycoplasma suis (Eperythrozoon suis) infection in swine and swine-farm workers in Shanghai, China”, Am. J. Vet. Res. 70: 890-894.
  • Criado-Fornelio A., Martinez-Marcos A., Buling-Saraña A. & Barba-Carretero J.C. (2003). “Presence of Mycoplasma haemofelis, Mycoplasma haemominutum and piroplasmids in cats from southern Europe: a molecular study”, Vet. Microbiol., 93: 307-317.
  • de Mello V.V.C., de Souza Ramos I.A., Herrera H.M., Mendes N.S., Calchi A.C., Campos J.B.V., Macedo G.C., Alves J.V.A., Machado R.Z. & Andre M.R. (2019). “Occurrence and genetic diversity of hemoplasmas in beef cattle from the Brazilian Pantanal, an endemic area for bovine trypanosomiasis in South America”, Comp. Immunol. Microbiol. Infect. Dis., 66.
  • Díaz-Sánchez A.A., Corona-González B., Meli M.L., Álvarez D.O., Cañizares E.V., Rodríguez O.F., Rivero E.L. & Hofmann-Lehmann R. (2019). “First molecular evidence of bovine hemoplasma species (Mycoplasma spp.) in water bufalo and dairy cattle herds in Cuba”, Parasit. Vectors, 12(1): 1–9.
  • dos Santos A.P., dos Santos R.P., Biondo A.W., Dora J.M., Goldani L.Z., de Oliveira S.T., de Sá Guimarães A.M., Timenetsky J., de Morais H.A., González F.H. & Messick J.B. (2008). “Hemoplasma infection in an HIV-positive patient”, Brazil. Emerg Infect Dis., 14: 1922-4.
  • Erol U., Sahin Ö.F. & Altay K. (2022). “Molecular prevalence of bovine hemoplasmosis in Turkey with first detection of Mycoplasma wenyonii and Candidatus Mycoplasma Haemobos in cattle and water bufalo”, Veterinary Research Communications 47: 207–215.
  • Galon E.M.S., Adjou Moumouni P.F., Ybanez R.H.D., Macalanda A.M.C., Liu M., Efstratiou A. & Li J. (2019). “Molecular evidence of hemotropic mycoplasmas in goats from Cebu, Philippines”, J. Vet. Med. Sci., 81:869–873. Girotto A., Zangirólamo A. F., Bogado A.L.G., Souza A.S.L., Silva G.C.F.D., Garcia J.L. & Vidotto O. (2012). “Molecular detection and occurrence of 'Candidatus Mycoplasma haemobos' in dairy cattle of Southern Brazil”, Revista Brasileira de Parasitologia Veterinária, 21, 342-344.
  • Gonçalves L.R., Teixeira M.M.G., Rodrigues A.C., Mendes N.S., Matos C.A., Pereira C.L., Machado R.S. & André M.R. (2018). “Molecular detection of Bartonella species and haemoplasmas in wild African buffalo (Syncerus cafer) in Mozambique”, Africa Parasitology Open, 4(e15): 1–8.
  • Hoelzle K., Winkler M., Kramer M.M., Wittenbrink M.M., Dieckmann S.M. & Hoelzle L.E. (2011). “Detection of Candidatus Mycoplasma haemobos in cattle with anaemia”, The Vet. J. 187(3): 408–410.
  • Hornok S., Micsutka A. & Meli M.L. (2011). “Molecular investigation of transplacental and vector-borne transmission of bovine heamoplasmas”, Vet. Microbiol., 152: 411-414.
  • Hung A.L. (1986). “Chemotherapeutic efficacy of imidocarb dipropionate on experimental Eperythrozoon ovis infection in sheep.”, Trop. Anim. Health. Pro., 18(2): 97-102.
  • Inci A., Yildirim A., Duzlu O., Doganay M. & Aksoy S. (2016). “Tickborne diseases in Turkey: A review based on one health perspective”, PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 10(12): e0005021.
  • J. Glenn Songer & Karen W. (2011). “Hücre duvarı olmayan bakteriler: Mycoplasma ve Ureaplasma Cinsleri”, Veteriner Hekimlik Mikrobiyolojisi: Hayvan Hastalığı Etkeni Olan Bakteriler ve Mantarlar” 39: 305-317. Çevirmen: Prof. Dr. Özlem Anğ, Prof. Dr. N. Yakut Özgür, İstanbul.
  • Lappin M.R. (2004). “Haemobartonellosis”, Scientific Proceedings of the 29 th World Small Animal Cngress-WSAVA meeeting, Rhodes, 2004.
  • Machado C.A., Vidotto O., Conrado F.O., Santos N.J., Valente J.D., Barbosa I.C. & Vieira R.F. (2017). “Mycoplasma ovis infection in goat farms from northeastern Brazil”, Comp. Immunol. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 55: 1–5.
  • Maggi R.G., Compton S.M., Trull C.L., Mascarelli P.E., Mozayeni B.R. & Breitschwerdt E.B. (2013). “Infection with hemotropic Mycoplasma species in patients with or without extensive arthropod or animal contact”, J. Clin. Microbiol., 51: 3237-3241.
  • Martínez-Ocampo F., Rodríguez-Camarillo S.D., Amaro-Estrada I. & Quiroz-Castañeda R.E. (2016). “Draft genome sequence of “Candidatus Mycoplasma haemobos” a hemotropic mycoplasma identified in cattle in Mexico”, Genome Announc., 4: e00656-16.
  • McAuliffe L., Lawes J., Bell S., Barlow A., Ayling R. & Nicholas R. (2006). “The detection of Mycoplasma ( formerly Eperythrozoon) wenyonii by 16S rDNA PCR and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis”, Veterinary Microbiology 117:292–296.
  • Meli M.L., Willi B., Dreher U.M., Cattori V., Knubben-Schweizer G. & Nuss K. (2010). “Identification, molecular characterization, and occurrence of two bovine hemoplasma species in Swiss cattle and development of real-time TaqMan quantitative PCR assays for diagnosis of bovine hemoplasma infections”, J. Clin. Microbiol., 48: 3563–8.
  • Messick J.B. (2004). “Hemotrophic mycoplasmas (hemoplasmas): A review and new insight into pathogenic potential”, Vet. Clin. Pathol., 33: 2-13
  • Namiki K., Goodison S., Porvasnik S., Allan R.W., Iczkowski K.A., Urbanek C., Reyes L., Sakamoto N. & Rosser C.J. (2009). “Persistent exposure to Mycoplasma induces malignant transformation of human prostate cells”, PLoS ONE 4: 68-72.
  • Neimark H., Johansson K.E., Rikihisa Y. & Tully J.G. (2001). “Proposal to transfer some members of the genera Haemobartonella and Eperythrozoon to the genus Mycoplasma with descriptions of “Candidatus Mycoplasma haemofelis’’, “Candidatus Mycoplasma haemomuris’’, “Candidatus Mycoplasma haemosuis” and “Candidatus Mycoplasma wenyonii”, Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol., 51(3):891– 899.
  • Niethammer F.M., Ade J., Hoelzle L.E. & Schade B. (2018). “Hemotrophic mycoplasma in Simmental cattle in Bavaria: prevalence, blood parameters, and transplacental transmission of ‘Candidatus Mycoplasma haemobos’ and ‘Mycoplasma wenyonii’”, Acta. Vet. Scand. 60(1): 1–8.
  • Nishizawa I., Sato M., Fujihara M., Sato S. & Harasawa R. (2010). “Differential detection of hemotropic Mycoplasma species in cattle by melting curve analysis of PCR products”, J. Vet. Med. Sci. 72: 77–9.
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There are 49 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Veterinary Microbiology
Journal Section Reviews
Authors

Tolgahan Mucan 0000-0003-1575-9813

Serkan İkiz 0000-0001-6502-0780

Publication Date December 31, 2023
Submission Date November 22, 2023
Acceptance Date December 22, 2023
Published in Issue Year 2023 Volume: 2 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Mucan, T., & İkiz, S. (2023). Sığırlarda Mycoplasma wenyonii ve Candidatus Mycoplasma Haemobos. İstanbul Rumeli Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi, 2(2), 66-77.