Effect of cement and lime on strength and high-temperature resistance of class F and C fly ash-based geopolymer mortars

Year 2022, , 62 - 69, 28.06.2022

Işılay Özkul , Adil Gültekin , Kambiz Ramyar

https://doi.org/10.47481/jscmt.1120446

Abstract

Geopolymers have advantages such as good high-temperature, acid and sulfate resistance. Recently, researchers have been working on cement-geopolymer hybrid materials. According to these studies, it is possible to adjust the setting times, to gain strength at ambient temperature and to increase the strength with the use of cement. However, it is known that the structural stability of cement deteriorates at high temperatures, lowering its strength. In this study, the effect of slaked lime and cement inclusion on the strength and high-temperature resistance of Class F and Class C fly ash-based geopolymer mortars was investigated. For this purpose, fly ash was replaced with 10, 20 and 30% cement or 5, 10, 15 and 20% slaked lime. The lime and cement substitutions decreased the compressive strength by 8.9-24.4% in Class F fly ash-based geopolymer mortars. In Class C fly ash, however, the cement addition increased the compressive strength up to 46.6%, but the lime inclusion decreased the strength slightly. There was no significant change in the high-temperature resistance of cement or lime-included Class F fly ash geopolymer mortars exposed to 900°C. However, serious decrease was recorded in the high-temperature resistance of Class C fly ash geopolymers upon partial replacement of the fly ash with either cement or lime.

Keywords

Geopolymer mortar, fly ash, slaked lime, cement, high-temperature resistance

References

• [1] Kaplan, G., Öz, A., Bayrak, B., Alcan, H. G., Çelebi, O., & Aydın, A. C. (2022). Effect of Quartz Powder on Mid-Strength Fly Ash Geopolymers at Short Curing Time and Low Curing Temperature. Construction and Building Materials, 329, 127153. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2022.127153
• [2] Almutairi, A.L., Tayeh, B. A., Adesina, A., Isleem, H. F., & Zeyad A. M. (2021). Potential Applications of Geopolymer Concrete in Construction: A Review. Case Studies in Construction Materials, 15, e00733. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cscm.2021.e00733
• [3] International Energy Agency. (2021). Cement Report. Retrieved May 17, 2022, from https://www.iea.org/reports/cement
• [4] Vikas, G., & Rao, T. D. G., Setting Time, Workability and Strength Properties of Alkali Activated Fly Ash and Slag Based Geopolymer Concrete Activated with High Silica Modulus Water Glass. Iranian Journal of Science and Technology, Transactions of Civil Engineering, 2021, 45, 1483-1492. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40996-021-00598-8
• [5] Behforouz, B., Balkanlou, V. S., Naseri, F., Kasehchi, E., Mohseni, E., & Ozbakkaloglu, T. (2020). Investigation of Eco‑Friendly Fiber‑Reinforced Geopolymer Composites Incorporating Recycled Coarse Aggregates. International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, 17, 3251-3260. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13762-020-02643-x
• [6] Nawaz, M., Heitor, A., & Sivakumar, M. (2020). Geopolymers in Construction - Recent Developments. Construction and Building Materials, 260, 120472. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.120472
• [7] Lloyd, N. A., & Rangan, B. V. (2010). Geopolymer Concrete with Fly Ash, Second International Conference on Sustainable Construction Materials and Technologies, Ancona, Italy.
• [8] Hui-Teng, N., Cheng-Yong, H., Yun-Ming, L., Abdullah, M. M. A. B., Rojviriya, C., Ken, P. W., Shee-Ween, O., Yong-Jie, H., & Wan-En, O. (2022). Thermo-Mechanical Behaviour of Fly Ash-Ladle Furnace Slag Blended Geopolymer with Incorporation of Decahydrate Borax. Construction and Building Materials, 331, 127337. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2022.127337
• [9] Phoo-ngernkham, T., Chindaprasirt, P., Sata, V., Pangdaeng, S., & Sinsiri, T. (2013). Properties of High Calcium Fly Ash Geopolymer Pastes with Portland Cement as an Additive. International Journal of Minerals, Metallurgy and Materials, 20(2), 214-220. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12613-013-0715-6
• [10] Yip, C. K., Lukey, G. C., & van Deventer, J.S.J. (2005). The Coexistence of Geopolymeric Gel and Calcium Silicate Hydrate at the Early Stage of Alkaline Activation. Cement and Concrete Research, 35, 1688-1697. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2004.10.042
• [11] Temuujin, J., van Riessen, A., & Williams, R. (2009). Influence of Calcium Compounds on the Mechanical Properties of Fly Ash Geopolymer Pastes, Journal of Hazardous Materials, 167, 82-88. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2008.12.121
• [12] Cao, Y-F., Tao, Z., Pan, Z., & Wuhrer, R. (2018). Effect of Calcium Aluminate Cement on Geopolymer Concrete Cured at Ambient Temperature. Construction and Building Materials, 191, 242-252. https:// doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.09.204
• [13] Payakaniti, P., Chuewangkam, N., Yensano, R., Pinitsoontorn, S., & Chindaprasirt, P. (2020). Changes in Compressive Strength, Microstructure and Magnetic Properties of a High-Calcium Fly Ash Geopolymer Subjected to High Temperatures. Construction and Building Materials, 265, 120650. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.120650
• [14] Choi, Y. C., & Park B. (2020). Effects of High-Temperature Exposure on Fractal Dimension of Fly-Ash-Based Geopolymer Composites. Journal of Materials Research and Technology, 9(4), 7655-7668. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmrt.2020.05.034
• [15] ASTM International. (2020). ASTM 1437- Standard Test Method for Flow of Hydraulic Cement Mortar. PA, USA. https://doi.org/10.1520/C1437-20
• [16] Chithambaram, S. J., Kumar, S., & Prased, M. M., 2019, Thermo-Mechanical Characteristics of Geopolymer Mortar. Construction and Building Materials, 213, 100-108. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.04.051
• [17] Bellum, R. R., Al Khazaleh, M., Pilla, R. K., Choudhary, S., & Venkatesh, C. (2022). Effect of Slag on Strength, Durability and Microstructural Characteristics of Fly Ash‑Based Geopolymer Concrete. Journal of Building Pathology and Rehabilitation, 7, 25. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41024-022-00163-4
• [18] Cho, Y-K., Yoo, S-W., Jung, S-H., Lee, K-M., & Kwon S.-J. (2017). Effect of Na2O Content, SiO2/Na2O Molar Ratio, and Curing Conditions on the Compressive Strength of FA-Based Geopolymer. Construction and Building Materials, 145, 253-260. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.04.004
• [19] Vafaei, M., & Allahverdi, A. (2016). Influence of Calcium Aluminate Cement on Geopolymerization of Natural Pozzolan. Construction and Building Materials, 114, 290-296. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.03.204
• [20] Yip, C. K., & Van Deventer, J. S. J. (2003). Microanalysis of Calcium Silicate Hydrate Gel Formed Within a Geopolymeric Binder, Journal of Materials Science, 38, 3851-3860.