Bibliographic analysis on 3D printing in the building and construction industry: Printing systems, material properties, challenges, and future trends

Year 2022, , 198 - 220, 30.09.2022

Qamar Shahzad , Muhammad Umair Saad Waqar

https://doi.org/10.47481/jscmt.1143239

Cited By: 5

Abstract

In recent years, significant advancements in the development of large-scale 3D printers and construction materials have been made to meet the demand for industrial scale 3D printing construction. It is significant to construct the buildings and structural components by using 3D concrete printing. Additive manufacturing (AM) main benefits are freedom of design, construction waste reduction, mass customization, and ability to manufacture the complex structures. The major issues including the optimization of printing material which possess the suitable properties for 3D concrete printing. However, this technology towards the green building construction seems to improve the conventional methods by reducing the requirement of human resource, high investment cost, and formworks. The research community's interest in 3D printing for architecture and construction has grown significantly over the last few years. This paper review the latest trend of research and state of the art technologies in 3D printing in building and construction by analyzing the publications from 2002 to 2022. Based on aforementioned analysis of publications, printing methods, concrete printing systems and influence of constituent’s materials and chemical admixtures on concrete material properties are briefly discussed. Finally, this paper discussed the challenges and limitations of current systems, as well as potential future work to improve their capability and print quality.

Keywords

Additive manufacturing, 3D concrete printing, material properties, construction systems, construction automation

References

• [1] R. Janis, V. N. Nerella, V. Mechtcherine, and G. Meschke. "Extrusion process simulation and layer shape prediction during 3D-concrete-printing using the Particle Finite Element Method." Automation in Construction 136 (2022): 104173. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.autcon.2022.104173
• [2] B. Mustafa, R. Jotangia, M. Y. Baaj, and I. Mousleh. "3D concrete printing for sustainable and economical construction: A comparative study." Automation in Construction 134 (2022): 104087. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.autcon.2021.104087
• [3] G. Clément, R. Duballet, P. Roux, N. Gaudillière, J. Dirrenberger, and P. Morel. "Large-scale 3D printing of ultra-high performance concrete–a new processing route for architects and builders." Materials & Design 100 (2016): 102-109. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2016.03.097
• [4] K. Behrokh, and R. Dutton. "Innovative rapid prototyping process makes large sized, smooth surfaced complex shapes in a wide variety of materials." Materials Technology 13, no. 2 (1998): 53-56. https://doi.org/10.1080/10667857.1998.11752766
• [5] S. Rupert, and D. Andreen. "The role of additive manufacturing and physiomimetic computational design for digital construction." Architectural Design 82, no. 2 (2012): 126-135. https://doi.org/10.1002/ad.1389
• [6] M.J.C. Starr, www. cnet. com/news/worlds-first-3d-printed-apartment-building-constructed-in-china, World's first 3D-printed apartment building constructed in China, (2015).
• [7] Q. Shahzad, X. Wang, W. Wang, Y. Wan, G. Li, C. Ren, Y. Mao, Coordinated adjustment and optimization of setting time, flowability, and mechanical strength for construction 3D printing material derived from solid waste, Constr. Build. Mater. 259 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.119854.
• [8] M. Guowei, and L. Wang. "A critical review of preparation design and workability measurement of concrete material for largescale 3D printing." Frontiers of Structural and Civil Engineering 12, no. 3 (2018): 382-400. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11709-017-0430-x
• [9] G. G. John, R. Williams, P. Purnell, and E. Farahi. "3D Printing of cement composites." Advances in Applied Ceramics 109, no. 5 (2010): 287-290.
• [10] M. Anne-Kathrin, L. Dezmirean, J. Will, and P. Greil. "Three-dimensional printing of flash-setting calcium aluminate cement." Journal of materials science 46, no. 9 (2011): 2947-2954. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-010-5170-4
• [11] K. Behrokh, S. Bukkapatnam, H. Kwon, and J. Saito. "Experimental investigation of contour crafting using ceramics materials." Rapid Prototyping Journal (2001).
• [12] A. Perrot, D. Rangeard, A.J.M. Pierre, Structures, Structural built-up of cement-based materials used for 3D-printing extrusion techniques, Materials and Structures, 49(4) (2016) 1213-1220. https://doi.org/10.1617/s11527-015-0571-0
• [13] S. Lim, R.A. Buswell, T.T. Le, S.A. Austin, A.G. Gibb, T.J.A.i.c. Thorpe, Developments in construction-scale additive manufacturing processes, Automation in construction, 21 (2012) 262-268. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.autcon.2011.06.010
• [14] P. Feng, X. Meng, J.-F. Chen, L.J.C. Ye, B. Materials, Mechanical properties of structures 3D printed with cementitious powders, Construction and Building Materials, 93 (2015) 486-497. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2015.05.132
• [15] C. Gosselin, R. Duballet, P. Roux, N. Gaudillière, J. Dirrenberger, P.J.M. Morel, Design, Large-scale 3D printing of ultra-high performance concrete–a new processing route for architects and builders, Materials & Design, 100 (2016) 102-109.
• [16] M. Mazloom, A. Ramezanianpour, J.J.C. Brooks, C. Composites, Effect of silica fume on mechanical properties of high-strength concrete, Cement and concrete composites, 26(4) (2004) 347-357. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0958-9465(03)00017-9
• [17] M. Aqel, D.J.C. Panesar, B. Materials, Hydration kinetics and compressive strength of steam-cured cement pastes and mortars containing limestone filler, Construction and Building Materials, 113 (2016) 359-368. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.03.031
• [18] J. Brooks, M.M. Johari, M.J.C. Mazloom, C. Composites, Effect of admixtures on the setting times of high-strength concrete, Cement and Concrete Composites, 22(4) (2000) 293-301. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0958-9465(00)00025-1
• [19] N. Bouzoubaa, M.J.C. Lachemi, c. research, Self-compacting concrete incorporating high volumes of class F fly ash: Preliminary results, Cement and Concrete Research, 31(3) (2001) 413-420. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0008-8846(00)00504-4
• [20] J. Plank, C.J.C. Winter, C. Research, Competitive adsorption between superplasticizer and retarder molecules on mineral binder surface, Cement and Concrete Research, 38(5) (2008) 599-605. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2007.12.003
• [21] S. Agarwal, I. Masood, S.J.C. Malhotra, B. materials, Compatibility of superplasticizers with different cements, Construction and Building Materials, 14(5) (2000) 253-259. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0950-0618(00)00025-8
• [22] P.-C. Nkinamubanzi, P.-C.J.C. Aïtcin, concrete, aggregates, Cement and superplasticizer combinations: compatibility and robustness, Cement, Concrete and aggregate, 26(2) (2004) 1-8.
• [23] M. Lachemi, K. Hossain, V. Lambros, P.-C. Nkinamubanzi, N.J.C. Bouzoubaa, C. Research, Performance of new viscosity modifying admixtures in enhancing the rheological properties of cement paste, Cement and Concrete Composites, 34(2) (2004) 185-193. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0008-8846(03)00233-3
• [24] I.J.C. Soroka, C. Research, The determination of setting time of portland cement by the vicat test, Cement and Concrete Research, 14(6) (1984) 884-886. https://doi.org/10.1016/0008-8846(84)90015-2
• [25] M.J.C. Valič, C. Research, Hydration of cementitious materials by pulse echo USWR: method, apparatus and application examples, Cement and Concrete Research, 30(10) (2000) 1633-1640. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0008-8846(00)00352-5
• [26] T. Kamada, S. Uchida, K.J.J.o.A.C.T. Rokugo, Nondestructive evaluation of setting and hardening of cement paste based on ultrasonic propagation characteristics, Journal of Advanced concrete, 3(3) (2005) 343-353. https://doi.org/10.3151/jact.3.343
• [27] T. Voigt, C.U. Grosse, Z. Sun, S.P. Shah, H.-W.J.M. Reinhardt, Structures, Comparison of ultrasonic wave transmission and reflection measurements with P-and S-waves on early age mortar and concrete, Materials and Structures, 38(8) (2005) 729-738.
• [28] S. Sharma, A.J.C. Mukherjee, C. Composites, Monitoring freshly poured concrete using ultrasonic waves guided through reinforcing bars, Cement and Concrete Composites, 55 (2015) 337-347. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2014.09.011
• [29] S. Sharma, A.J.C. Mukherjee, B. Materials, Ultrasonic guided waves for monitoring the setting process of concretes with varying workabilities, Construction and Building Materials, 72 (2014) 358-366. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2014.09.018
• [30] S. Liu, J. Zhu, S. Seraj, R. Cano, M.J.C. Juenger, B. Materials, Monitoring setting and hardening process of mortar and concrete using ultrasonic shear waves, Construction and Building Materials, 72 (2014) 248-255. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2014.08.044
• [31] I. Kothman, N.J.J.o.M.T.M. Faber, How 3D printing technology changes the rules of the game: Insights from the construction sector, Journal of Manufacturing Technology, 27(7) (2016) 932-943.
• [32] Q. Shahzad, J. Shen, R. Naseem, Y. Yao, S. Waqar, W. Liu, Influence of phase change material on concrete behavior for construction 3D printing, Constr. Build. Mater. 309 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.125121.
• [33] E. Lloret, A.R. Shahab, M. Linus, R.J. Flatt, F. Gramazio, M. Kohler, S.J.C.-A.D. Langenberg, Complex concrete structures: merging existing casting techniques with digital fabrication, Computer-Aided Design, 60 (2015) 40-49. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cad.2014.02.011
• [34] P. Aejmelaeus-Lindström, J. Willmann, S. Tibbits, F. Gramazio, M.J.G.M. Kohler, Jammed architectural structures: towards large-scale reversible construction, Granular Matters, 18(2) (2016) 28. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10035-016-0628-y
• [35] Q. Shahzad, X. Wang, W. Wang, Y. Wan, G. Li, C. Ren, Y. Mao, Coordinated adjustment and optimization of setting time, flowability, and mechanical strength for construction 3D printing material derived from solid waste, Constr. Build. Mater. 259 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.119854.
• [36] S. Lim, R.A. Buswell, P.J. Valentine, D. Piker, S.A. Austin, X.J.A.M. De Kestelier, Modelling curved-layered printing paths for fabricating large-scale construction components, Additive Manufacturing, 12 (2016) 216-230. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addma.2016.06.004
• [37] H. Yoshida, T. Igarashi, Y. Obuchi, Y. Takami, J. Sato, M. Araki, M. Miki, K. Nagata, K. Sakai, S.J.A.T.o.G. Igarashi, Architecture-scale human-assisted additive manufacturing, 34(4) (2015) 88.
• [38] T.T. Le, S.A. Austin, S. Lim, R.A. Buswell, A.G. Gibb, T.J.M. Thorpe, structures, Mix design and fresh properties for high-performance printing concrete, Materials and Design, 45(8) (2012) 1221-1232. https://doi.org/10.1617/s11527-012-9828-z
• [39] R.L. Williams II, J.S. Albus, R.V.J.A.i.C. Bostelman, Self-contained automated construction deposition system, Automation in Construction, 13(3) (2004) 393-407.
• [40] I. Perkins, M.J.I.J.o.C.M. Skitmore, Three-dimensional printing in the construction industry: A review, International Journal of Construction, 15(1) (2015) 1-9.
• [41] A. Capua, A. Shapiro, S.J.M. Shoval, M. Theory, SpiderBot: a cable-suspended walking robot, Mechanism and Machine Theory, 82 (2014) 56-70.
• [42] N. Oxman, J. Duro‐Royo, S. Keating, B. Peters, E.J.A.D. Tsai, Towards robotic swarm printing, Architectural Design, 84(3) (2014) 108-115.
• [43] H. Kwon, S. Bukkapatnam, B. Khoshnevis, J.J.R.P.J. Saito, Effects of orifice shape in contour crafting of ceramic materials, Rapid Prototyping, 8(3) (2002) 147-160.
• [44] F. Craveiro, H. Bártolo, P.J. Bártolo, Functionally graded structures through building manufacturing, Advanced Materials Research, Trans Tech Publ, 2013, pp. 775-778.
• [45] T.T. Le, S.A. Austin, S. Lim, R.A. Buswell, R. Law, A.G. Gibb, T.J.C. Thorpe, C. Research, Hardened properties of high-performance printing concrete, Cement and Concrete Research, 42(3) (2012) 558-566. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2011.12.003
• [46] D. Weger, D. Lowke, C. Gehlen, 3D printing of concrete structures using the selective binding method–Effect of concrete technology on contour precision and compressive strength, Proceedings of 11th fib international PhD symposium in civil engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 2016, pp. 403-410.
• [47] A. Rictor, B.J.P.C.S. Riley, Optimization of a heated platform based on statistical annealing of critical design parameters in a 3D printing application, Procedia Computer Science, 83 (2016) 712-716.
• [48] F. Biljecki, J. Stoter, H. Ledoux, S. Zlatanova, A.J.I.I.J.o.G.-I. Çöltekin, Applications of 3D city models: State of the art review, International Journal of Geo-information, 4(4) (2015) 2842-2889.
• [49] B. Khoshnevis, D. Hwang, K.-T. Yao, Z.J.I.J.o.I. Yeh, S. Engineering, Mega-scale fabrication by contour crafting, Systems Engineering, 1(3) (2006) 301-320.
• [50] G. Cesaretti, E. Dini, X. De Kestelier, V. Colla, L.J.A.A. Pambaguian, Building components for an outpost on the Lunar soil by means of a novel 3D printing technology, Acta Austraunatica, 93 (2014) 430-450.
• [51] B.N. Panda, R.M. Bahubalendruni, B.B. Biswal, M.J.P.o.t.I.o.M.E. Leite, Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science, A CAD-based approach for measuring volumetric error in layered manufacturing, Proceedings of Mechanical Engineering, 231(13) (2017) 2398-2406.
• [52] D. Hwang, B. Khoshnevis, E. Daniel, Concrete wall fabrication by contour crafting, 21st International Symposium on Automation and Robotics in Construction (ISARC 2004), Jeju, South Korea, Robotics in Construction, 2004, pp. 301-307.
• [53] B.J.A.i.c. Khoshnevis, Automated construction by contour crafting—related robotics and information technologies, Automation in Construction, 13(1) (2004) 5-19. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.autcon.2003.08.012
• [54] D. Hwang, B. Khoshnevis, An innovative construction process-contour crafting (CC), 22nd International Symposium on Automation and Robotics in Construction, 2005.
• [55] S. Lim, R.A. Buswell, T.T. Le, R. Wackrow, S.A. Austin, A.G. Gibb, T. Thorpe, Development of a viable concrete printing process, (2011).
• [56] F. Bos, R. Wolfs, Z. Ahmed, T.J.V. Salet, P. Prototyping, Additive manufacturing of concrete in construction: potentials and challenges of 3D concrete printing, Virtual and Physical Prototyping, 11(3) (2016) 209-225. https://doi.org/10.1080/17452759.2016.1209867
• [57] S.J. Keating, J.C. Leland, L. Cai, N.J.S.R. Oxman, Toward site-specific and self-sufficient robotic fabrication on architectural scales, Science Robotics, 2(5) (2017) eaam8986.
• [58] C. Nan, A New Machinecraft, International Conference on Computer-Aided Architectural Design Futures, Springer, 2015, pp. 422-438.
• [59] N. Hack, W.V.J.A.D. Lauer, Mesh‐Mould: Robotically Fabricated Spatial Meshes as Reinforced Concrete Formwork, Architectural Design, 84(3) (2014) 44-53.
• [60] C. Eastman, P. Teicholz, R. Sacks, K. Liston, BIM handbook: A guide to building information modeling for owners, managers, designers, engineers and contractors, John Wiley & Sons2011.
• [61] Y. Arayici, C. Egbu, S.J.J.o.I.T.i.C. Coates, Building information modelling (BIM) implementation and remote construction projects: issues, challenges, and critiques, Journal of Information Technology in Civil Engineering, 17 (2012) 75-92.
• [62] A. Elmualim, J.J.A.E. Gilder, d. management, BIM: innovation in design management, influence and challenges of implementation, Architectural Engineering and Design, 10(3-4) (2014) 183-199.
• [63] P. Wu, J. Wang, X.J.A.i.C. Wang, A critical review of the use of 3-D printing in the construction industry, Automation in Construction, 68 (2016) 21-31. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.autcon.2016.04.005
• [64] R.A. Buswell, R.C. Soar, A.G. Gibb, A.J.A.i.c. Thorpe, Freeform construction: mega-scale rapid manufacturing for construction, Automation in Construction, 16(2) (2007) 224-231. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.autcon.2006.05.002
• [65] A. Kazemian, X. Yuan, E. Cochran, B.J.C. Khoshnevis, B. Materials, Cementitious materials for construction-scale 3D printing: Laboratory testing of fresh printing mixture, Construction and Building Materials, 145 (2017) 639-647. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.04.015
• [66] M.M. Singh, A. Sawhney, V.J.C.E. Sharma, Building, Utilising building component data from BIM for formwork planning, Economics and Building, 17(4) (2017) 20-36.
• [67] N. Lawson, I. Douglas, S. Garvin, C. McGrath, D. Manning, J.J.E.M. Vetterlein, Health, Recycling construction and demolition wastes–a UK perspective, Environmental Management and Health, 12(2) (2001) 146-157.
• [68] C.K. Chua, K.F. Leong, 3D Printing and Additive Manufacturing: Principles and Applications (with Companion Media Pack) of Rapid Prototyping Fourth Edition, World Scientific Publishing Company 2014.
• [69] J. Gardiner, Exploring the emerging design territory of construction 3D printing-project led architectural research, (2011).
• [70] J. Edgar, S.J.J.M.T.R. Tint, Additive manufacturing technologies: 3D printing, rapid prototyping, and direct digital manufacturing, Technology Review, 59(3) (2015) 193-198.
• [71] H.-k. Kwon, Initial investigation of 3D free form fabrication Using Contour Crafting, Proceedings of the safety and management, 2007, pp. 27-37.
• [72] J.J.A.i.c. Pegna, Exploratory investigation of solid freeform construction, Automation in Construction, 5(5) (1997) 427-437. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0926-5805(96)00166-5
• [73] A.F.D.R. Antunes, BIM-based Parametric Optimisation of Structural Systems, (2017).
• [74] R.R. Wolfs, 3D printing of concrete structures, (2015).
• [75] V. Nerella, M. Krause, M. Näther, V.J.C.P.I. Mechtcherine, 3D printing technology for on-site construction, 4 (2016) 36-41.
• [76] G. Ma, L. Wang, Y.J.S.C.T.S. Ju, State-of-the-art of 3D printing technology of cementitious material—An emerging technique for construction, Technological Sciences, 61(4) (2018) 475-495.
• [77] S.C. Paul, G.P. van Zijl, M.J. Tan, I.J.R.P.J. Gibson, A review of 3D concrete printing systems and materials properties: Current status and future research prospects, Rapid Prototyping Journal, 24(4) (2018) 784-798.
• [78] R. Silva, P. Sereno, A. Mateus, G.R. Mitchell, P. Carreira, C. Santos, J. Vitorino, J. Domingues, Adaptive Platforms and Flexible Deposition System for Big Area Additive Manufacturing (BAAM), Applied Mechanics and Materials, Trans Tech Publ, 2019, pp. 3-20.
• [79] V.N. Nerella, M. Krause, V. Mechtcherine, Practice-Oriented Buildability Criteria for Developing 3D-Printable Concretes in the Context of Digital Construction, (2018).
• [80] B. Furet, P. Poullain, S.J.A.M. Garnier, 3D printing for construction based on a complex wall of polymer-foam and concrete, Additive Manufacturing, (2019).
• [81] D.-I.D.-W.-I. Klaudius, H.D. Talke, F.Z. Bau, Additive Fertigung frei geformter Bauelemente durch numerisch gesteuerte Extrusion von Holzleichtbeton.
• [82] Z. Liu, M. Li, Y. Weng, T.N. Wong, M.J.J.C. Tan, B. Materials, Mixture Design Approach to optimize the rheological properties of the material used in 3D cementitious material printing, Construction and Building Materials, 198 (2019) 245-255. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.11.252
• [83] R. Wolfs, F. Bos, T.J.C. Salet, C. Research, Early age mechanical behaviour of 3D printed concrete: Numerical modelling and experimental testing, Cement and Concrete Research, 106 (2018) 103-116. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2018.02.001
• [84] C.R. Visser, Mechanical and structural characterisation of extrusion moulded SHCC, Stellenbosch: Stellenbosch University, 2007.
• [85] N. Labonnote, A. Rønnquist, B. Manum, P.J.A.i.C. Rüther, Additive construction: State-of-the-art, challenges and opportunities, Automation in Construction, 72 (2016) 347-366. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.autcon.2016.08.026
• [86] H. Kwon, Experimentation and analysis of contour crafting (CC) process using uncured ceramic materials, University of Southern California Los Angeles, 2002.
• [87] M. Kaszyńska, M. Hoffmann, S. Skibicki, A. Zieliński, M. Techman, N. Olczyk, T. Wróblewski, Evaluation of suitability for 3D printing of high performance concretes, MATEC Web of Conferences, EDP Sciences, 2018, p. 01002.
• [88] G. Ma, Z. Li, L.J.C. Wang, b. materials, Printable properties of cementitious material containing copper tailings for extrusion based 3D printing, Construction and Building Materials, 162 (2018) 613-627. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.12.051
• [89] Z. Malaeb, H. Hachem, A. Tourbah, T. Maalouf, N. El Zarwi, F.J.I.J.o.C.E. Hamzeh, 3D concrete printing: machine and mix design, Materials Science, 6(6) (2015) 14-22.
• [90] L. Haymond, Full scale Contour Crafting applications, University of Southern California2008.
• [91] E. Secrieru, V. Mechtcherine, C. Schröfl, D.J.C. Borin, B. Materials, Rheological characterisation and prediction of pumpability of strain-hardening cement-based-composites (SHCC) with and without addition of superabsorbent polymers (SAP) at various temperatures, Construction and Building Materials, 112 (2016) 581-594.
• [92] A. Pierre, C. Lanos, P.J.A.R. Estellé, Extension of spread-slump formulae for yield stress evaluation, Applied Rheology, 23(6) (2013) 36-44.
• [93] N. Roussel, P.J.J.o.r. Coussot, “Fifty-cent rheometer” for yield stress measurements: from slump to spreading flow, Journal of Rheology, 49(3) (2005) 705-718.
• [94] M. Jolin, D. Burns, B. Bissonnette, F. Gagnon, L.-S. Bolduc, Understanding the pumpability of concrete, (2009). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.02.161
• [95] V. Mechtcherine, V.N. Nerella, K.J.C. Kasten, B. Materials, Testing pumpability of concrete using Sliding Pipe Rheometer, Construction and Building Materials, 53 (2014) 312-323. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2013.11.037
• [96] M. Vasić, Vpliv vrste veziva na lastnosti sanacijskih ometov, Univerza v Ljubljani, 2016.
• [97] M. Taylor, and J. Sanjayan. "Mesh reinforcing method for 3D Concrete Printing." Automation in Construction 109 (2020): 102992. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.autcon.2019.102992
• [98] Y. Shao, S.P.J.M.J. Shah, Mechanical properties of PVA fiber reinforced cement composites fabricated by extrusion processing, Materials Journal, 94(6) (1997) 555-564.
• [99] Y. Akkaya, A. Peled, S.P.J.M. Shah, Structures, Parameters related to fiber length and processing in cementitious composites, Materials and Structures, 33(8) (2000) 515-524. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02480529
• [100] M. Hambach, M. Rutzen, D. Volkmer, Properties of 3D-printed fiber-reinforced Portland cement paste, 3D Concrete Printing Technology, Elsevier2019, pp. 73-113.
• [101] P.A. Claisse, P. Lorimer, M.A.J.A.M.J.-A.C.I. Omari, Workability of cement pastes, American Concrete, 98(6) (2001) 476-482.
• [102] S.H. Lee, H.J. Kim, E. Sakai, M.J.C. Daimon, C. Research, Effect of particle size distribution of fly ash–cement system on the fluidity of cement pastes, Cement and Concrete Research, 33(5) (2003) 763-768. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0008-8846(02)01054-2
• [103] C. Park, M. Noh, T.J.C. Park, c. research, Rheological properties of cementitious materials containing mineral admixtures, Cement and Concrete Research, 35(5) (2005) 842-849. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2004.11.002
• [104] O. Burgos-Montes, M. Palacios, P. Rivilla, F.J.C. Puertas, B. Materials, Compatibility between superplasticizer admixtures and cements with mineral additions, Construction and Building Materials, 31 (2012) 300-309. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2011.12.092
• [105] S. Grzeszczyk, G.J.C. Lipowski, c. research, Effect of content and particle size distribution of high-calcium fly ash on the rheological properties of cement pastes, Cement and Concrete Research, 27(6) (1997) 907-916. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0008-8846(97)00073-2
• [106] A. Kwan, H.J.A.i.C.R. Wong, Effects of packing density, excess water and solid surface area on flowability of cement paste, Advances in Cement Research, 20(1) (2008) 1-11.
• [107] M. Mastali, A.J.C. Dalvand, B. Materials, Use of silica fume and recycled steel fibers in self-compacting concrete (SCC), Construction and Building Materials, 125 (2016) 196-209. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.08.046
• [108] E. Güneyisi, M. Gesoglu, A. Al-Goody, S.J.C. İpek, B. Materials, Fresh and rheological behavior of nano-silica and fly ash blended self-compacting concrete, Construction and Building Materials, 95 (2015) 29-44. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2015.07.142
• [109] H.-J. Kong, S.G. Bike, V.C.J.C. Li, C. Composites, Development of a self-consolidating engineered cementitious composite employing electrosteric dispersion/stabilization, Cement and Concrete Composites, 25(3) (2003) 301-309. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0958-9465(02)00057-4
• [110] A. Mardani-Aghabaglou, M. Tuyan, G. Yılmaz, Ö. Arıöz, K.J.C. Ramyar, B. Materials, Effect of different types of superplasticizer on fresh, rheological and strength properties of self-consolidating concrete, Construction and Building Materials, 47 (2013) 1020-1025. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2013.05.105
• [111] S. Singh, P. Munjal, N.J.J.o.B.E. Thammishetti, Role of water/cement ratio on strength development of cement mortar, Journal of Building Engineering, 4 (2015) 94-100. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2015.09.003
• [112] A. Leemann, F.J.C. Winnefeld, C. Composites, The effect of viscosity modifying agents on mortar and concrete, Cement and Concrete Composite, 29(5) (2007) 341-349. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2007.01.004
• [113] N. Robeyst, E. Gruyaert, C.U. Grosse, N.J.C. De Belie, C. research, Monitoring the setting of concrete containing blast-furnace slag by measuring the ultrasonic p-wave velocity, Cement and Concrete Research, 38(10) (2008) 1169-1176. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2008.04.006
• [114] M. Gesoğlu, E.J.M. Özbay, Structures, Effects of mineral admixtures on fresh and hardened properties of self-compacting concretes: binary, ternary and quaternary systems, Materials and Structures, 40(9) (2007) 923-937. https://doi.org/10.1617/s11527-007-9242-0
• [115] J. Kim, J. Ryu, R.J.C.J.o.C.E. Hooton, Evaluation of strength and set behavior of mortar containing shotcrete set accelerators, Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering, 35(4) (2008) 400-407. https://doi.org/10.1617/s11527-007-9242-0
• [116] C. Maltese, C. Pistolesi, A. Bravo, F. Cella, T. Cerulli, D.J.C. Salvioni, C. Research, A case history: Effect of moisture on the setting behaviour of a Portland cement reacting with an alkali-free accelerator, Cement and Concrete Research, 37(6) (2007) 856-865. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2007.02.020
• [117] I. Galobardes, R.P. Salvador, S.H. Cavalaro, A. Figueiredo, C.I.J.C. Goodier, B. Materials, Adaptation of the standard EN 196-1 for mortar with accelerator, Construction and Building Materials, 127 (2016) 125-136. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.09.147
• [118] Z. Li, L. Wang, G.J.I.J.o.C.S. Ma, Materials, Method for the enhancement of buildability and bending resistance of 3D printable tailing mortar, International Journal of Concrete, 12(1) (2018) 37.
• [119] M. Gesoğlu, E.J.M. Güneyisi, Structures, Strength development and chloride penetration in rubberized concretes with and without silica fume, Materials and Structures, 40(9) (2007) 953-964. https://doi.org/10.1617/s11527-007-9279-0 [120] P. Klobes, Investigation on the microstructure of ultra high performance concrete, (2008).
• [121] M. Benaicha, X. Roguiez, O. Jalbaud, Y. Burtschell, A.H.J.C. Alaoui, B. Materials, Influence of silica fume and viscosity modifying agent on the mechanical and rheological behavior of self compacting concrete, Construction and Building Materials, 84 (2015) 103-110. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2015.03.061
• [122] B. Panda, C. Unluer, M.J.J.C. Tan, C. Composites, Investigation of the rheology and strength of geopolymer mixtures for extrusion-based 3D printing, Cement and Concrete Composites, 94 (2018) 307-314. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2018.10.002
• [123] K. Sobolev, I. Flores, L. Torres-Martinez, P. Valdez, E. Zarazua, E. Cuellar, Engineering of SiO 2 nanoparticles for optimal performance in nano cement-based materials, Nanotechnology in construction 3, Springer2009, pp. 139-148.
• [124] B.-W. Jo, C.-H. Kim, G.-h. Tae, J.-B.J.C. Park, b. materials, Characteristics of cement mortar with nano-SiO2 particles, Construction and Building Materials, 21(6) (2007) 1351-1355. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2005.12.020
• [125] F. Sanchez, K.J.C. Sobolev, b. materials, Nanotechnology in concrete–a review, Construction and Building Materials, 24(11) (2010) 2060-2071. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2010.03.014
• [126] V.M. Malhotra, M.-H. Zhang, P.H. Read, J.J.M.J. Ryell, Long-term mechanical properties and durability characteristics of high-strength/high-performance concrete incorporating supplementary cementing materials under outdoor exposure conditions, Materials Journal, 97(5) (2000) 518-525.
• [127] B. Liu, Y. Xie, S. Zhou, Q.J.C. Yuan, c. research, Influence of ultrafine fly ash composite on the fluidity and compressive strength of concrete, Cement and Concrete Research, 30(9) (2000) 1489-1493. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0008-8846(00)00323-9
• [128] A. Ghezal, K.H.J.M.J. Khayat, Optimizing self-consolidating concrete with limestone filler by using statistical factorial design methods, Materials Journal, 99(3) (2002) 264-272.
• [129] S.-J. Lee, J.-P.J.C.S. Won, Shrinkage characteristics of structural nano-synthetic fibre-reinforced cementitious composites, Composite Structures, 157 (2016) 236-243. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2016.09.001
• [130] B. Bissonnette, E.K. Attiogbe, M.A. Miltenberger, C.J.A.m.j. Fortin, Drying shrinkage, curling, and joint opening of slabs-on-ground, ACI Materials, 104(3) (2007) 259.
• [131] J. Zhang, C. Gong, Z. Guo, M.J.C. Zhang, C. Research, Engineered cementitious composite with characteristic of low drying shrinkage, Cement and Concrete Research, 39(4) (2009) 303-312. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2008.11.012
• [132] J.J.C. Khatib, B. Materials, Performance of self-compacting concrete containing fly ash, Construction and Building Materials, 22(9) (2008) 1963-1971. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2007.07.011
• [133] B. Rongbing, S.J.C. Jian, C. Research, Synthesis and evaluation of shrinkage-reducing admixture for cementitious materials, Cement and Concrete Research, 35(3) (2005) 445-448. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2004.07.009
• [134] E. Güneyisi, M. Gesoğlu, S. Karaoğlu, K.J.C. Mermerdaş, B. Materials, Strength, permeability and shrinkage cracking of silica fume and metakaolin concretes, Construction and Building Materials, 34 (2012) 120-130. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2012.02.017
• [135] W.A.J.C. Al-Khaja, B. Materials, Strength and time-dependent deformations of silica fume concrete for use in Bahrain, Construction and Building Materials, 8(3) (1994) 169-172. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0950-0618(09)90030-7
• [136] J. Li, Y.J.C. Yao, C. Research, A study on creep and drying shrinkage of high performance concrete, Cement and Concrete Research, 31(8) (2001) 1203-1206. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0008-8846(01)00539-7
• [137] S. Bhanja, B.J.C. Sengupta, C. Research, Influence of silica fume on the tensile strength of concrete, Cement and Concrete Research, 35(4) (2005) 743-747. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2004.05.024
• [138] E.J. Sellevold, The function of condensed silica fume in high strength concrete, Symposium on Utilization of HSC, Trondheim, Norway, ISVN, 1987, pp. 82-519.
• [139] S. Shh, M. Krguller, M.J.M.J. Sarigaphuti, Effects of shrinkage-reducing admixtures on restrained shrinkage cracking of concrete, Materials Journals, 89(3) (1992) 289-295.
• [140] N. Wongkornchaowalit, V.J.J.o.e. Lertchirakarn, Setting time and flowability of accelerated Portland cement mixed with polycarboxylate superplasticizer, Journal of Endodontics, 37(3) (2011) 387-389.
• [141] D.-F. Zhang, B.-Z. Ju, S.-F. Zhang, L. He, J.-Z.J.C.P. Yang, The study on the dispersing mechanism of starch sulfonate as a water-reducing agent for cement, Carbohydrate Polymers, 70(4) (2007) 363-368.
• [142] S.M. El-Gamal, F.M. Al-Nowaiser, A.O.J.J.o.A.R. Al-Baity, Effect of superplasticizers on the hydration kinetic and mechanical properties of Portland cement pastes, Journal of Advanced Research, 3(2) (2012) 119-124.
• [143] S. Chandra, J.J.C. Björnström, C. Research, Influence of cement and superplasticizers type and dosage on the fluidity of cement mortars—Part I, Cement and Concrete Research, 32(10) (2002) 1605-1611. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0008-8846(02)00839-6
• [144] A. Zingg, F. Winnefeld, L. Holzer, J. Pakusch, S. Becker, R. Figi, L.J.C. Gauckler, C. Composites, Interaction of polycarboxylate-based superplasticizers with cements containing different C3A amounts, Cement and Concrete Research, 31(3) (2009) 153-162. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2009.01.005
• [145] J. Gołaszewski, J.J.C. Szwabowski, c. research, Influence of superplasticizers on rheological behaviour of fresh cement mortars, Cement and Concrete Research, 34(2) (2004) 235-248. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2003.07.002
• [146] M.-H. Zhang, K. Sisomphon, T.S. Ng, D.J.J.C. Sun, B. Materials, Effect of superplasticizers on workability retention and initial setting time of cement pastes, Construction and Building Materials, 24(9) (2010) 1700-1707. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2010.02.021
• [147] S. Chandra, J.J.C. Björnström, C. Research, Influence of superplasticizer type and dosage on the slump loss of Portland cement mortars—Part II, Cement and Concrete Research, 32(10) (2002) 1613-1619. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0008-8846(02)00838-4
• [148] R.P. Salvador, S.H. Cavalaro, I. Segura, A.D. Figueiredo, J.J.C. Pérez, B. Materials, Early age hydration of cement pastes with alkaline and alkali-free accelerators for sprayed concrete, Construction and Building Materials, 111 (2016) 386-398. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.02.101
• [149] G. Zhang, G. Li, Y.J.C. Li, B. Materials, Effects of superplasticizers and retarders on the fluidity and strength of sulphoaluminate cement, Construction and Building Materials,126 (2016) 44-54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.09.019
• [150] K.H.J.C. Khayat, C. Composites, Viscosity-enhancing admixtures for cement-based materials—an overview, Cement and Concrete Composites, 20(2-3) (1998) 171-188. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0958-9465(98)80006-1
• [151] C. Ren, W. Wang, G.J.C. Li, B. Materials, Preparation of high-performance cementitious materials from industrial solid waste, Construction and Building Materials, 152 (2017) 39-47. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.06.124
• [152] S. Vinodh, G. Sundararaj, S. Devadasan, D. Kuttalingam, D.J.J.o.M.T.M. Rajanayagam, Agility through rapid prototyping technology in a manufacturing environment using a 3D printer, Journal of Manufacturing Technology, 20(7) (2009) 1023-1041.
• [153] H.J.N.s. Hodson, Robo-builders deliver architects' dreams, (2913) (2013) 22-23.
• [154] D.J.C.R. Smith, Innovation, Printed buildings: an international race for the ultimate in automation, Construction Research and Innovations, 3(2) (2012) 26-31.
• [155] R. Duballet, O. Baverel, J.J.A.i.C. Dirrenberger, Classification of building systems for concrete 3D printing, Automation in Construction, 83 (2017) 247-258. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.autcon.2017.08.018
• [156] J. Zhang, B.J.A.i.C. Khoshnevis, Optimal machine operation planning for construction by Contour Crafting, Automation in Construction, 29 (2013) 50-67. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.autcon.2012.08.006
• [157] X. Jiang, H.J.I.J.f.N.M.i.E. Adeli, Pseudospectra, MUSIC, and dynamic wavelet neural network for damage detection of highrise buildings, International Journal for Numerical Methods, 71(5) (2007) 606-629.
• [158] G.P. Van Zijl, S.C. Paul, M.J. Tan, Properties of 3D printable concrete, Materials, (2016).
• [159] D. Bekas, K. Tsirka, D. Baltzis, A.J.C.P.B.E. Paipetis, Self-healing materials: A review of advances in materials, evaluation, characterization and monitoring techniques, Composites Part B, 87 (2016) 92-119. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2015.09.057
• [160] R.M. Mahamood, E.T. Akinlabi, M. Shukla, S. Pityana, Revolutionary additive manufacturing: an overview, (2014).
• [161] J.-M. Park, D.-J. Kwon, Z.-J. Wang, K.L.J.A.C.M. DeVries, Review of self-sensing of damage and interfacial evaluation using electrical resistance measurements in nano/micro carbon materials-reinforced composites, Advanced Composite, 24(3) (2015) 197-219.
• [162] Y.-a. Jin, Y. He, J.-z. Fu, W.-f. Gan, Z.-w.J.A.m. Lin, Optimization of tool-path generation for material extrusion-based additive manufacturing technology, Additive Manufacturing, 1 (2014) 32-47. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addma.2014.08.004
• [163] I. Agustí-Juan, G. Habert, An Environmental Perspective on Digital Fabrication in Architecture and Construction, Proceedings of the 21st International Conference on Computer-Aided Archetectural Design Research in Aaia (CAADRIA 2016), CAADRIA, 2016, pp. 797-806.
• [164] J. Ahuja, T.K. Panda, S. Luthra, A. Kumar, S. Choudhary, J.A.J.J.o.C.P. Garza-Reyes, Do human critical success factors matter in adoption of sustainable manufacturing practices? An influential mapping analysis of multi-company perspective, Journal of Cleaner Production, 239 (2019) 117981. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.117981
• [165] H.-W. Shin, G.-H. Kim, T.-H. Kim, T.-H. Kim, E.-K.J.J.o.t.K.I.o.B.C. Choi, The Effectiveness of Emotional Safety Using PIR Sensors in Building Construction Site, Journal of Korean Institute of Building Construction, 10(4) (2010) 59-65.
• [166] Z. Zhou, J. Irizarry, Q.J.C.m. Li, economics, Applying advanced technology to improve safety management in the construction industry: a literature review, Construction Management and Economics, 31(6) (2013) 606-622.