Effects of single-walled carbon nanotubes and steel fiber on recycled ferrochrome filled electrical conductive mortars

Year 2022, , 250 - 265, 30.12.2022

Heydar Dehghanpour , Fatih Doğan , Serkan Subaşı , Muhammed Maraşlı

https://doi.org/10.47481/jscmt.1163963

Cited By: 3

Abstract

The production of electrically conductive concrete was introduced years ago among construction materials, generally for anti-icing. The present study investigates the electrical, mechanical, dynamic, and microstructural properties of recycled ferrochrome filled cementitious mortars, containing single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) and steel fiber. 7, 14, and 28-day non-destructive and 28-day compressive and bending tests of cementitious conductive mortars obtained from five different mixtures were performed. Two-point uniaxial method was used to determine the electrical conductivity properties of the samples. The damping ratio of the samples was obtained by performing dynamic resonance tests. Ultrasound pulse velocity (UPV) and Leeb hardness tests were performed as other non-destructive testing methods. Microstructure analysis at the interfaces of conductive concrete samples were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), EDS (Energy-Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). According to the experimental results, all data agreed and confirmed each other. When SWCNT is used in combination with steel fiber, the conductive mortar samples exhibited reasonable conductivity, while their mechanical properties turned out to below.

Keywords

conductive mortars, ferrochrome, carbon nanotube, SWCNT, dynamic resonance

References

• [1] You, I., Yoo, D. Y., Kim, S., Kim, M. J., & Zi, G. (2017). Electrical and self-sensing properties of ultra-high-performance fiber-reinforced concrete with carbon nanotubes. Sensors (Switzerland), 17(11) Article 2481. [CrossRef]
• [2] Li, Z., Ding, S., Yu, X., Han, B., & Ou, J. (2018). Multifunctional cementitious composites modified with nano titanium dioxide: A review. Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing, 111, 115–137. [CrossRef]
• [3] Wang, L., & Aslani, F. (2019). A review on materi al design, performance, and practical application of electrically conductive cementitious composites. Construction and Building Materials, 229, Article 116892. [CrossRef]
• [4] Ates, A. O., Khoshkholghi, S., Tore, E., Marasli, M., & Ilki, A. (2019). Sprayed glass fiber–reinforced mortar with or without basalt textile reinforcement for jacketing of low-strength concrete prisms. Jour nal of Composites for Construction, 23(2), Article 04019003. [CrossRef]
• [5] Marasli, M., Subasi, S., Dehghanpour, H., Ozdal, V., & Kohen, B. (2021). Experimental investigation of pull-out and shear behavior of lifting sockets in pre cast UHPC panels. ALKU Journal of Science, 3(2), 82–93. [CrossRef]
• [6] Topbas, A., Tulen, F. Ö., Marasli, M., & Kohen, B. (2019). A prefabricated GFRC-UHPC shell pedestri an Bridge. IASS Annual Symposium 2019 – Struc tural Membranes.
• [7] Barnard, E. H., & Tex, H. (1965). Electrically conduc tive concrete. Patent No: US3166518A, 1–2. United States Patent Office.
• [8] Howser, R. N., Dhonde, H. B., & Mo, Y. L. (2011). Self-sensing of carbon nanofiber concrete columns subjected to reversed cyclic loading. Smart Materials and Structures, 20(8), Article 085031. [CrossRef]
• [9] Wen, S., & Chung, D. D. L. (2004). Electromagnetic interference shielding reaching 70 dB in steel fiber cement. Cement and Concrete Research, 34(2), 329– 332. [CrossRef]
• [10] Gomis, J., Galao, O., Gomis, V., Zornoza, E., & Garcés, P. (2015). Self-heating and deicing conductive cement. Experimental study and modeling. Construc tion and Building Materials, 75, 442–449. [CrossRef]
• [11] Dehghanpour, H., & Yilmaz, K. (2021). A more sus tainable approach for producing less expensive elec trically conductive concrete mixtures: Experimental and FE study. Cold Regions Science and Technology, 184, Article 103231. [CrossRef]
• [12] Wu, J., Liu, J., & Yang, F. (2015). Three-phase compos ite conductive concrete for pavement deicing. Con struction and Building Materials, 75, 129–135. [CrossRef]
• [13] El-Dieb, A. S., El-Ghareeb, M. A., Abdel-Rahman, M. A. H., & Nasr, E. S. A. (2018). Multifunctional electri cally conductive concrete using different fillers. Jour nal of Building Engineering, 15, 61–69. [CrossRef]
• [14] Dehghanpour, H., & Yilmaz, K. (2020). Investiga tion of specimen size, geometry and temperature effects on resistivity of electrically conductive con cretes. Construction and Building Materials, 250, Ar ticle 118864. [CrossRef]
• [15] Dehghanpour, H., & Yilmaz, K. (2020). Heat be havior of electrically conductive concretes with and without rebar reinforcement. Medziagotyra, 26(4), 471–476. [CrossRef]
• [16] Yehia, S. A., & Tuan, C. Y. (2000). Thin conductive concrete overlay for bridge deck deicing and an ti-icing. Transportation Research Record, 1698(1), 45–53. [CrossRef]
• [17] Rao, R., Wang, H., Wang, H., Tuan, C. Y., & Ye, M. (2019). Models for estimating the thermal proper ties of electric heating concrete containing steel fiber and graphite. Composites Part B: Engineering, 164, 116–120. [CrossRef]
• [18] Hou, Z., Li, Z., & Wang, J. (2007). Electrical con ductivity of the carbon fiber conductive concrete. Journal Wuhan University of Technology, Materials Science Edition, 22(2), 346–349. [CrossRef]
• [19] Wang, Y. Z., Xu, Y. Z., & Sun, Y. (2012). Experimen tal study on electrical conductivity of carbon fiber reinforced concrete underwater. Advanced Materials Research, 461, 246–249. [CrossRef]
• [20] Dehghanpour, H., Yilmaz, K., & Ipek, M. (2019). Eval uation of recycled nano carbon black and waste erosion wires in electrically conductive concretes. Construction and Building Materials, 221, 109–121. [CrossRef]
• [21] Rao, R., Fu, J., Chan, Y., Tuan, C. Y., & Liu, C. (2018). Steel fiber confined graphite concrete for pavement deicing. Composites Part B: Engineering, 155, 187– 196. [CrossRef]
• [22] Farcas, C., Galao, O., Navarro, R., Zornoza, E., Baeza, F. J., Del Moral, B., Pla, R., & Garcés, P. (2021). Heating and deicing function in conduc- tive concrete and cement paste with the hybrid addition of carbon nanotubes and graphite prod- ucts. Smart Materials and Structures, 30(4), Article 045010. [CrossRef]
• [23] Wang, X., Wu, Y., Zhu, P., & Ning, T. (2021). Snow melting performance of graphene composite con- ductive concrete in severe cold environment. Mate- rials, 14(21), Article 6715. [CrossRef]
• [24] Dehghanpour, H., Yilmaz, K., Afshari, F., & Ipek, M. (2020). Electrically conductive concrete: A lab- oratory-based investigation and numerical analysis approach. Construction and Building Materials, 260, Article 119948. [CrossRef]
• [25] Dehghanpour, H., & Yilmaz, K. (2020). The relation- ship between resistances measured by two-probe, Wenner probe and C1760-12 ASTM methods in electrically conductive concretes. SN Applied Scienc- es, 2(1), Article 10. [CrossRef]
• [26] Dilbas, H. (2022). An investigation on effect of ag- gregate distribution on physical and mechanical properties of recycled aggregate concrete (RAC). Journal of Sustainable Construction Materials and Technologies, 7(2), 108–118. [CrossRef]
• [27] Canpolat, O., Uysal, M., Aygörmez, Y., Şahin, F., & Acıkök, F. (2018). Effect of fly ash and ground gran- ulated blast furnace slag on the strength of concrete pavement. Journal of Sustainable Construction Mate- rials and Technologies, 3(3), 278–285. [CrossRef]
• [28] Dilbas, H. (2021). Application of finite element method on recycled aggregate concrete and rein- forced recycled aggregate concrete: A review. Jour- nal of Sustainable Construction Materials and Tech- nologies, 6(4), 173–191. [CrossRef]
• [29] Sassani, A., Ceylan, H., Kim, S., Gopalakrishnan, K., Arabzadeh, A., & Taylor, P. C. (2017). Influence of mix design variables on engineering properties of carbon fiber-modified electrically conductive concrete. Construction and Building Materials, 152, 168–181. [CrossRef]
• [30] American Society for Testing and Materials C215. (2019). Standard test method for fundamental trans- verse, longitudinal, and torsional resonant frequencies of concrete specimens. American Society for Testing and Materials.
• [31] Trifunac, M. D. (1972). Comparisons between am- bient and forced vibration experiments. Earthquake Engineering & Structural Dynamics, 1(2), 133–150. [CrossRef]
• [32] Turkish Standard EN 196-1. (2005). Methods of test- ing cement–Part 1: Determination of strength. Turk- ish Standard.
• [33] American Society for Testing and Materials C597. (2009). Standard test method for pulse velocity through concrete. American Society for Testing and Materials.
• [34] American Society for Testing and Materials A956. (2006). Standard test method for leeb hardness testing of steel products. American Society for Testing and Materials.
• [35] Islam, M. Z., Sohel, K. M. A., Al-Jabri, K., & Al Harthy, A. (2021). Properties of concrete with fer- rochrome slag as a fine aggregate at elevated tem- peratures. Case Studies in Construction Materials, 15, e00599. [CrossRef]
• [36] Al-Jabri, K., & Shoukry, H. (2018). Influence of nano metakaolin on thermo-physical, mechanical and microstructural properties of high-volume fer- rochrome slag mortar. Construction and Building Materials, 177, 210–221. [CrossRef]
• [37] Dash, M. K., & Patro, S. K. (2018). Performance as- sessment of ferrochrome slag as partial replacement of fine aggregate in concrete. European Journal of Environmental and Civil Engineering, 25(4), 635– 654. [CrossRef]
• [38] Naqi, A., Abbas, N., Zahra, N., Hussain, A., & Qa- sim, S. (2018). Effect of multi-walled carbon nano- tubes (MWCNTs) on the strength development of cementitious. Integrative Medicine Research, 8(1) 1203–1211. [CrossRef]
• [39] Uchida, T. (2022). Development of CNT dispersion Al 2 O 3 ceramics. Ceramics, 45, 1–4.
• [40] Fares, A. I., Sohel, K. M. A., & Al-mamun, A. (2021). Characteristics of ferrochrome slag aggregate and its uses as a green material in concrete – A review. Construction and Building Materials, 294, Article 123552. [CrossRef]
• [41] Dash, M. K., & Patro, S. K. (2018). Effects of water cooled ferrochrome slag as fine aggregate on the properties of concrete. Construction and Building Materials, 177, 457–466. [CrossRef]
• [42] American Society for Testing and Materials C1202. (1997). Standard test method for electrical indication of concrete's ability to resist chloride ion penetration. American Society for Testing and Materials.
• [43] Alessandro, A. D., Tiecco, M., Meoni, A., & Uber- tini, F. (2021). Improved strain sensing properties of cement-based sensors through enhanced carbon nanotube dispersion. Cement and Concrete Compos- ites, 115, Article 103842. [CrossRef]
• [44] Hong, G., Choi, S., Yoo, D., & Oh, T. (2021). Moisture dependence of electrical resistivity in under-perco- lated cement-based composites with multi-walled carbon nanotubes. Journal of Materials Research and Technology, 16, 47–58. [CrossRef]
• [45] Dong, W., Guo, Y., Sun, Z., Tao, Z., & Li, W. (2021). Development of piezoresistive cement-based sensor using recycled waste glass cullets coated with carbon nanotubes. Journal of Cleaner Production, 314, Arti- cle 127968. [CrossRef]
• [46] Gupta, S., Lin, Y., Lee, H., Buscheck, J., Wu, R., Lynch, J. P., Garg, N., & Loh, K. J. (2021). In situ crack map- ping of large-scale self-sensing concrete pavements using electrical resistance tomography. Cement and Concrete Composites, 122, Article 104154. [CrossRef]
• [47] Suchorzewski, J., Prieto, M., & Mueller, U. (2020). An experimental study of self-sensing concrete en- hanced with multi- wall carbon nanotubes in wedge splitting test and DIC. Construction and Building Materials, 262, Article 120871. [CrossRef]
• [48] Tian, J., Fan, C., Zhang, T., & Zhou, Y. (2019). Rock breaking mechanism in percussive drilling with the effect of high-frequency torsional vibration. Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization and Environ- mental Effects, 44(1), 2510–2534. [CrossRef]
• [49] Long, W.-J., Wu, Z., Khayat, K. H., Wei, J., Dong, B., Xing, F., & Zhang, J. (2022). Design, dynamic performance and ecological efficiency of fiber-re- inforced mortars with different binder systems: Ordinary Portland cement, limestone calcined clay cement and alkali-activated slag. Journal of Cleaner Production, 337, Article 130478. [CrossRef]
• [50] Marasli, M., Subasi, S., & Dehghanpour, H. (2022). Development of a maturity method for GFRC shell concretes with different fiber ratios. European Jour- nal of Environmental and Civil Engineering, 26(15), Article 2028190. [CrossRef]
• [51] Tassew, S. T., & Lubell, A. S. (2014). Mechanical prop- erties of glass fiber reinforced ceramic concrete. Con- struction and Building Materials, 51, 215–224. [CrossRef]
• [52] Mishra, D. A., & Basu, A. (2013). Estimation of uni- axial compressive strength of rock materials by index tests using regression analysis and fuzzy inference system. Engineering Geology, 160, 54–68. [CrossRef]
• [53] Ortega, J. A., Gómez-Heras, M., Perez-López, R., & Wohl, E. (2014). Multiscale structural and lithologic controls in the development of stream potholes on granite bedrock rivers. Geomorphology, 204, 588– 598. [CrossRef]
• [54] Song, Z., Xue, X., Li, Y., Yang, J., He, Z., Shen, S., … Zhang, N. (2016). Experimental exploration of the waterproofing mechanism of inorganic sodium sili- cate-based concrete sealers. Construction and Build- ing Materials, 104, 276–283. [CrossRef]
• [55] Gomez-Heras, M., Benavente, D., Pla, C., Marti- nez-Martinez, J., Fort, R., & Brotons, V. (2020). Ul- trasonic pulse velocity as a way of improving uni- axial compressive strength estimations from Leeb hardness measurements. Construction and Building Materials, 261, Article 119996. [CrossRef]
• [56] Pangdaeng, S., Sata, V., Aguiar, J. B., Pacheco-Tor- gal, F., Chindaprasirt, J., & Chindaprasirt, P. (2016). Bioactivity enhancement of calcined ka- olin geopolymer with CaCl2 treatment. ScienceA- sia, 42(6), 407–414. [CrossRef]
• [57] García-Del-Cura, M. Á., Benavente, D., Martínez- Martínez, J., & Cueto, N. (2012). Sedimentary struc- tures and physical properties of travertine and car- bonate tufa building stone. Construction and Building Materials, 28(1), 456–467. [CrossRef]
• [58] Wu, J., Feng, M., Mao, X., Xu, J., Zhang, W., Ni, X., & Han, G. (2018). Particle size distribution of aggregate effects on mechanical and structural properties of ce- mented rockfill: Experiments and modeling. Construc- tion and Building Materials, 193, 295–311. [CrossRef]
• [59] Afzal, M. T., & Khushnood, R. A. (2021). Influence of carbon nano fibers (CNF) on the performance of high strength concrete exposed to elevated tempera- tures. Construction and Building Materials, 268, Article 121108. [CrossRef]
• [60] Dehghanpour, H., Subasi, S., Guntepe, S., Emiroglu, M., & Marasli, M. (2022). Investigation of fracture me- chanics, physical and dynamic properties of UHPCs containing PVA, glass and steel fibers. Construction and Building Materials, 328, Article 127079. [CrossRef]
• [61] Sun, J., Lin, S., Zhang, G., Sun, Y., Zhang, J., Chen, C., Morsy A. M., & Wang, X. (2021). The effect of graph- ite and slag on electrical and mechanical properties of electrically conductive cementitious composites. Construction and Building Materials, 281, Article 122606. [CrossRef]
• [62] Dehghanpour, H., Doğan, F., & Yılmaz, K. (2022). Development of CNT–CF–Al2O3-CMC gel-based ce- mentitious repair composite. Journal of Building Engi- neering, 45(October 2021), 1–4. [CrossRef]
• [63] Rhee, I., Lee, J. S., Kim, J. H., & Kim, Y. A. (2017). Ther- mal performance, freeze-and-thaw resistance, and bond strength of cement mortar using rice husk-de- rived graphene. Construction and Building Materials, 146, 350–359. [CrossRef]
• [64] Wang, D., Wang, X., Ashour, A., Qiu, L., & Han, B. (2022). Compressive properties and underlying mech- anisms of nickel coated carbon nanotubes modified concrete. Construction and Building Materials, 319, Article 126133. [CrossRef]
• [65] Acharya, P. K., & Patro, S. K. (2016). Utilization of fer- rochrome wastes such as ferrochrome ash and ferro- chrome slag in concrete manufacturing. Waste Man- agement and Research, 34(8), 764–774. [CrossRef]
• [66] Lee, S.-J., You, I., Kim, S., Shin, H.-O., & Yoo, D.- Y. (2022). Self-sensing capacity of ultra-high-per- formance fiber-reinforced concrete containing conductive powders in tension. Cement and Con- crete Composites, 125, Article 104331. [CrossRef]
• [67] Doğan, F., Dehghanpour, H., Subaşi, S., & Maraş- li, M. (2022). Characterization of carbon fiber reinforced conductive mortars filled with recy- cled ferrochrome slag aggregates. Journal of Sus- tainable Construction Materials and Technologies, 7(3), 145–157. [CrossRef]
• [68] Islam, M. Z., Sohel, K. M. A., Al-Jabri, K., & Al Harthy, A. (2021). Properties of concrete with ferrochrome slag as a fine aggregate at elevated temperatures. Case Studies in Construction Materials, 15, e00599. [CrossRef]
• [69] Akarsh, P. K., Marathe, S., & Bhat, A. K. (2021). Influence of graphene oxide on properties of con- crete in the presence of silica fumes and M-sand. Construction and Building Materials, 268, Article 121093. [CrossRef]
• [70] Pan, D., Yaseen, S. A., Chen, K., Niu, D., Ying Leung, C. K., & Li, Z. (2021). Study of the influence of sea- water and sea sand on the mechanical and micro- structural properties of concrete. Journal of Building Engineering, 42, Article 103006. [CrossRef]
• [71] Dash, M. K., Patro, S. K., Acharya, P. K., & Dash, M. (2022). Impact of elevated temperature on strength and micro-structural properties of concrete con- taining water-cooled ferrochrome slag as fine ag- gregate. Construction and Building Materials, 323, Article 126542. [CrossRef]
• [72] Zhang, B., Zhu, H., Shah, K. W., Feng, P., & Dong, Z. (2021). Optimization of mix proportion of al- kali-activated slag mortars prepared with seawater and coral sand. Construction and Building Materials, 284, Article 122805. [CrossRef]
• [73] Li, C. (2021). Chloride permeability and chloride binding capacity of nano-modified concrete. Journal of Building Engineering, 41, Article 102419. [CrossRef]
• [74] Abedi, M., Fangueiro, R., Camões, A., & Gomes Correia, A. (2020). Evaluation of CNT/GNP's syner- gic effects on the Mechanical, Microstructural, and durability properties of a cementitious composite by the novel dispersion method. Construction and Building Materials, 260, Article 120486. [CrossRef]
• [75] Bostanci, L. (2020). Effect of waste glass powder ad- dition on properties of alkali-activated silica fume mortars. Journal of Building Engineering, 29, Article 101154. [CrossRef]