Research Article
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Production and characterization of heat retardant fiber-reinforced geopolymer plates

Year 2022, Volume: 7 Issue: 4, 282 - 290, 30.12.2022
https://doi.org/10.47481/jscmt.1197471

Abstract

This paper presents an alternative environment-friendly thermal insulation material for the construction industry. We aimed to produce this building material with superior heat resistance properties and comparable strength to the concrete produced with Ordinary Portland Cement. The primary purpose of the experimental studies is to produce a basic geopolymeric plate and to add cellubor and polypropylene fibers to the geopolymeric mortar. In the next stage, fiber-reinforced plates were prepared, thermal experiments were carried out, and discussions and conclusions were formed according to the results and findings. This study initially produced different types of fiber-based metakaolin plates with high heat resistance. Then, the flame test examined the heat resistance of the composite plates formed by the mixture of fibers consisting of cellubor, polypropylene, and cellubor + polypropylene fiber mixtures into geopolymeric mortars. It was found that the metakaolin plates containing approximately 6% by weight of Cellubor in the structure, besides their serious resistance to flame, their heat retardancy properties gave 72% better results than Kalekim (cementitious ceramic tile adhesive) plates and 55% better results than non-fiber metakaolin plates.

Supporting Institution

Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University, The Scientific Research Coordination Unit

Project Number

FYL-2019-3084

Thanks

This work was supported by Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University, The Scientific Research Coordination Unit, Project number: FYL-2019-3084.

References

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  • [2] Park, Y., Abolmaali, A., Kim, Y. H., & Ghahremannejad, M. (2016). Compressive strength of fly ashbased geopolymer concrete with crumb rubber partially replacing sand. Construction and Building Materials, 118, 43–51. [CrossRef]
  • [3] Davidovits, J. (1994). Global warming impact on the cement and aggregates industries. World resource review, 6(2), 263–278.
  • [4] Rashad, A. M., & Sadek, D. M. (2020). Behavior of alkali-activated slag pastes blended with waste rubber powder under the effect of freeze/thaw cycles and severe sulfate attack. Construction and Building Materials, 265, Article 120716. [CrossRef]
  • [5] Akbarnezhad, A., Huan, M., Mesgari, S., & Castel, A. (2015). Recycling of geopolymer concrete. Construction and Building Materials, 101, 152– 158. [CrossRef]
  • [6] Qiu, J., Ruan, S., Unluer, C., & Yang, E. H. (2019). Autogenous healing of fiber-reinforced reactive magnesia-based tensile strain-hardening composites. Cement and Concrete Research, 115, 401–413. [CrossRef]
  • [7] Teh, S. H., Wiedmann, T., Castel, A., & De Burgh, J. (2017). Hybrid life cycle assessment of greenhouse gas emissions from cement, concrete and geopolymer concrete in Australia. Journal of Cleaner Production, 152, 312–320. [CrossRef]
  • [8] Ruparathna, R., Hewage, K., & Sadiq, R. (2016). Improving the energy efficiency of the existing building stock: A critical review of commercial and institutional buildings. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 53, 1032–1045. [CrossRef]
  • [9] Rajendran, M., & Akasi, M. (2020). Performance of crumb rubber and nano fly ash based ferro-geopolymer panels under impact load. KSCE Journal of Civil Engineering, 24(6), 1810–1820. [CrossRef] [10] Tchadjie, L. N., & Ekolu, S. O. (2018). Enhancing the reactivity of aluminosilicate materials toward geopolymer synthesis. Journal of Materials Science, 53(7), 4709–4733. [CrossRef]
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  • [12] Prakasan, S., Palaniappan, S., & Gettu, R. (2020). Study of energy use and CO2 emissions in the manufacturing of clinker and cement. Journal of The Institution of Engineers (India): Series A, 101(1), 221– 232. [CrossRef]
  • [13] Krivenko, P. (2017). Why alkaline activation–60 years of the theory and practice of alkali-activated materials. Journal of Ceramic Science and Technology, 8(3), 323–333.
  • [14] Yeddula, B. S. R., & Karthiyaini, S. (2020). Experimental investigations and prediction of thermal behaviour of ferrosialate-based geopolymer mortars. Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering, 45(5), 3937–3958. [CrossRef]
  • [15] Davidovits, J. (1988). Geopolymer Chemistry and properties. Proceedings of the geopolymer '88 first international conference on soft mineralurgy (pp. 25–48). Geopolymere.
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  • [17] Luhar, S., Chaudhary, S., & Luhar, I. (2019). Development of rubberized geopolymer concrete: Strength and durability studies. Construction and Building Materials, 204(3), 740–753. [CrossRef]
  • [18] Amran, Y. M., Alyousef, R., Alabduljabbar, H., & El-Zeadani, M. (2020). Clean production and properties of geopolymer concrete; A review. Journal of Cleaner Production, 251, Article 119679. [CrossRef]
  • [19] Zaetang, Y., Wongsa, A., Chindaprasirt, P., & Sata, V. (2019). Utilization of crumb rubber As aggregate in high calcium fly ash geopolymer mortars. International Journal of Geotechnique, Construction Materials and Environment, 17(64), 158–165. [CrossRef]
  • [20] Li, Z., Ding, Z., & Zhang, Y. (2004). Development of sustainable cementitious materials. In K. Wang (Ed.), Proceeding of the International Workshop Sustainable Development Concrete Technology (pp. 55–76). Center for Transportation Research and Education.
  • [21] Duxson, P., Provis, J. L., Lukey, G. C., & Van Deventer, J. S. (2007). The role of inorganic polymer technology in the development of ‘Green Concrete’. Cement and Concrete Research, 37(12), 1590–1597. [CrossRef]
  • [22] Łach, M., Mikuła, J., Lin, W. T., Bazan, P., Figiela, B., & Korniejenko, K. (2020). Development and characterization of thermal insulation geopolymer foams based on fly ash. Proceedings of Engineering and Technology Innovation, 16, 23–29. [CrossRef]
  • [23] Ding, Y., Dai, J. G., & Shi, C. J. (2016). Mechanical properties of alkali-activated concrete: A state-ofthe-art review. Construction and Building Materials, 127, 68–79. [CrossRef]
  • [24] Ding, Y., Dai, J. G., & Shi, C. J. (2018). Fracture properties of alkali-activated slag and ordinary Portland cement concrete and mortar. Construction and Building Materials, 165(3), 310–320. [CrossRef]
  • [25] Wang, Y. S., Provis, J. L., & Dai, J. G. (2018). Role of soluble aluminum species in the activating solution for synthesis of silico-aluminophosphate geopolymers. Cement and Concrete Composites, 93, 186– 195. [CrossRef]
  • [26] Wang, Y. S., Alrefaei, Y., & Dai, J. G. (2020). Influence of coal fly ash on the early performance enhancement and formation mechanisms of silico-aluminophosphate geopolymer. Cement and Concrete Research, 127, Article 105932. [CrossRef]
  • [27] Alrefaei, Y., Wang, Y. S., & Dai, J. G. (2019). The effectiveness of different superplasticizers in ambient cured one-part alkali activated pastes. Cement and Concrete Composites, 97, 166–174. [CrossRef]
  • [28] Azmi, A. A., Al Bakri, A. M., Ghazali, C. M. R., Sandu, A. V., Kamarudin, H., & Sumarto, D. A. (2016). A review on fly ash based geopolymer rubberized concrete. Key Engineering Materials, 700, 183–196. [CrossRef]
  • [29] Song, X.J., Marosszeky, M., Brungs, M., & Munn, R. (2005). Durability of fly ash based geopolymer concrete against chloride and sulphuric acid attack. 10DBMC International Conference of Durability of Building Material Components, Lyon, France, 1507– 1510.
  • [30] Deb, P. S., Sarker, P. K., & Barbhuiya, S. (2016). Sorptivity and acid resistance of ambient-cured geopolymer mortars containing nano-silica. Cement and Concrete Composites, 72, 235–245. [CrossRef]
  • [31] Aziz, I. H., Abdullah, M. M. A. B., Yong, H. C., Ming, L. Y., Hussin, K., Kadir A. A., & Azimi, E. A. (2016). Manufacturing of fire resistance geopolymer: A review. MATEC Web Conferences, 78, Article 01023. [CrossRef]
  • [32] Bakri, A. M., Kamarudin, H., Binhussain, M., Nizar, I. K., Rafiza, A. R., & Zarina, Y. (2013). Comparison of geopolymer fly ash and ordinary portland cement to the strength of concrete. Advanced Science Letters, 19(12), 3592–3595. [CrossRef]
  • [33] Rosenberger, R.K. (2018). Behavior of reinforced crumb rubber ordinary portland cement and geopolymer concrete beams. UNSW Canberra ADFA, Journal of Undergraduate Engineering Research, 11, 1–25.
  • [34] Ahmad, M.R., Chen, B., & Shah, S.F.A. (2019). Investigate the influence of expanded clay aggregate and silica fume on the properties of lightweight concrete. Construction Building Materials, 220, 253– 266. [CrossRef]
  • [35] Hýsek, Š., Frydrych, M., Herclík, M., Louda, P., Fridrichová, L., Le Van, S., & Le Chi, H. (2019). Fire-resistant sandwich-structured composite material based on alternative materials and its physical and mechanical properties. Materials, 12(9), Article 1432. [CrossRef]
  • [36] Le, V. S., Louda, P., Tran, H. N., Nguyen, P. D., Bakalova, T., Ewa Buczkowska, K., & Dufkova, I. (2020). Study on temperature-dependent properties and fire resistance of metakaolin-based geopolymer foams. Polymers, 12(12), Article 2994. [CrossRef]
  • [37] Mikuła, J., & Łach, M. (2007). Geopolymers—A new environment friendly alternative to concrete based on portland cement, Part 1— Introduction. In: Mikuła J, (Ed.). Pro-Ecological Solutions in the Field of Production. Modern Environmentally Friendly Composite Materials. Cracow University of Technology. (1), pp. 13–179.
  • [38] Łach, M., Korniejenko, K., & Mikuła, J. (2016). Thermal insulation and thermally resistant materials made of geopolymer foams. Procedia Engineering, 151, 410–416. [CrossRef]
  • [39] Shill, S. K., Al-Deen, S., Ashraf, M., & Hutchison, W. (2020). Resistance of fly ash based geopolymer mortar to both chemicals and high thermal cycles simultaneously. Construction and Building Materials, 239, Article 117886. [CrossRef]
  • [40] Sotelo-Pina, C., Aguilera-Gonzalez, E. N., & Martinez-Luevanos, A. (2019). Geopolymers: Past, Present and Future of Low Carbon Footprint Eco-materials. In L. M. T. Martínez, O. V. Kharissowa, & B. I. Kharisov (Eds.), Handbook of Ecomaterials (pp. 2765–2785). Springer. [CrossRef]
  • [41] Korniejenko, K., Frączek, E., Pytlak, E., & Adamski, M. (2016). Mechanical properties of geopolymer composites reinforced with natural fibers. Procedia Engineering, 151, 388–393.
  • [42] Ranjbar, N., & Zhang, M. (2020). Fiber-reinforced geopolymer composites: A review. Cement and Concrete Composites, 107(1), Article 103498. [CrossRef]
  • [43] Korniejenko, K., Lin, W. T., & Šimonová, H. (2020). Mechanical properties of short polymer fiber-reinforced geopolymer composites. Journal of Composites Science, 4(3), Article 128.
  • [44] Silva, F. J., & Thaumaturgo, C. (2003). Fibre reinforcement and fracture response in geopolymortars. Fatigue & Fracture of Engineering Materials & Structures, 26(2), 167–172. [CrossRef]
  • [45] Nawaz, M., Heitor, A., & Sivakumar, M. (2020). Geopolymers in construction-recent developments. Construction and Building Materials, 260(9), Article 120472. [CrossRef]
  • [46] Branston, J., Das, S., Kenno, S. Y., & Taylor, C. (2016). Mechanical behaviour of basalt fibre reinforced concrete. Construction and Building Materials, 124, 878–886. [CrossRef]
  • [47] Morgul, O. K., and Dal, H. (2016). Using of celluBOR on noise enclosures. Proceedings of 2016 Fourth International Conference on Advances in Civil, Structural and Mechanical Engineering, 46–49.
  • [48] Temuujin, J., Rickard, W., Lee, M., & Van Riessen, A. (2011). Preparation and thermal properties of fire resistant metakaolin-based geopolymer-type coatings. Journal of non-crystalline solids, 357(5), 1399–1404. [CrossRef]
Year 2022, Volume: 7 Issue: 4, 282 - 290, 30.12.2022
https://doi.org/10.47481/jscmt.1197471

Abstract

Project Number

FYL-2019-3084

References

  • [1] Aly, A. M., El-Feky, M. S., Kohail, M., & Nasr, E. S. A. (2019). Performance of geopolymer concrete containing recycled rubber. Construction and Building Materials, 207, 136–144. [CrossRef]
  • [2] Park, Y., Abolmaali, A., Kim, Y. H., & Ghahremannejad, M. (2016). Compressive strength of fly ashbased geopolymer concrete with crumb rubber partially replacing sand. Construction and Building Materials, 118, 43–51. [CrossRef]
  • [3] Davidovits, J. (1994). Global warming impact on the cement and aggregates industries. World resource review, 6(2), 263–278.
  • [4] Rashad, A. M., & Sadek, D. M. (2020). Behavior of alkali-activated slag pastes blended with waste rubber powder under the effect of freeze/thaw cycles and severe sulfate attack. Construction and Building Materials, 265, Article 120716. [CrossRef]
  • [5] Akbarnezhad, A., Huan, M., Mesgari, S., & Castel, A. (2015). Recycling of geopolymer concrete. Construction and Building Materials, 101, 152– 158. [CrossRef]
  • [6] Qiu, J., Ruan, S., Unluer, C., & Yang, E. H. (2019). Autogenous healing of fiber-reinforced reactive magnesia-based tensile strain-hardening composites. Cement and Concrete Research, 115, 401–413. [CrossRef]
  • [7] Teh, S. H., Wiedmann, T., Castel, A., & De Burgh, J. (2017). Hybrid life cycle assessment of greenhouse gas emissions from cement, concrete and geopolymer concrete in Australia. Journal of Cleaner Production, 152, 312–320. [CrossRef]
  • [8] Ruparathna, R., Hewage, K., & Sadiq, R. (2016). Improving the energy efficiency of the existing building stock: A critical review of commercial and institutional buildings. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 53, 1032–1045. [CrossRef]
  • [9] Rajendran, M., & Akasi, M. (2020). Performance of crumb rubber and nano fly ash based ferro-geopolymer panels under impact load. KSCE Journal of Civil Engineering, 24(6), 1810–1820. [CrossRef] [10] Tchadjie, L. N., & Ekolu, S. O. (2018). Enhancing the reactivity of aluminosilicate materials toward geopolymer synthesis. Journal of Materials Science, 53(7), 4709–4733. [CrossRef]
  • [11] Turner, L. K., & Collins, F. G. (2013). Carbon dioxide equivalent (CO2 -e) emissions: A comparison between geopolymer and OPC cement concrete. Construction and Building Materials, 43(6), 125– 130. [CrossRef]
  • [12] Prakasan, S., Palaniappan, S., & Gettu, R. (2020). Study of energy use and CO2 emissions in the manufacturing of clinker and cement. Journal of The Institution of Engineers (India): Series A, 101(1), 221– 232. [CrossRef]
  • [13] Krivenko, P. (2017). Why alkaline activation–60 years of the theory and practice of alkali-activated materials. Journal of Ceramic Science and Technology, 8(3), 323–333.
  • [14] Yeddula, B. S. R., & Karthiyaini, S. (2020). Experimental investigations and prediction of thermal behaviour of ferrosialate-based geopolymer mortars. Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering, 45(5), 3937–3958. [CrossRef]
  • [15] Davidovits, J. (1988). Geopolymer Chemistry and properties. Proceedings of the geopolymer '88 first international conference on soft mineralurgy (pp. 25–48). Geopolymere.
  • [16] Davidovits, J. (1988) Geopolymers of the first generation: SILIFACE-process. Proceedings of the geopolymer '88 first international conference on soft mineralurgy (pp. 49–67). Geopolymere.
  • [17] Luhar, S., Chaudhary, S., & Luhar, I. (2019). Development of rubberized geopolymer concrete: Strength and durability studies. Construction and Building Materials, 204(3), 740–753. [CrossRef]
  • [18] Amran, Y. M., Alyousef, R., Alabduljabbar, H., & El-Zeadani, M. (2020). Clean production and properties of geopolymer concrete; A review. Journal of Cleaner Production, 251, Article 119679. [CrossRef]
  • [19] Zaetang, Y., Wongsa, A., Chindaprasirt, P., & Sata, V. (2019). Utilization of crumb rubber As aggregate in high calcium fly ash geopolymer mortars. International Journal of Geotechnique, Construction Materials and Environment, 17(64), 158–165. [CrossRef]
  • [20] Li, Z., Ding, Z., & Zhang, Y. (2004). Development of sustainable cementitious materials. In K. Wang (Ed.), Proceeding of the International Workshop Sustainable Development Concrete Technology (pp. 55–76). Center for Transportation Research and Education.
  • [21] Duxson, P., Provis, J. L., Lukey, G. C., & Van Deventer, J. S. (2007). The role of inorganic polymer technology in the development of ‘Green Concrete’. Cement and Concrete Research, 37(12), 1590–1597. [CrossRef]
  • [22] Łach, M., Mikuła, J., Lin, W. T., Bazan, P., Figiela, B., & Korniejenko, K. (2020). Development and characterization of thermal insulation geopolymer foams based on fly ash. Proceedings of Engineering and Technology Innovation, 16, 23–29. [CrossRef]
  • [23] Ding, Y., Dai, J. G., & Shi, C. J. (2016). Mechanical properties of alkali-activated concrete: A state-ofthe-art review. Construction and Building Materials, 127, 68–79. [CrossRef]
  • [24] Ding, Y., Dai, J. G., & Shi, C. J. (2018). Fracture properties of alkali-activated slag and ordinary Portland cement concrete and mortar. Construction and Building Materials, 165(3), 310–320. [CrossRef]
  • [25] Wang, Y. S., Provis, J. L., & Dai, J. G. (2018). Role of soluble aluminum species in the activating solution for synthesis of silico-aluminophosphate geopolymers. Cement and Concrete Composites, 93, 186– 195. [CrossRef]
  • [26] Wang, Y. S., Alrefaei, Y., & Dai, J. G. (2020). Influence of coal fly ash on the early performance enhancement and formation mechanisms of silico-aluminophosphate geopolymer. Cement and Concrete Research, 127, Article 105932. [CrossRef]
  • [27] Alrefaei, Y., Wang, Y. S., & Dai, J. G. (2019). The effectiveness of different superplasticizers in ambient cured one-part alkali activated pastes. Cement and Concrete Composites, 97, 166–174. [CrossRef]
  • [28] Azmi, A. A., Al Bakri, A. M., Ghazali, C. M. R., Sandu, A. V., Kamarudin, H., & Sumarto, D. A. (2016). A review on fly ash based geopolymer rubberized concrete. Key Engineering Materials, 700, 183–196. [CrossRef]
  • [29] Song, X.J., Marosszeky, M., Brungs, M., & Munn, R. (2005). Durability of fly ash based geopolymer concrete against chloride and sulphuric acid attack. 10DBMC International Conference of Durability of Building Material Components, Lyon, France, 1507– 1510.
  • [30] Deb, P. S., Sarker, P. K., & Barbhuiya, S. (2016). Sorptivity and acid resistance of ambient-cured geopolymer mortars containing nano-silica. Cement and Concrete Composites, 72, 235–245. [CrossRef]
  • [31] Aziz, I. H., Abdullah, M. M. A. B., Yong, H. C., Ming, L. Y., Hussin, K., Kadir A. A., & Azimi, E. A. (2016). Manufacturing of fire resistance geopolymer: A review. MATEC Web Conferences, 78, Article 01023. [CrossRef]
  • [32] Bakri, A. M., Kamarudin, H., Binhussain, M., Nizar, I. K., Rafiza, A. R., & Zarina, Y. (2013). Comparison of geopolymer fly ash and ordinary portland cement to the strength of concrete. Advanced Science Letters, 19(12), 3592–3595. [CrossRef]
  • [33] Rosenberger, R.K. (2018). Behavior of reinforced crumb rubber ordinary portland cement and geopolymer concrete beams. UNSW Canberra ADFA, Journal of Undergraduate Engineering Research, 11, 1–25.
  • [34] Ahmad, M.R., Chen, B., & Shah, S.F.A. (2019). Investigate the influence of expanded clay aggregate and silica fume on the properties of lightweight concrete. Construction Building Materials, 220, 253– 266. [CrossRef]
  • [35] Hýsek, Š., Frydrych, M., Herclík, M., Louda, P., Fridrichová, L., Le Van, S., & Le Chi, H. (2019). Fire-resistant sandwich-structured composite material based on alternative materials and its physical and mechanical properties. Materials, 12(9), Article 1432. [CrossRef]
  • [36] Le, V. S., Louda, P., Tran, H. N., Nguyen, P. D., Bakalova, T., Ewa Buczkowska, K., & Dufkova, I. (2020). Study on temperature-dependent properties and fire resistance of metakaolin-based geopolymer foams. Polymers, 12(12), Article 2994. [CrossRef]
  • [37] Mikuła, J., & Łach, M. (2007). Geopolymers—A new environment friendly alternative to concrete based on portland cement, Part 1— Introduction. In: Mikuła J, (Ed.). Pro-Ecological Solutions in the Field of Production. Modern Environmentally Friendly Composite Materials. Cracow University of Technology. (1), pp. 13–179.
  • [38] Łach, M., Korniejenko, K., & Mikuła, J. (2016). Thermal insulation and thermally resistant materials made of geopolymer foams. Procedia Engineering, 151, 410–416. [CrossRef]
  • [39] Shill, S. K., Al-Deen, S., Ashraf, M., & Hutchison, W. (2020). Resistance of fly ash based geopolymer mortar to both chemicals and high thermal cycles simultaneously. Construction and Building Materials, 239, Article 117886. [CrossRef]
  • [40] Sotelo-Pina, C., Aguilera-Gonzalez, E. N., & Martinez-Luevanos, A. (2019). Geopolymers: Past, Present and Future of Low Carbon Footprint Eco-materials. In L. M. T. Martínez, O. V. Kharissowa, & B. I. Kharisov (Eds.), Handbook of Ecomaterials (pp. 2765–2785). Springer. [CrossRef]
  • [41] Korniejenko, K., Frączek, E., Pytlak, E., & Adamski, M. (2016). Mechanical properties of geopolymer composites reinforced with natural fibers. Procedia Engineering, 151, 388–393.
  • [42] Ranjbar, N., & Zhang, M. (2020). Fiber-reinforced geopolymer composites: A review. Cement and Concrete Composites, 107(1), Article 103498. [CrossRef]
  • [43] Korniejenko, K., Lin, W. T., & Šimonová, H. (2020). Mechanical properties of short polymer fiber-reinforced geopolymer composites. Journal of Composites Science, 4(3), Article 128.
  • [44] Silva, F. J., & Thaumaturgo, C. (2003). Fibre reinforcement and fracture response in geopolymortars. Fatigue & Fracture of Engineering Materials & Structures, 26(2), 167–172. [CrossRef]
  • [45] Nawaz, M., Heitor, A., & Sivakumar, M. (2020). Geopolymers in construction-recent developments. Construction and Building Materials, 260(9), Article 120472. [CrossRef]
  • [46] Branston, J., Das, S., Kenno, S. Y., & Taylor, C. (2016). Mechanical behaviour of basalt fibre reinforced concrete. Construction and Building Materials, 124, 878–886. [CrossRef]
  • [47] Morgul, O. K., and Dal, H. (2016). Using of celluBOR on noise enclosures. Proceedings of 2016 Fourth International Conference on Advances in Civil, Structural and Mechanical Engineering, 46–49.
  • [48] Temuujin, J., Rickard, W., Lee, M., & Van Riessen, A. (2011). Preparation and thermal properties of fire resistant metakaolin-based geopolymer-type coatings. Journal of non-crystalline solids, 357(5), 1399–1404. [CrossRef]
There are 47 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Material Production Technologies
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Türkan Gezer 0000-0001-7097-5194

Gürkan Akarken 0000-0002-9265-5156

Uğur Cengiz 0000-0002-0400-3351

Project Number FYL-2019-3084
Publication Date December 30, 2022
Submission Date November 1, 2022
Acceptance Date November 22, 2022
Published in Issue Year 2022 Volume: 7 Issue: 4

Cite

APA Gezer, T., Akarken, G., & Cengiz, U. (2022). Production and characterization of heat retardant fiber-reinforced geopolymer plates. Journal of Sustainable Construction Materials and Technologies, 7(4), 282-290. https://doi.org/10.47481/jscmt.1197471

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