Effects of Bamboo Leaf Ash on Alkali-Silica Reaction in Concrete

Year 2023, Volume: 8 Issue: 2, 78 - 88, 08.07.2023

Catherine Mayowa Ikumapayı Oluwaseun Jegede

https://doi.org/10.47481/jscmt.1285384

Abstract

The construction industry is generally faced with so many challenges of which deterioration in concrete structures caused by Alkali-silica reaction (ASR) is one of the pressing challenges. This reaction induces expansion in concrete, resulting in its eventual cracking and subsequent failure. Research direction is being geared towards obtaining properties of pozzolanic concrete of recently discovered different biogenic pozzolans such as bamboo leaf ash (BLA). BLA has been proven to be acceptable in terms of compressive strength and some other properties but few researches have been performed on the impacts of ASR on BLA concrete structures. This research work focuses on investigating the properties of BLA through X-ray diffraction and fluorescence analyses, and its effectiveness in resisting or eliminating ASR that may be present in concrete. Tests were performed on concrete bars soaked in NaOH at a temperature of 80 oC to determine the possible reactivity of aggregates to ASR. In addition, workability and the compressive strengths of BLA concrete at different percentage levels were determined after curing for 7, 28 and 56 days. The findings of the research show that BLA improves the workability of fresh concrete, however, it causes a decline in the compressive strength of concrete when compared with the strength of conventional concrete. Also, BLA has no detrimental effect on the linear expansion of concrete. This study recommends that a 5% partial replacement of cement with BLA will give effective performance when used in areas where strength is not the major priority.
Alkali-silica reaction, bamboo leaf ash, compressive strength, concrete, construction, linear expansion, pozzolans

Keywords

Alkali-silica reaction, bamboo leaf ash, compressive strength, concrete, construction, linear expansion

References

• 1. Saha A. K., Khan M. N. N., Sarker P. K., Shaikh F. A., & Pramanik A. (2018). The ASR mechanism of reactive aggregates in concrete and its mitigation by fly ash: A critical review. Construction and Building Materials, 171, 743-758. [CrossRef]
• 2. Parmar, H. S., Gupta, T., & Sharma, R. K. (2019). A critical review on mitigation of alkali-silica reaction in concrete. International Journal of Engineering Science Invention, 8(2), 34-40.
• 3. Ghafoori, N., Kian, A., Hasnat, A., & Tat, S. (2019). Comparison of industrial and natural pozzolans for ASR mitigation. Fifth International Conference on Sustainable Construction Materials and Technologies, Kingston University London, UK, 14-17 July 2019.
• 4. Attoh-Okine, N., & Atique, F. (2006). Service life assessment of concrete with ASR and possible mitigation. Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering College of Engineering University of Delaware. https://bpb-us-w2.wpmucdn.com/sites. udel.edu/dist/1/1139/files/2013/10/Rpt.-172-Ser- vice-Life-Assessment-14fznsn.pdf.
• 5. Fanijo, E. O., Kolawole, J. T., & Almakrab, A. (2021). Alkali-silica reaction (ASR) in concrete structures: Mechanisms, effects and evaluation test methods adopted in the United States. Case Studies in Construction Materials, 15, Article e00563. [CrossRef]
• 6. Touma, W., Fowler, D., & Carrasquillo, R. (2001). Alkali-silica reaction in Portland cement concrete: Testing methods and mitigation alternatives. International Center for Aggregates Research the University of Texas at Austin. https://repositories.lib.utexas. edu/bitstream/handle/2152/35397/301-1F.pdf ?se- quence=2.
• 7. Adams, M.P. (2012). Alkali-silica reaction in concrete containing recycled concrete aggregates. Published Master of Science Thesis, Oregon State University..
• 8. Ramasamy, U. (2014). Alkali-silica reaction resistant concrete using pumice blended cement. Published Doctor of Philosophy Thesis, University of Utah Graduate School.
• 9. Schwing, K. (2010). Use of fly ash in the mitigation of alkali-silica reaction in concrete. Published Master of Science Thesis, Oregon State University.
• 10. Kreitman, K. (2011). Nondestructive evaluation of reinforced concrete structures affected by alkali-silica reaction and delayed ettringite formation. Published Master of Science Thesis, University of Texas at Austin..
• 11. Carles-Gibergues, A., Cyr, M., Moisson, M., & Ringot, E. (2007). A simple way to mitigate alkali-silica reaction. Materials and Structures, 41(1), 73-83. [CrossRef]
• 12. Federal Highway Administration. (2007). The use of lithium to prevent or mitigate alkali-silica reaction in concrete pavements and structures. https://www. fhwa.dot.gov/publications/research/infrastructure/ pavements/concrete/06133/06133.pdf.
• 13. Aquino, W., Lange, D. A., & Olek, J. (2001). The in- fluence of metakaolin and silica fume on the chemistry of alkali-silica reaction products. Cement and Concrete Composites, 23(6), 485-493. [CrossRef]
• 14. American Concrete Institute. (2012). Report on the use of raw or processed natural pozzolans in concrete. Farmington Hills: United States of America. https://www.concrete.org/Portals/0/Files/PDF/Pre- views/232.1R-12web.pdf.
• 15. Itskos, G., Itskos, S., & Koukouzas, N. (2010). Size fraction characterization of highly-calcareous fly ash. Fuel Processing Technology, 91(11), 1558-1563. [CrossRef]
• 16. Seco, A., Ramirez, F., Miqueleiz, L., Urmeneta, P., Garcia, B., Prieto, E., & Oroz, V. (2012). Types of waste for the production of pozzolanic materials – a review. Industrial Waste. Prof. Kuan-Yeow Show (Ed.). http://www.intechopen.com/books/industri- al-waste/sustainableconstruction-with-pozzolanic-industrial-waste-a-review. [CrossRef]
• 17. Setina, J., Gabrene, A., & Juhnevica, I. (2013). Effect of pozzolanic additives on structures and chemical durability of concrete. 11th International Conference on Modern Building Materials, Structures and Techniques (MBMST). Procedia Engineering, 57, 1005- 1012. [CrossRef]
• 18. Silva, L. H. P., Tamashiro, J. R., de Paiva, F. F. G., dos Santos, L. F., Teixeira, S. R., Kinoshita, A., & Antunes, P. A. (2021). Bamboo leaf ash for use as mineral addition with Portland cement. Journal of Building Engineering, 42, Article 102769. [CrossRef]
• 19. Sabir, B. B., Wild, S., & Bai, J. (2001). Metakaolin and calcined clays as pozzolans for concrete: a review. Ce- ment and Concrete Composites, 23(6), 441-454. [CrossRef]
• 20. Goguen, C. (2014). Concrete Bleeding. https://pre- cast.org/2014/09/concrete bleeding.
• 21. Ramjan, S., Tangchirapat, W., Jaturapitakkul, C., Chee Ban, C., Jitsangiam, P., & Suwan, T. (2021). Influence of cement replacement with fly ash and ground sand with different fineness on alkali-silica reaction of mortar. Materials, 14(6), Article 1528. [CrossRef]
• 22. Tapas, M.J., Thomas, P., Vessalas, K., & Sirivivat- nanon, V. (2022). Mechanisms of alkali-silica reaction mitigation in AMBT conditions: comparative study of traditional supplementary cementitious materials. Journals of Materials in Civil Engineering, 34(3), 1-16. [CrossRef]
• 23. Menendez, E., Sanjuan, M. A., Garcia-Roves, R., Ar- giz, C., & Recino, H. (2021). Durability of blended cements made with reactive aggregates. Materials, 14(11), Article 2948. [CrossRef]
• 24. Wen, J., Dong, J., Chang, C., Xiao, X., & Zheng, W. (2022). Alkali-silica activity and inhibition measures of concrete aggregate in northwest China. Crystals, 12(7), 1013. [CrossRef]
• 25. Nagrockiene, D., Rutkauskas, A., Pundiene, I., & Girniene, I. (2019). The effect of silica fume addition on the resistance of concrete to alkali silica reaction. IOP Conf Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 660(1), Article 012031. [CrossRef]
• 26. Zapala-Slaweta, J. (2017). Alkali silica reaction in the presence of metakaolin – the significant role of calcium hydroxide. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 245(2), Article 022020. [CrossRef]
• 27. Prinsloo, G., Pourbehi, M. S., & Babafemi, A.J. (2022). Towards understanding the influence of metakaolin in the prevention of alkali-silica reaction. MATEC Web of Conferences, 364, Article 02007. [CrossRef]
• 28. Bakera, A. T., & Alexander, M. G. (2019). Use of me- takaolin as a supplementary cementitious material in concrete, with a focus on durability properties. RILEM Technical Letters, 4, 89-102. [CrossRef]
• 29. Hadi, N. A. R. A. (2016). Utilization of metakaolin as an inhibitor of alkali silica reaction in cement mortars containing chert and silicified limestone aggregates. Civil and Environment Research, 8(2), 69-79.
• 30. Paul, S. C., Mbewe, P. B. K., Kong, S. Y. & Savija, B. (2019). Agricultural solid waste as source of supplementary cementitious materials in developing countries. Materials 12(7), Article 1112. [CrossRef]
• 31. Umoh, A. A. & Ujene, A.O. (2012). Empirical study on effect of bamboo leaf ash on concrete. Journal of Engineering and Technology, 5(2), 71-82.
• 32. Olaniyi, A., Olubunmi, O. K., & Olugbenga, A. (2018). Durability of bamboo leaf ash blended cement concrete. International Journal of Agriculture, Environment and Bioresearch, 3(5), 55-72.
• 33. Zareei, S. A., Ameri, F., Dorostkar, F. & Ahmadi, M. (2017). Rice husk ash as a partial replacement of cement in high strength concrete containing micro silica: evaluating durability and mechanical properties. Case Studies in Construction Materials, 7, 73-81. [CrossRef]
• 34. Ahsan, M. B. and Hossain, Z. (2018). Supplemental use of rice husk ash (RHA) as a cementitious material in concrete industry. Construction and Building Materials, 178, 1–9. [CrossRef]
• 35. Le, H. T., Siewert, K., & Ludwig H. M. (2018). Alkali silica reaction in mortar formulated from self-compacting high performance concrete containing rice husk ash. Construction and Building Materials, 88, 10-19. [CrossRef]
• 36. Langaro, E. A., Santos, C. A., Medeiros, M. H. F., Jesus, D. S., & Pereira, E. (2021). Rice husk ash as supplementary cementitious material to inhibit alkali-silica reaction in mortars. Revista IBRACON Estruturas Materiais, 14(4), 1-14. [CrossRef]
• 37. Ikumapayi, C. M. (2016). Crystal and microstructure analysis of pozzolanic properties of bamboo leaf ash and locust bean pod ash blended cement concrete. Journal of Applied Sciences and Environmental Management 20(4), 943-952. [CrossRef]
• 38. ASTM. (2020). C 136/C136M-19 standard test method for sieve analysis of fine and coarse aggregates. United States of America: ASTM International.
• 39. BS. (1990). 812-109:1990 testing aggregates – Part 110: methods of determination of moisture content.
• 40. BS. (1990). 812-110:1990 Testing aggregates – Part 110: Methods of determination of aggregate crushing value (ACV).
• 41. BS. (1990). 812-112:1990 Testing aggregates – Part 112: Methods of determination of aggregate impact value (AIV).
• 42. BS EN. (2006). 206-1 Concrete complementary British standard, part 1 – Method of specifying and guidance for specifier. European Standard published by BSI.
• 43. ASTM. (2022). C 43-22 Standard test method for determining the potential alkali-silica reactivity of combinations of cementitious materials and aggregates. United States of America: ASTM International.
• 44. ASTM. (2021). C 490-21 standard practice for use of apparatus for the determination of length change of hardened cement paste, mortar and concrete. United States of America: ASTM International.
• 45. ASTM. (2018). D 2487-17 Standard practice for classification of soils for engineering purposes (unified soil classification system). United States of America: ASTM International.
• 46. ASTM. (2014). D 854-14 standard test methods for specific gravity of soil solids by water pycnometer. United States of America: ASTM International.
• 47. Olutaiwo, A. O., Ashamo, A. A., & Adanikin, A. (2018). Mechanical strength determination of crushed stone aggregate fraction for road pavement construction (Case Study: Selected Quarries in Western Nigeria). 1st FUOYE International Engineering Conference, 406-416.
• 48. ASTM. (2022). C 618-22 Standard specification for coal fly ash and raw or calcined natural pozzolan for use in concrete. United States of America: ASTM International.
• 49. Tang, V. L., Nguyen, T. C., Ngo, X. H., Dang, V. P., Bulgakov, B., & Bazhenova, S. (2018). Effects of natural pozzolan on strength and temperature distribution of heavyweight concrete at early ages. MATEC Web of Conferences, 193, 1-11. [CrossRef]
• 50. Odeyemi, S. O., Atoyebi, O. D., Kegbeyale, O. S., An- ifowose, M. A., Odeyemi, O. T., Adeniyi, A. G., & Orisadare, O. A. (2022). Mechanical properties and microstructure of high-performance concrete with bamboo leaf ash as additive. Cleaner Engineering and Technology, 6, Article 100352. [CrossRef]
• 51. Ayanlere, S. A., Ajamu, S. O., Odeyemi, S. O., Ajayi, O. E., & Kareem, M. A. (2023). Effects of water-cement ratio on bond strength of concrete. Materials Today Proceedings, 86, 134-139. [CrossRef]
• 52. Olofintuyi, I. O., Oluborode, K. D., & Adegbite, I. (2015). Structural value of bamboo leaf ash as a pozzolanic material in a blended Portland cement. International Journal of Engineering Sciences & Research Technology, 4(9), 171-177.
• 53. Olutoge, F. A., & Oladunmoye, O. M. (2017). Bamboo leaf ash as supplementary cementitious material. American Journal of Engineering Research (AJER), 6(6), 1-8.
• 54. Abebaw, G., Bewket, B., & Getahun, S. (2021). Experimental investigation on effect of partial replacement of cement with bamboo leaf ash on concrete property. Hindawi: Advances in Civil Engineering, Article 6468444.
• 55. Chavhan, V., Bhure, V., Nagpure, V., Raut, T., Wat- kar, V., & Rhandarkar, K. (2022). Experimental investigation on concrete with bamboo leaf ash. International Research Journal of Modernization in Engineering, Technology and Science, 4(5), 643-648.
• 56. Nduka, D. O., Olawuyi, B. J., Ajao, A. M., & Okoye, V. C. (2022). Mechanical and durability property dimensions of sustainable bamboo leaf ash in high-performance concrete. Cleaner Engineering and Technology, 11, Article 100583. [CrossRef]