Chemical structure and characterization of bio-oils isolated from walnut shells by different processes

Year 2024, Issue: 057, 144 - 152, 30.06.2024

Yunus Başar , Mehmet Salih Nas , Mehmet Hakkı Alma , İbrahim Demirtaş , Mehmet Harbi Çalımlı

https://doi.org/10.59313/jsr-a.1433854

Abstract

In this study, content analyses of the products obtained by pyrolysis and extraction of walnut shells were performed with some advanced analytical methods such as GS-MS, LC/MS-MS, and FTIR. In LC-MS/MS analyses. The presence of phenolic compounds in the pyrolysis liquid and extract liquid of walnut shells was determined using 41 standards. The obtained LC-MS/MS analysis results were compared, and it was found that the type and amount of phenolic compounds in the extracted liquid were more than the type and amount of phenolic compounds in the pyrolysis liquid. As a result of 41 phenolic standards investigations, the presence of a total of 10 phenolic compounds in liquids was detected and 2 of these compounds were detected in the pyrolysis liquid and 8 in the extracted liquid. As phenolic compounds, catechin (770.75 µg/g extract), hydroxy benzaldehyde (140.78 µg/g extract), and vanillic acid (114.95 µg/g compounds) were detected in the walnut extract. The existence of the compounds was supported by FTIR analyses of liquids obtained as a result of two different processes. By GC-MS analysis, linoleic acid methyl ester (44.01%), stearic acid methyl ester (14.93%), palmitic acid methyl ester (24.67%), linolenic acid and methyl ester compounds were detected in walnut shell extract liquid. GC-MS analysis of the pyrolysis liquid showed that compounds such as stearic acid methyl ester (18.97%), palmitic acid methyl ester (18.10%), o-xylene (12.17%), and o-ethyl toluene (8.14%) were formed as a result of pyrolysis. The findings revealed that walnut shell pyrolysis liquid product and extract contain very different phenolic, acid, and ester compounds. A concrete result was revealed about the use of the products obtained in this study in different areas.

Keywords

Walnut, pyrolysis, LC-MS, GC-MS, analysis, extract

Thanks

The authors are thankful to the Turkish Academy of Sciences (TÜBA)for providing financial support to perform the research work.

References

• [1] S. Demirel, M.S Nas, A. Kocyigit, M.H. Calimli and M.H. Alma, "High capacitive pt and NiOx loaded supercapacitors with commercial and green synthesized carbon-based materials," J Mater Sci Mater Electron, 35:1–13. 2024. https://doi.org/10.1007/S10854-023-11885-7/TABLES/4.
• [2] A. Morales, J. Labidi and P. Gullón, "Hydrothermal treatments of walnut shells: A potential pretreatment for subsequent product obtaining," Sci Total Environ, 764:142800. 2021. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.SCITOTENV.2020.142800.
• [3] K. Wang and R.C. Brown, "Prospects for Fast Pyrolysis of Biomass," Green Chem Ser, 1–11. 2017. https://doi.org/10.1039/9781788010245-00001.
• [4] A.V. Bridgwater, "Review of fast pyrolysis of biomass and product upgrading," Biomass and Bioenergy, 38:68–94. 2012. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.BIOMBIOE.2011.01.048.
• [5] T. Bridgwater, "Biomass for energy," J Sci Food Agric, 86:1755–68.2006. https://doi.org/10.1002/JSFA.2605.
• [6] M. Schueppel, M. Graebner, "Pyrolysis of Heavy Fuel Oil (HFO) – A review on physicochemical properties and pyrolytic decomposition characteristics for application in novel, industrial-scale HFO pyrolysis technology," J Anal Appl Pyrolysis, 106432. 2024. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JAAP.2024.106432.
• [7] T. Li, J. Su, C. Wang, A. Watanabe, N. Teramae and H. Ohtani H, "Advances in the development and application of analytical pyrolysis in biomass research: A review," Energy Convers Manag., 271:116302. 2022. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ENCONMAN.2022.116302.
• [8] Compendium of Chemical Terminology. IUPAC Compend Chem Terminol., 1824. 2009. https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.P04961.
• [9] H. Li, Y. Zou, J. Liang, Z. Zhao, N. Zhou and Y.Gao Y, "The Potential of Platanus orientalis L. Bark for High-Grade Resource Utilization," Forests.,14:2002. 2023. https://doi.org/10.3390/F14102002/S1.
• [10] H. Pei, S. He, S. Liu, H. Chen, J. Song and Q. Liu, "Aroma characteristics and odor source analysis of roasted Xinjiang thin-shell walnuts (Juglans regia L.) by using multivariate statistical analysis," Food Biosci, 56:103312. 2023. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.FBIO.2023.103312.
• [11] R. Wang, Z. Liu, L. Li, Y. Zhang, Q. Dong and Z. Huang, "Impact of pretreatment with photocatalysis sequential coupling Fenton oxidation on physicochemical properties, pyrolysis behaviors, and product distribution of walnut shell," Chem Eng J., 148425. 2023. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CEJ.2023.148425.
• [12] Y. Başar, F. Gül, M.S. Nas, M.H. Alma and M.H. Calimli, "Investigation of value-added compounds derived from oak wood using hydrothermal processing techniques and comprehensive analytical approaches (HPLC, GC-MS, FT-IR, and NMR)," Int J Chem Techno, 2023. https://doi.org/10.32571/IJCT.1365592.
• [13] Y. Başar , S. Yenigün , Y. İpek , L. Behçet , F. Gül and Özen, "DNA protection, molecular docking, enzyme inhibition and enzyme kinetic studies of 1,5,9-epideoxyloganic acid isolated from Nepeta aristata with bio-guided fractionation," J Biomol Struct Dyn, 2023 https://doi.org/10.1080/07391102.2023.2250461.
• [14] S. Yenigün, Y. Başar, Y. İpek, L. Behçet, T. Özen and İ Demirtaş, "Determination of antioxidant, DNA protection, enzyme inhibition potential and molecular docking studies of a biomarker ursolic acid in Nepeta species," J Biomol Struct Dyn., 2023.https://doi.org/10.1080/07391102.2023.2229440.
• [15] Y. Başar, S. Yenigün, F. Gül, T. Ozen, İ. Demirtaş and M.H. Alma, "Phytochemical profiling, molecular docking and ADMET prediction of crude extract of Atriplex nitens Schkuhr for the screening of antioxidant and urease inhibitory," Int J Chem Technol ., 2024. https://doi.org/10.32571/IJCT.1389719.
• [16] F. Sheng, B. Hu, G. Jin, J. Wang, C. Wu, Z. Luo, "The Analysis of Phenolic Compounds in Walnut Husk and Pellicle by UPLC-Q-Orbitrap HRMS and HPLC," 26, Page 3013 2021;26:3013. 2021. https://doi.org/10.3390/MOLECULES26103013.
• [17] A. Oasmaa, T. Sundqvist, E. Kuoppala, M. Garcia-Perez, Y. Solantausta, C. Lindfors, "Controlling the phase stability of biomass fast pyrolysis bio-oils," Energy & Fuels, 29:4373–81. 2015. https://doi.org/10.1021/ACS.ENERGYFUELS.5B00607.
• [18] F. Abnisa F, W. Daud, J.N. Sahu JN. "Pyrolysis of mixtures of palm shell and polystyrene: An optional method to produce a high-grade of pyrolysis oil," Environ Prog Sustain Energy, 33:1026–33. 2014. https://doi.org/10.1002/EP.11850.
• [19] J.L. Chukwuneke, J.E. Sinebe, D.C. Ugwuegbu and C.C. Agulonu ." Production by Pyrolysis and Analysis of Bio-oil from Mahogany Wood (Swietenia macrophylla)," Curr J Appl Sci Technol, 17:1–9. 2016. https://doi.org/10.9734/BJAST/2016/24551.
• [20] N. Ahmed, M. Zeeshan, N. Iqbal, M.Z. Farooq, S.A. Shah ."Investigation on bio-oil yield and quality with scrap tire addition in sugarcane bagasse pyrolysis., J Clean Prod, 196:927–34. 2018. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JCLEPRO.2018.06.142.
• [21] D.V. Naik, V. Kumar, B. Prasad, M.K. Poddar, B. Behera and R. Bal , "Catalytic cracking of jatropha-derived fast pyrolysis oils with VGO and their NMR characterization," RSC Adv., 5:398–409. 2014. https://doi.org/10.1039/C4RA08128E.
• [21] D.V. Naik, V. Kumar, B. Prasad, M.K. Poddar, B. Behera and R. Bal , "Catalytic cracking of jatropha-derived fast pyrolysis oils with VGO and their NMR characterization," RSC Adv., 5:398–409. 2014. https://doi.org/10.1039/C4RA08128E.