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PROFESSIONAL FACT-CHECKING IDENTITY IN THE POST-TRUTH AGE

Year 2022, , 1312 - 1328, 31.07.2022
https://doi.org/10.21547/jss.1059384

Abstract

The phenomenon of fake news is among the main problems of our age. With the spread and rise of the new media, fake news gets out of the monopoly of the traditional media and becomes massive. While facilitating access to information is evaluated as a positive development, exposure of the masses to fake news is perceived as a threat to institutions such as democracy. While checking the news for journalists is among the codes of traditional journalism, the increase in digital techniques in the new media has required journalists to acquire new guides in this field. Thus, many news verification booklets were produced for journalists. On the other hand, the increase in the number of fake news has led to the emergence of new professionalism as "fact-checkers”. Technologicalized, rationalized, and professionalized news verification is developing to give journalism a new function in the age of fake news. In this study, it is problematized at what levels fact checking takes place within the boundaries of traditional journalistic identity. In other words, the formation of the professional identities of fact-checkers is examined in the study. At the same time, the effects of the difficulties faced by fact-checkers on professional identity are discussed in the study. In the study, phenomenology, one of the qualitative research designs, was adopted. In this context, three fact-checkers working on the teyit.org verification platform were interviewed. According to the findings, fact-checking identity is similar to journalism in terms of telling truths, objectivity, and impartiality. On the other hand, fact-checking differs from journalism in terms of identity, digital skills, work practices, and speed.

References

  • Amazeen, M. A. (2013). Making a difference: A critical assessment of fact-checking in 2012. New America Foundation, 1-40. https://www.newamerica.org/new-america/policy-papers/making-a-difference/ (Erişim tarihi: 13.10.2021).
  • Amazeen, M. A. (2019). Practitioner perceptions: Critical junctures and the globale mergence and challenges of fact-checking. International Communication Gazette, 81(6-8), 541-561.
  • Atodiresei, C. S., Tănăselea, A., & Iftene, A. (2018). Identifying fake news and fake users on Twitter. Procedia Computer Science, 126, 451-461.
  • Burkhardt, J. M. (2017). History of fake news. Library Technology Reports, 53 (8), 5-9.
  • Creswel, J. W. (2009). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches. (Third Edition). Los Angeles: SAGE
  • Cinelli, M., Morales, G. D. F., Galeazzi, A., Quattrociocchi, W. & Starnini, M. (2021). The echo chamber effect on social media. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 118 (9), 1-8.
  • Coddington, M., Molyneux, L., & Lawrence, R. G. (2014). Fact checking the campaign: How political reporters use Twitter to set the record straight (or not). The International Journal of Press/Politics, 19 (4), 391-409.
  • Çömlekçi, M. F. (2019). Sosyal medyada dezenformasyon ve haber doğrulama platformlarının pratikleri. Gümüşhane Üniversitesi İletişim Fakültesi Elektronik Dergisi, 7 (3), 1549-1563.
  • David, M. and Sutton, D. C. (2011). Social research, An introduction. London: SAGE.
  • Erkan, G. ve Ayhan, A. (2018). Siyasal iletişimde dezenformasyon ve sosyal medya: Bir doğrulama platformu olarak teyit.org. Akdeniz Üniversitesi İletişim Fakültesi Dergisi, (29. Özel Sayısı), 202-223.
  • Geeng, C. Yee, S. & Roesner, F. (2020, April). Fake News on Facebook and Twitter: Investigating How People (Don't) Investigate. In Proceedings of the 2020 CHI conference on human factors in computing systems, 1-14.
  • Graves, L. and Cherubini, F. (2016). The rise of fact-checking sites in Europe. Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism, University of Oxford.
  • Graves, L. (2017a). Anatomy of a fact check: Objective practice and the contested epistemology of fact checking. Communication, Culture&Critique, 10 (3), 518-537.
  • Graves, L. (2017b). Deciding what’s true. Columbia University Press.
  • Habgood-Coote, J. (2019). Stop talking about fake news!. Inquiry, 62 (9-10), 1033-1065.
  • Humprecht, E. (2020). How do they debunk “fake news”? A cross-national comparison of transparency in fact checks. Digital Journalism, 8 (3), 310-327.
  • Ireton, C. & Posetti, J. (2018). Journalism, fake news & disinformation: handbook for journalism education and training. Unesco Publishing.
  • Kocabay Şener, N. (2018). “Doğruluk kontrol merkezi” ve “yalan haber” kavramlarına ilişkin içeriklerin medyada yansımasının araştırılması. Akdeniz İletişim, (Özel Sayı), 355-373.
  • Lincoln, Y. S. and Guba, E. G. (1985). Naturalistic Inquiry. London: Sage.
  • Lowrey, W. (2017). Thee mergence and development of news fact-checking sites: Institutional logics and population ecology. Journalism Studies, 18 (3), 376-394.
  • Mena, P. (2019). Principles and boundaries of fact-checking: Journalists’ perceptions. Journalism Practice, 13 (6), 657-672.
  • Narwal, B. (2018, October). Fake news in digital media. In 2018 International Conference on Advances in Computing, Communication Control and Networking (ICACCCN) (pp. 977-981). IEEE.
  • Patton, Q. M. (2018). Nitel araştırma ve değerlendime yöntemleri. (Çev. Editörleri: M. Bütün ve S. B. Demir) (2. Baskı). Ankara: Pegem Akademi.
  • Posetti, J. & Matthews, A. (2018). A short guide to the history of ’fake news’ and disinformation. International Center for Journalists, 7, 1-19.
  • Quandt, T., Frischlich, L., Boberg, S. & Schatto‐Eckrodt, T. (2019). Fake news. The international encyclopedia of journalism studies, 1-6.
  • Rogerson, K. (2014). Fact checking the fact checkers: Online verification organizations and the search for “truth”. ECSM 2014 University of Brighton Brighton, UK 10-11 July 2014, 434.
  • Schudson, M. (2001). The objectivity norm in American journalism. Journalism, 2 (2), 149-170.
  • Shin, J. & Thorson, K. (2017). Partisan selective sharing: The biased diffusion of fact-checking messages on social media. Journal of Communication, 67 (2), 233-255.
  • Sinclair, C. (2020). Parody: fake news, regeneration and education. Postdigital Science and Education, 2 (1), 61-77.
  • Singer, J. B. (2021). Border patrol: The rise and role of fact-checkers and their challenge to journalists’ normative boundaries. Journalism, 22 (8), 1929-1946.
  • Singer, J. B. (2018). Fact-checkers as entrepreneurs: Scalability and sustainability for a new form of watchdog journalism. Journalism Practice, 12 (8), 1070-1080.
  • Tandoc Jr, E. C., Lim, Z. W. & Ling, R. (2018). Defining “fakenews” A typology of scholarly definitions. Digital journalism, 6 (2), 137-153.
  • Thornton, B. (2000). Themoonhoax: Debatesaboutethics in 1835 New York newspapers. Journal of mass media ethics, 15 (2), 89-100.
  • Venegas, K. M. and Huerta, A. H. (2010). Urban ethnography: Approaches, perspectives and challenges. M. Savin-Baden and C. H. Major (Editörler) New approaches to qualitative research: Wisdom and Uncerainty içinde (s. 154-161). London: Routledge
  • Wardle, C. & Derakhshan, H. (2017). Information disorder: Toward an interdisciplinary framework for research and policy making. Council of Europe, 27.
  • Yegen, C. (2018). Doğru haber alma hakkı ve sosyal medya dezenformasyonunu doğruluk payı ve yalansavar ile tartışmak. Erciyes İletişim Dergisi, 5 (4), 101-121.
  • Yoo, J. (2007). Ideological homophily and echo chamber effect in internet and social media. Student International Journal of Research, 4 (1), 1-7.
  • Yıldırım, A. ve Şimşek, H. (2013). Sosyal bilimlerde nitel araştırma yöntemleri. (13. Baskı). Ankara: Seçkin Yayıncılık.
  • Zannettou, S., Sirivianos, M., Blackburn, J. & Kourtellis, N. (2019). The web of false information: Rumors, fakenews, hoaxes, click bait, and various other shenanigans. Journal of Data and Information Quality (JDIQ), 11 (3), 1-37.

HAKİKAT ÖTESİ ÇAĞDA PROFESYONEL BİLGİ DOĞRULAYICILIĞI KİMLİĞİ

Year 2022, , 1312 - 1328, 31.07.2022
https://doi.org/10.21547/jss.1059384

Abstract

Yalan haber olgusu, çağımızın temel problemleri arasında yer almaktadır. Yeni medyanın yaygınlaşması ve yükselişiyle birlikte yalan haber, geleneksel medyanın tekelinden çıkıp kitleselleşmektedir. Enformasyona erişimin kolaylaşması olumlu anlamda bir gelişme olarak değerlendirilirken kitlelerin yalan haberlere maruz kalması demokrasi gibi kurumlar için tehdit olarak algılanmaktadır. Gazeteciler açısından haberin teyit edilmesi geleneksel gazeteciliğin kodları arasında yer alırken, yeni medyada dijital tekniklerin artması gazetecilerin bu alanda yeni rehberler edinmesini gerektirmiştir. Böylelikle gazeteciler için birçok haber doğrulama kitapçıkları üretilmiştir. Öte yandan yalan haber sayısında yaşanan artış “bilgi doğrulayıcıları” veya “haber doğrulayıcıları” olarak yeni bir profesyonelliğin ortaya çıkmasını sağlamıştır. Teknolojikleştirilmiş, rasyonelleştirilmiş ve profesyonelleştirilmiş haber doğrulayıcılığı, yalan haber çağında gazeteciliğe yeni bir işlev kazandırmak amacıyla gelişmektedir. Bu çalışmada, bilgi doğrulayıcılığının hangi düzeylerde geleneksel gazetecilik kimliği sınırları içerisinde yer aldığı sorunsallaştırılmaktadır. Eş deyişle, çalışmada haber doğrulayıcılarının profesyonel kimliklerinin oluşumu incelenmektedir. Aynı zamanda, çalışmada haber doğrulayıcılarının karşılaştığı güçlüklerin profesyonel kimlik üzerindeki etkileri ele alınmıştır. Çalışmada nitel araştırma desenlerinden olgu bilim benimsenmiştir. Bu kapsamda teyit.org doğrulama platformunda çalışan üç bilgi doğrulayıcı ile görüşülmüştür. Elde edilen bulgulara göre, bilgi doğrulayıcılığı kimliği gerçeklerin aktarılması, objektiflik ve tarafsızlık konularında gazetecilikle benzerlik göstermektedir. Öte yandan bilgi doğrulayıcılığı kimliği, dijital beceriler, çalışma pratikleri ve hız başlıklarında gazetecilikten farklılaşmaktadır.

References

  • Amazeen, M. A. (2013). Making a difference: A critical assessment of fact-checking in 2012. New America Foundation, 1-40. https://www.newamerica.org/new-america/policy-papers/making-a-difference/ (Erişim tarihi: 13.10.2021).
  • Amazeen, M. A. (2019). Practitioner perceptions: Critical junctures and the globale mergence and challenges of fact-checking. International Communication Gazette, 81(6-8), 541-561.
  • Atodiresei, C. S., Tănăselea, A., & Iftene, A. (2018). Identifying fake news and fake users on Twitter. Procedia Computer Science, 126, 451-461.
  • Burkhardt, J. M. (2017). History of fake news. Library Technology Reports, 53 (8), 5-9.
  • Creswel, J. W. (2009). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches. (Third Edition). Los Angeles: SAGE
  • Cinelli, M., Morales, G. D. F., Galeazzi, A., Quattrociocchi, W. & Starnini, M. (2021). The echo chamber effect on social media. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 118 (9), 1-8.
  • Coddington, M., Molyneux, L., & Lawrence, R. G. (2014). Fact checking the campaign: How political reporters use Twitter to set the record straight (or not). The International Journal of Press/Politics, 19 (4), 391-409.
  • Çömlekçi, M. F. (2019). Sosyal medyada dezenformasyon ve haber doğrulama platformlarının pratikleri. Gümüşhane Üniversitesi İletişim Fakültesi Elektronik Dergisi, 7 (3), 1549-1563.
  • David, M. and Sutton, D. C. (2011). Social research, An introduction. London: SAGE.
  • Erkan, G. ve Ayhan, A. (2018). Siyasal iletişimde dezenformasyon ve sosyal medya: Bir doğrulama platformu olarak teyit.org. Akdeniz Üniversitesi İletişim Fakültesi Dergisi, (29. Özel Sayısı), 202-223.
  • Geeng, C. Yee, S. & Roesner, F. (2020, April). Fake News on Facebook and Twitter: Investigating How People (Don't) Investigate. In Proceedings of the 2020 CHI conference on human factors in computing systems, 1-14.
  • Graves, L. and Cherubini, F. (2016). The rise of fact-checking sites in Europe. Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism, University of Oxford.
  • Graves, L. (2017a). Anatomy of a fact check: Objective practice and the contested epistemology of fact checking. Communication, Culture&Critique, 10 (3), 518-537.
  • Graves, L. (2017b). Deciding what’s true. Columbia University Press.
  • Habgood-Coote, J. (2019). Stop talking about fake news!. Inquiry, 62 (9-10), 1033-1065.
  • Humprecht, E. (2020). How do they debunk “fake news”? A cross-national comparison of transparency in fact checks. Digital Journalism, 8 (3), 310-327.
  • Ireton, C. & Posetti, J. (2018). Journalism, fake news & disinformation: handbook for journalism education and training. Unesco Publishing.
  • Kocabay Şener, N. (2018). “Doğruluk kontrol merkezi” ve “yalan haber” kavramlarına ilişkin içeriklerin medyada yansımasının araştırılması. Akdeniz İletişim, (Özel Sayı), 355-373.
  • Lincoln, Y. S. and Guba, E. G. (1985). Naturalistic Inquiry. London: Sage.
  • Lowrey, W. (2017). Thee mergence and development of news fact-checking sites: Institutional logics and population ecology. Journalism Studies, 18 (3), 376-394.
  • Mena, P. (2019). Principles and boundaries of fact-checking: Journalists’ perceptions. Journalism Practice, 13 (6), 657-672.
  • Narwal, B. (2018, October). Fake news in digital media. In 2018 International Conference on Advances in Computing, Communication Control and Networking (ICACCCN) (pp. 977-981). IEEE.
  • Patton, Q. M. (2018). Nitel araştırma ve değerlendime yöntemleri. (Çev. Editörleri: M. Bütün ve S. B. Demir) (2. Baskı). Ankara: Pegem Akademi.
  • Posetti, J. & Matthews, A. (2018). A short guide to the history of ’fake news’ and disinformation. International Center for Journalists, 7, 1-19.
  • Quandt, T., Frischlich, L., Boberg, S. & Schatto‐Eckrodt, T. (2019). Fake news. The international encyclopedia of journalism studies, 1-6.
  • Rogerson, K. (2014). Fact checking the fact checkers: Online verification organizations and the search for “truth”. ECSM 2014 University of Brighton Brighton, UK 10-11 July 2014, 434.
  • Schudson, M. (2001). The objectivity norm in American journalism. Journalism, 2 (2), 149-170.
  • Shin, J. & Thorson, K. (2017). Partisan selective sharing: The biased diffusion of fact-checking messages on social media. Journal of Communication, 67 (2), 233-255.
  • Sinclair, C. (2020). Parody: fake news, regeneration and education. Postdigital Science and Education, 2 (1), 61-77.
  • Singer, J. B. (2021). Border patrol: The rise and role of fact-checkers and their challenge to journalists’ normative boundaries. Journalism, 22 (8), 1929-1946.
  • Singer, J. B. (2018). Fact-checkers as entrepreneurs: Scalability and sustainability for a new form of watchdog journalism. Journalism Practice, 12 (8), 1070-1080.
  • Tandoc Jr, E. C., Lim, Z. W. & Ling, R. (2018). Defining “fakenews” A typology of scholarly definitions. Digital journalism, 6 (2), 137-153.
  • Thornton, B. (2000). Themoonhoax: Debatesaboutethics in 1835 New York newspapers. Journal of mass media ethics, 15 (2), 89-100.
  • Venegas, K. M. and Huerta, A. H. (2010). Urban ethnography: Approaches, perspectives and challenges. M. Savin-Baden and C. H. Major (Editörler) New approaches to qualitative research: Wisdom and Uncerainty içinde (s. 154-161). London: Routledge
  • Wardle, C. & Derakhshan, H. (2017). Information disorder: Toward an interdisciplinary framework for research and policy making. Council of Europe, 27.
  • Yegen, C. (2018). Doğru haber alma hakkı ve sosyal medya dezenformasyonunu doğruluk payı ve yalansavar ile tartışmak. Erciyes İletişim Dergisi, 5 (4), 101-121.
  • Yoo, J. (2007). Ideological homophily and echo chamber effect in internet and social media. Student International Journal of Research, 4 (1), 1-7.
  • Yıldırım, A. ve Şimşek, H. (2013). Sosyal bilimlerde nitel araştırma yöntemleri. (13. Baskı). Ankara: Seçkin Yayıncılık.
  • Zannettou, S., Sirivianos, M., Blackburn, J. & Kourtellis, N. (2019). The web of false information: Rumors, fakenews, hoaxes, click bait, and various other shenanigans. Journal of Data and Information Quality (JDIQ), 11 (3), 1-37.
There are 39 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Communication and Media Studies
Journal Section Communication
Authors

Fırat Adıyaman 0000-0002-4933-4082

Publication Date July 31, 2022
Submission Date January 18, 2022
Acceptance Date July 8, 2022
Published in Issue Year 2022

Cite

APA Adıyaman, F. (2022). HAKİKAT ÖTESİ ÇAĞDA PROFESYONEL BİLGİ DOĞRULAYICILIĞI KİMLİĞİ. Gaziantep Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 21(3), 1312-1328. https://doi.org/10.21547/jss.1059384