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Turco-Greek Battles in 1921 in The British Press

Year 2023, , 227 - 240, 28.10.2023
https://doi.org/10.21547/jss.1311953

Abstract

This paper examines the Turkish-Greek War on the Western Front during the National Struggle period of 1921 by analyzing British press coverage. The study aims to unveil how the Turkish-Greek fronts were portrayed in the British press. The research employs a comparative analysis method, assessing news and articles in the British press by comparing them with local sources. The study primarily focuses on news from Reuters, Associated Press, Havas agencies, as well as articles authored by newspaper reporters and war correspondents. The British press extensively covered the Greek occupation in Western Anatolia, which received strong support from the Allied forces, particularly the British. Initially, the Greek invasions were lauded, but starting in September 1921, the British press began reporting more negative developments regarding the Greek invasions and expressed admiration for Turkish progress. It is important to note that the British press did not maintain a consistent attitude throughout the Turco-Greek War. Furthermore, the stance of the British press significantly differed from the policy of the British government, indicating that the British press aligned its coverage with the evolving dynamics of the war. The British press predominantly featured news and statements from the victorious advancing side, while rarely including perspectives from the defeated and retreating side in the Turkish-Greek War.

References

  • A new leaf in the near east. The Guardian, October 04, 1921, p. 8.
  • A Turkish protest. The Daily Telegraph, March 29, 1921, p. 9.
  • Advice and warning to Greeks. The Guardian, August 17, 1921, p .8.
  • Akyüz, Y. (1988), Türk Kurtuluş Savaşı ve Fransız kamuoyu 1919-1922. Ankara: TTK Basımevi.
  • Allies & the Anatolia war, mediation-or tanks for Greece. The Guardian, June 23, 1921, p. 8.
  • Allies to offer mediation to Greeks and Turks, Paris agreement. Birmingham Gazette, June 20, 1921, p. 1.
  • Arşiv belgelerine göre Balkanlar’da ve Anadolu’da Yunan mezâlimi II: Anadolu’da Yunan mezâlimi (1996). Ankara: Osmanlı Arşivi Daire Başkanlığı.
  • Atatürk, K. (1927), Nutuk. Ankara: Kültür Bakanlığı.
  • Athens press stories. The Daily Telegraph, July 23, 1921, p. 11.
  • Aybars, E. (1988). Millî Mücadele’de İngiliz basını. Atatürk Araştırma Merkezi Dergisi, 4(12), 603-636.
  • Hacihanifioğlu, A. (2019). Millî Mücadele’nin İngiliz basınındaki yankıları (1919-1922). Master Thesis, İstanbul University, YÖK Thesis Center. (https://tez.yok.gov.tr/UlusalTezMerkezi/TezGoster?key=vjszP7PzV0HebcjFEvDfwBYzcGJZ97xsjQALfCz0WNvpmmUAJh1-dz526_ZXtpDK).
  • Beaumont, A. (1921). Greece’s war, allies’ intervention, expected rejection. The Daily Telegraph, June 24, p. 9.
  • Beaumont, A. (1921). Greek finances, alleged British aid. The Daily Telegraph, May 13, p.11.
  • Beaumont, A. (1921). Greek reply to allies’ mediation, text to the note, a polite refusal. The Daily Telegraph, June 27, p. 11.
  • Beaumont, A. (1921). Strange events in Asia Minor, Kemal and the Bolsheviks. The Daily Telegraph, January 12, p. 8.
  • Beaumont, A. (1921). Turco-Greek war, a rapid advance. The Daily Telegraph, August 29, p.7.
  • Beaumont, A. (1921). Turco-Greek war, Kemalists’ resistance, severe struggle. The Daily Telegraph, August 30, p. 10.
  • Beaumont, A. (1921). Turco-Greek war, offensive begun. The Daily Telegraph, July 13, p. 11.
  • Beaumont, A. (1921). Turco-Greek war. The Daily Telegraph, July 26, 9.
  • Clogg, R. (1979). A short history of modern Greece. London: Cambridge University Press.
  • Constantine’s throne in danger, abdication rumours in Athens. The Guardian, October 20, 1921, p. 7.
  • Çelebi, M. (2002). Millî Mücadele döneminde Türk-İtalyan ilişkileri. Ankara: Atatürk Araştırma Merkezi.
  • Edip H. 1922. İzmir’den Bursa’ya, hikayeler, mektuplar ve Yunan ordusunun mesuliyetine dair bir tetkikat. İstanbul.
  • Ediz, İ. (2019). Diplomasi ve savaş, Batı Anadolu’da Yunan işgali 1919-1922. İstanbul: Ötüken Neşriyat. End of Anatolian war approaching, Greek optimism. The Guardian, September 12, 1921, p. 9.
  • Erim, N. (1953). Devletlerarası hukuku ve siyasi tarih metinleri, C.I, (Osmanlı İmparatorluğu andlaşmaları). Ankara: TTK Basımevi.
  • Greece at war, so many victories and yet no end. The Guardian, September 23, 1921, p. 6.
  • Greece at war. The Guardian, September 23, 1921, p. 6.
  • Greece restive under Turkish threats, war minister explains mobilization. The Guardian, March 22, 1921, p. 8.
  • Greek advance in Asia Minor, no serious opposition. The Daily Telegraph, March 29, 1921, p. 9.
  • Greek advance, anxiety at Athens. The Daily Telegraph, April 2, 1921, p. 10.
  • Greek army held up. The Daily Telegraph, August 31, 1921, p. 10.
  • Greek army impatient to advance. The Guardian, March 14, 1921, p. 10.
  • Greek attack begun, Turkish claims. The Times, March 26, 1921, p. 8.
  • Greek defeat claimed. The Daily Telegraph, August 30, 1921, p. 10.
  • Greek offensive, outmanoeuvring the Kemalists. The Times, March 28, 1921, p. 7.
  • Greek victory, capture of Kutahia. The Daily Telegraph, July 20, 1921, p. 10.
  • Greeks and Turks fighting. Citizen, January 11, 1921, p. 6.
  • Greeks and Turks to meet. The Times, January 29, 1921, p. 12.
  • Greeks and Turks, no intervention by the Allies, neutrality and private trade in Paris. The Guardian, August 11, 1921, p. 7.
  • Greeks at Smyrna, damage to British trade. The Daily Telegraph, May 4, 1921, p. 9.
  • Greeks confident of halting Turks. The Daily Telegraph, September 15, 1921, p. 12.
  • Greeks in Asia Minor. The Daily Telegraph, March 26, 1921, p. 11.
  • Greeks still advancing. The Daily Telegraph, April 1, 1921, p. 10.
  • Imperial and foreign news items. The Times, April 23, 1921, p. 9.
  • Important Turkish treaty proposals. North Star, March 11, 1921, p. 1.
  • Jaeschke, G. (2001). Kurtuluş Savaşı ile ilgili İngiliz belgeleri. Çev. Cemal Köprülü. İstanbul: Cumhuriyet.
  • Jensen, P. K. (1979). Greco-Turkish war 1920-1922. International Journal of Middle East Studies, 10(4), 553-565. King at Eskishehr. The Daily Telegraph, August 02, 1921, p. 8.
  • Kitsikis, D. (1963). Yunan propagandası. (İstanbul: Meydan Neşriyat).
  • Lord Curzon’s mission to Paris, France and a Near East compromise. The Guardian, June 18, 1921, p. 9.
  • McCarthy, J. (2014). Ölüm ve sürgün, Osmanlı Müslümanlarının etnik kıyımı (1821-1922). Çev. Fatma Sarıkaya. Ankara: TTK Yayınları.
  • McLaughlin, G. (2016). The war correspondent. London: Pluto Press.
  • Nicolson, H. (1934). Curzon: the last phase 1919-1925, a study in post-war diplomacy. London: Oxford University Press.
  • Özel, E. (2020). İngiliz basınında Millî Mücadele ve Mustafa Kemal Paşa. İstanbul: Cinius Yayınları.
  • Ransome, A. (1921). Origin of the Turkish nationalist revolt, it’s motives and methods. The Guardian, July 14, p. 4.
  • Sarıhan, Z. (1995). Kurtuluş Savaşı günlüğü iii (açıklamalı kronoloji), TBMM’den Sakarya Savaşı’na (23 nisan 1920 – 22 ağustos 1921). Ankara: TTK Basımevi.
  • Severe defeat of the Greek army, retreat from Eskishehr, serious situation. The Daily Telegraph, April 6, 1921, p. 11. Sforza, C. C. (1930). Makers of modern Europe, portraits and personal impressions and recollections. New York: The Bobbs-Merril Company.
  • Sofuoğlu, A. & Yıldırım, S. (2018). Arşiv vesikalarına göre 1921 Londra Konferansı tutanaklar-belgeler. Ankara: Atatürk Araştırma Merkezi.
  • Strange events in Asia Minor, the Smyrna front. The Daily Telegraph, January 11, 1921, p. 8.
  • Struggle for Turk stronghold. The Times, April 04, 1921, p. 9.
  • Tansel, S. (1974). Mondros’tan Mudanya’ya kadar IV. Ankara: Başbakanlık Basımevi.
  • TBMM zabıt ceridesi, 1. dönem, 9. cilt, 2. birleşim, 2 Mart 1921, s.373-384.
  • TBMM zabıt ceridesi. 1. dönem, 9. cilt, 15. birleşim, 2 Nisan 1921, s.321-330.
  • The defeat of the Turks. The Guardian, August 06, 1921, p. 6.
  • The golden key of Asia. The Guardian, August 22, 1921, p. 5.
  • The Greek atrocities at Yalova, fourteen Turkish villages destroyed. The Guardian, June 10, 1921, p. 9.
  • The Greek offensive. The Western Daily Press, April 02, 1921, p. 2.
  • The Greek theory. The Guardian, July 30, 1921, p. 10.
  • The London conference, Greeks and Turks to attend. The Observer, January 30, 1921, p.14.
  • The massacre of moslems. The Guardian, March 04, 1921, p. 4.
  • The Turk at home, interviewing under difficulties. The Guardian, April 12, 1921, p. 9.
  • The Turks’ point of view, what they ask of the western nations, to be treated as equal. The Guardian, May 23, 1921, p. 6.
  • The war in Asia Minor, Greeks and Turks. The Staffordshire Sentinel, March 28, 1921, p. 2.
  • Turco-Greek war, capture of Eskishehr. The Daily Telegraph, July 22, 1921, p. 11.
  • Turco-Greek war, Kemal’s forces. The Daily Telegraph, August 04, 1921, p. 10.
  • Turco-Greek war. The Daily Telegraph, July 28, 1921, p. 8.
  • Turco-Greek war. The Western Daily Press, April 19, 1921, p. 8.
  • Turks and Greeks. Western Morning News, March 11, 1921, p. 5.
  • Wollaeger, M. (2006). Modernism, media, and propaganda, British narrative from 1900 to 1945. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
  • Yavuz, B. (1994). Kurtuluş Savaşı döneminde Türk-Fransız ilişkileri, Fransız arşiv belgeleri açısından 1919-1922. Ankara: TTK Basımevi.
  • Yerasimos, S. (2000). Kurtuluş Savaşında Türk-Sovyet ilişkileri 1917-1923. İstanbul: Boyut Yayınları.

Turco-Greek Battles in 1921 in The British Press

Year 2023, , 227 - 240, 28.10.2023
https://doi.org/10.21547/jss.1311953

Abstract

Bu çalışmada 1921 yılında Millî Mücadele dönemi Batı Cephesinde Türk-Yunan savaşında yaşanan gelişmeler İngiliz basınındaki haber ve yazılar esas alınarak değerlendirilmiştir. Çalışmanın amacı, Türk-Yunan cephelerinin durumunun İngiliz basınına yansımalarının ortaya çıkarılmasıdır. Çalışmada karşılaştırmalı analiz metodu tercih edilmiş olup İngiliz basınında konuya ilişkin tespit edilen haber ve yazılar yerel kaynaklardaki bilgilerle karşılaştırıldıktan sonra değerlendirmeye alınmıştır. Reuters, Associated Press ve Havas ajanslarına ait haberler ile gazetelerin kendi muhabirleri ve özel savaş muhabirlerine ait yazı dizileri çalışma kapsamında değerlendirilmiştir. Batı Anadolu’daki Yunan işgali, İngilizlerin öncülük ettiği müttefik kuvvetlerinin yoğun teşvikleri sonucunda gerçekleşmiştir. Bu nedenle 1921 yılındaki Yunan işgalleri İngiliz basınında sıklıkla yer almış ve işgaller övülmüştür. 1921 yılının eylül ayından itibaren Yunan işgal kuvvetleri geri çekilerek Türk birliklerine karşı savunma durumuna geçmek zorunda kalmışlardır. O tarihten sonra İngiliz basınında Yunan işgallerine yönelik olumsuz haberler daha fazla yer almışken Türk ilerlemesine ilişkin övgü dolu ifadeler kullanılmıştır. İngiliz basınının Türk-Yunan savaşının başından sonuna dek aynı tavrı takındığını ileri sürmek mümkün değildir. Üstelik, İngiliz basınının tutumu büyük oranda İngiliz hükümetinin politikasından da farklılaşmıştır. Bu gerçeklerden hareketle İngiliz basınının savaşın gidişatına göre hareket ettiği söylenebilir. İngiliz basını, Türk-Yunan savaşında çarpışmalardan galip çıkarak ilerleyen tarafın haber ve bildirilerine yer vermiş, yenilerek geri çekilen taraftan gelen bildirileri nadiren sayfalarında duyurmuştur.

References

  • A new leaf in the near east. The Guardian, October 04, 1921, p. 8.
  • A Turkish protest. The Daily Telegraph, March 29, 1921, p. 9.
  • Advice and warning to Greeks. The Guardian, August 17, 1921, p .8.
  • Akyüz, Y. (1988), Türk Kurtuluş Savaşı ve Fransız kamuoyu 1919-1922. Ankara: TTK Basımevi.
  • Allies & the Anatolia war, mediation-or tanks for Greece. The Guardian, June 23, 1921, p. 8.
  • Allies to offer mediation to Greeks and Turks, Paris agreement. Birmingham Gazette, June 20, 1921, p. 1.
  • Arşiv belgelerine göre Balkanlar’da ve Anadolu’da Yunan mezâlimi II: Anadolu’da Yunan mezâlimi (1996). Ankara: Osmanlı Arşivi Daire Başkanlığı.
  • Atatürk, K. (1927), Nutuk. Ankara: Kültür Bakanlığı.
  • Athens press stories. The Daily Telegraph, July 23, 1921, p. 11.
  • Aybars, E. (1988). Millî Mücadele’de İngiliz basını. Atatürk Araştırma Merkezi Dergisi, 4(12), 603-636.
  • Hacihanifioğlu, A. (2019). Millî Mücadele’nin İngiliz basınındaki yankıları (1919-1922). Master Thesis, İstanbul University, YÖK Thesis Center. (https://tez.yok.gov.tr/UlusalTezMerkezi/TezGoster?key=vjszP7PzV0HebcjFEvDfwBYzcGJZ97xsjQALfCz0WNvpmmUAJh1-dz526_ZXtpDK).
  • Beaumont, A. (1921). Greece’s war, allies’ intervention, expected rejection. The Daily Telegraph, June 24, p. 9.
  • Beaumont, A. (1921). Greek finances, alleged British aid. The Daily Telegraph, May 13, p.11.
  • Beaumont, A. (1921). Greek reply to allies’ mediation, text to the note, a polite refusal. The Daily Telegraph, June 27, p. 11.
  • Beaumont, A. (1921). Strange events in Asia Minor, Kemal and the Bolsheviks. The Daily Telegraph, January 12, p. 8.
  • Beaumont, A. (1921). Turco-Greek war, a rapid advance. The Daily Telegraph, August 29, p.7.
  • Beaumont, A. (1921). Turco-Greek war, Kemalists’ resistance, severe struggle. The Daily Telegraph, August 30, p. 10.
  • Beaumont, A. (1921). Turco-Greek war, offensive begun. The Daily Telegraph, July 13, p. 11.
  • Beaumont, A. (1921). Turco-Greek war. The Daily Telegraph, July 26, 9.
  • Clogg, R. (1979). A short history of modern Greece. London: Cambridge University Press.
  • Constantine’s throne in danger, abdication rumours in Athens. The Guardian, October 20, 1921, p. 7.
  • Çelebi, M. (2002). Millî Mücadele döneminde Türk-İtalyan ilişkileri. Ankara: Atatürk Araştırma Merkezi.
  • Edip H. 1922. İzmir’den Bursa’ya, hikayeler, mektuplar ve Yunan ordusunun mesuliyetine dair bir tetkikat. İstanbul.
  • Ediz, İ. (2019). Diplomasi ve savaş, Batı Anadolu’da Yunan işgali 1919-1922. İstanbul: Ötüken Neşriyat. End of Anatolian war approaching, Greek optimism. The Guardian, September 12, 1921, p. 9.
  • Erim, N. (1953). Devletlerarası hukuku ve siyasi tarih metinleri, C.I, (Osmanlı İmparatorluğu andlaşmaları). Ankara: TTK Basımevi.
  • Greece at war, so many victories and yet no end. The Guardian, September 23, 1921, p. 6.
  • Greece at war. The Guardian, September 23, 1921, p. 6.
  • Greece restive under Turkish threats, war minister explains mobilization. The Guardian, March 22, 1921, p. 8.
  • Greek advance in Asia Minor, no serious opposition. The Daily Telegraph, March 29, 1921, p. 9.
  • Greek advance, anxiety at Athens. The Daily Telegraph, April 2, 1921, p. 10.
  • Greek army held up. The Daily Telegraph, August 31, 1921, p. 10.
  • Greek army impatient to advance. The Guardian, March 14, 1921, p. 10.
  • Greek attack begun, Turkish claims. The Times, March 26, 1921, p. 8.
  • Greek defeat claimed. The Daily Telegraph, August 30, 1921, p. 10.
  • Greek offensive, outmanoeuvring the Kemalists. The Times, March 28, 1921, p. 7.
  • Greek victory, capture of Kutahia. The Daily Telegraph, July 20, 1921, p. 10.
  • Greeks and Turks fighting. Citizen, January 11, 1921, p. 6.
  • Greeks and Turks to meet. The Times, January 29, 1921, p. 12.
  • Greeks and Turks, no intervention by the Allies, neutrality and private trade in Paris. The Guardian, August 11, 1921, p. 7.
  • Greeks at Smyrna, damage to British trade. The Daily Telegraph, May 4, 1921, p. 9.
  • Greeks confident of halting Turks. The Daily Telegraph, September 15, 1921, p. 12.
  • Greeks in Asia Minor. The Daily Telegraph, March 26, 1921, p. 11.
  • Greeks still advancing. The Daily Telegraph, April 1, 1921, p. 10.
  • Imperial and foreign news items. The Times, April 23, 1921, p. 9.
  • Important Turkish treaty proposals. North Star, March 11, 1921, p. 1.
  • Jaeschke, G. (2001). Kurtuluş Savaşı ile ilgili İngiliz belgeleri. Çev. Cemal Köprülü. İstanbul: Cumhuriyet.
  • Jensen, P. K. (1979). Greco-Turkish war 1920-1922. International Journal of Middle East Studies, 10(4), 553-565. King at Eskishehr. The Daily Telegraph, August 02, 1921, p. 8.
  • Kitsikis, D. (1963). Yunan propagandası. (İstanbul: Meydan Neşriyat).
  • Lord Curzon’s mission to Paris, France and a Near East compromise. The Guardian, June 18, 1921, p. 9.
  • McCarthy, J. (2014). Ölüm ve sürgün, Osmanlı Müslümanlarının etnik kıyımı (1821-1922). Çev. Fatma Sarıkaya. Ankara: TTK Yayınları.
  • McLaughlin, G. (2016). The war correspondent. London: Pluto Press.
  • Nicolson, H. (1934). Curzon: the last phase 1919-1925, a study in post-war diplomacy. London: Oxford University Press.
  • Özel, E. (2020). İngiliz basınında Millî Mücadele ve Mustafa Kemal Paşa. İstanbul: Cinius Yayınları.
  • Ransome, A. (1921). Origin of the Turkish nationalist revolt, it’s motives and methods. The Guardian, July 14, p. 4.
  • Sarıhan, Z. (1995). Kurtuluş Savaşı günlüğü iii (açıklamalı kronoloji), TBMM’den Sakarya Savaşı’na (23 nisan 1920 – 22 ağustos 1921). Ankara: TTK Basımevi.
  • Severe defeat of the Greek army, retreat from Eskishehr, serious situation. The Daily Telegraph, April 6, 1921, p. 11. Sforza, C. C. (1930). Makers of modern Europe, portraits and personal impressions and recollections. New York: The Bobbs-Merril Company.
  • Sofuoğlu, A. & Yıldırım, S. (2018). Arşiv vesikalarına göre 1921 Londra Konferansı tutanaklar-belgeler. Ankara: Atatürk Araştırma Merkezi.
  • Strange events in Asia Minor, the Smyrna front. The Daily Telegraph, January 11, 1921, p. 8.
  • Struggle for Turk stronghold. The Times, April 04, 1921, p. 9.
  • Tansel, S. (1974). Mondros’tan Mudanya’ya kadar IV. Ankara: Başbakanlık Basımevi.
  • TBMM zabıt ceridesi, 1. dönem, 9. cilt, 2. birleşim, 2 Mart 1921, s.373-384.
  • TBMM zabıt ceridesi. 1. dönem, 9. cilt, 15. birleşim, 2 Nisan 1921, s.321-330.
  • The defeat of the Turks. The Guardian, August 06, 1921, p. 6.
  • The golden key of Asia. The Guardian, August 22, 1921, p. 5.
  • The Greek atrocities at Yalova, fourteen Turkish villages destroyed. The Guardian, June 10, 1921, p. 9.
  • The Greek offensive. The Western Daily Press, April 02, 1921, p. 2.
  • The Greek theory. The Guardian, July 30, 1921, p. 10.
  • The London conference, Greeks and Turks to attend. The Observer, January 30, 1921, p.14.
  • The massacre of moslems. The Guardian, March 04, 1921, p. 4.
  • The Turk at home, interviewing under difficulties. The Guardian, April 12, 1921, p. 9.
  • The Turks’ point of view, what they ask of the western nations, to be treated as equal. The Guardian, May 23, 1921, p. 6.
  • The war in Asia Minor, Greeks and Turks. The Staffordshire Sentinel, March 28, 1921, p. 2.
  • Turco-Greek war, capture of Eskishehr. The Daily Telegraph, July 22, 1921, p. 11.
  • Turco-Greek war, Kemal’s forces. The Daily Telegraph, August 04, 1921, p. 10.
  • Turco-Greek war. The Daily Telegraph, July 28, 1921, p. 8.
  • Turco-Greek war. The Western Daily Press, April 19, 1921, p. 8.
  • Turks and Greeks. Western Morning News, March 11, 1921, p. 5.
  • Wollaeger, M. (2006). Modernism, media, and propaganda, British narrative from 1900 to 1945. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
  • Yavuz, B. (1994). Kurtuluş Savaşı döneminde Türk-Fransız ilişkileri, Fransız arşiv belgeleri açısından 1919-1922. Ankara: TTK Basımevi.
  • Yerasimos, S. (2000). Kurtuluş Savaşında Türk-Sovyet ilişkileri 1917-1923. İstanbul: Boyut Yayınları.
There are 80 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects History of The Republic of Turkiye
Journal Section History
Authors

Mekki Uludağ 0000-0001-6557-7917

Publication Date October 28, 2023
Submission Date June 9, 2023
Acceptance Date September 18, 2023
Published in Issue Year 2023

Cite

APA Uludağ, M. (2023). Turco-Greek Battles in 1921 in The British Press. Gaziantep Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 22(Cumhuriyet’in 100. Yılı), 227-240. https://doi.org/10.21547/jss.1311953