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Representations of Rap Music in Cinema: Forms of Resistance and Reconciliation in Casablanca Beats

Year 2024, , 865 - 879, 30.07.2024
https://doi.org/10.21547/jss.1464198

Abstract

Cinema is an art connected to social reality, interacting with groups that are actors of societal transformation. Groups that cannot make their voices heard within dominant cultures can develop a resistance against the dominant culture or find a path of reconciliation with it through subcultures, thereby creating an alternative space for themselves. Therefore, although subcultures are often perceived as a form of resistance, they can sometimes be functional in the path towards reconciliation with society. As an alternative form of expression, subcultures can find an opportunity of representation in recent films produced in many different countries. This study examines how rap subculture is represented in cinema. With this aim in mind, the film Casablanca Beats (Ayouch, 2021), which is one of the noteworthy examples of Moroccan cinema in recent years, has been selected as an example. Casablanca Beats (Ayouch, 2021) addresses the emergence of a dynamic rap subculture among young characters, and how through this path, they create a lifeline for themselves by forming a resistance against normative values. In this study, the reflection of rap music subcultural practices in Casablanca Beats (Ayouch, 2021) is examined using the Descriptive Analysis method guided by Raymond Williams' framework of the “dominant”, “residual”, and “emerging” cultures. The results of the study reveal that in the film, young characters find a space of autonomous expression through subcultural practices, form group identities, challenge societal determinants, but on the other hand, they are also observed to engage in efforts to reconcile with the dominant culture by transforming it.

References

  • Abraham, N. (2023). Changing lives through hip-hop in Casablanca Beats: Interview with Nabil Ayouch and review of the film. Review of Middle East Studies(56), 382–388. DOI: 10.1017/rms.2023.9
  • Alim, H. S. (2006). Roc the mic right: The language of hip hop culture. New York: Routledge.
  • Aoussar, Y. (2018). The spatial and functional dimensions of the urban policy in the internal urban margins of the city of Casablanca: The case of Sidi Moumen District. International Journal of Innovation and Applied Studies, 23(4), 541-558.
  • Ayouch, N. (Dir.). (2021). Casablanca beats [Motion Picture].
  • Barker, C. (2004). Sage dictionary of cultural studies. London: Sage Publications.
  • Barker, C. (2007). Birmingham School. Ritzer, G. (Ed.), The Blackwell encyclopedia of sociology (pp. 297-301). Oxford: Blackwell Publishing.
  • Berg, B. L. (2001). Qualitative reseach methods for the social sciences. Boston: Allyn and Bacon.
  • Calluori, R. A. (1985). The kids are alright: New wave subcultural theory. Social Text, 12, 43-53.
  • Chronopoulos, T. (2017). The rebuilding of the South Bronx after the Fiscal Crisis. Journal of Urban History, 43(6), 932-959. https://doi.org/10.1177/0096144217714764
  • Dağ, N. (Dir.). (2020). When I'm done dying. [Motion Picture].
  • Gray, P. S., Williamson, J. B., Karp, D. A., & Dalphin, J. R. (2007). The research imagination. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Guthrie P. Ramsey, J. (2003). Race music: Black cultures from bebop to hip-hop. Berkeley: University of California Press.
  • Haenfler, R. (2014). Subcultures: The basics. London: Routledge.
  • Hall, P. M. (2009). Symbolic interaction. Ritzer, G. (Ed.). The Blackwell encyclopedia of sociology (4th Edt., pp. 4917-4922). Oxford: Blackwell Publishing.
  • Hanson, C. (Dir.). (2002). 8 Mile [Motion Picture].
  • Hebdige, D. (2002). Subculture: The meaning of style. London: Routledge.
  • Hoggart, R. (1960). The uses of literacy. Middlesex: Penguin Books.
  • Huq, R. (2006). Beyond subculture: Pop, youth and identity in a post-colonial world. London: Routledge.
  • ICIS. (2009). Population characteristics and trends in the South Bronx. The South Bronx Environmental Health and Policy Study. Retrieved from https://www.icisnyu.org/south_bronx/Demographics_001.html adresinden alındı
  • Johnson, I. K. (2015). Hip-hop dance. Williams, J. A. (Ed.), The Cambridge companion to hip-hop (pp. 22-31). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Kassovitz, M. (Dir.). (1995). La haine. [Motion Picture].
  • Kracauer, S. (1960). Theory of film: The redemption of physical reality. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press.
  • Kubrin, C. E. (2005). Gangstas, thugs, and hustlas: Identity and the code of the street in rap music. Social Problems, 52(3), 360-378.
  • Macdonald, N. (2001). The graffiti subculture: Youth, masculinity and identity in London and New York. Palgrave Macmillan: New York.
  • Matsumoto, D., & Juang, L. (2003). Culture and psychology (3rd Edt.). Wadsworth Publishing.
  • Merriam-Webster Dictionary. (n.d.). Subculture. Retrieved from https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/subcultures
  • Miller, I. (2015). Hip-hop visual arts. Williams, J. A. (Ed.). The Cambridge companion to hip-hop (s. 32-41). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Negus, K. (1999). Music genres and corporate cultures. London: Routledge.
  • Price, E. G. (2006). Hip hop culture. Santa Barbara: ABC Clio.
  • Price-Styles, A. (2015). MC origins: Rap and spoken word poetry. Williams, J. A. (Ed.). The Cambridge companian to hip-hop (pp. 11-21). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Smith, D. (1988). The Chicago School: A liberal critique of capitalism. London: Macmillan Education.
  • Spencer-Oatey, H. (2008). Culturally speaking. Culture, communication and politeness theory. London: Continuum.
  • Swanson, A. F. (2010, 08 02). South Bronx: Where hip-hop was born. Retrieved from WNYC News: https://www.wnyc.org/story/89709-south-bronx-hip-hop-year-zero/.
  • Türkmen, A. (Dir.). (2015). Çekmeköy underground. [Motion Picture].
  • Ville de Casablanca. (n.d.). Population. Retrieved from https://sidimoumen.casablancacity.ma/fr/article/436/population.
  • Warner, S. (2004). Global noise: Rap and hip-hop outside the USA by Tony Mitchell. Ethnomusicology Forum, 13(1), 162-166.
  • Wiliams, R. (1960). Culture and society 1780-1950. New York: Anchor Books.
  • Williams, R. (1983). Keywords: A vocabulary of culture and society. New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Williams, R. (1990). Marksizm ve edebiyat. (E. Tarım, Trans.) İstanbul: Adam Yayınları.

Representations of Rap Music in Cinema: Forms of Resistance and Reconciliation in Casablanca Beats

Year 2024, , 865 - 879, 30.07.2024
https://doi.org/10.21547/jss.1464198

Abstract

Sinema, toplumsal dönüşümün aktörleri olan gruplarla etkileşim kuran ve toplumsal gerçeklik ile yakından bağlantılı bir sanattır. Baskın kültürler içerisinde sesini duyuramayan gruplar altkültürler aracılığıyla kendilerine alternatif bir alan açarak baskın kültüre karşı bir direniş geliştirebilmekte veya onunla uzlaşma yoluna gidebilmektedir. Dolayısıyla, altkültürler her ne kadar bir direniş biçimi gibi algılansa da bazen toplumla uzlaşma yolunda işlevsel olabilmektedir. Alternatif bir ifade biçimi olarak altkültürler birçok farklı ülkede üretilen son dönem filmlerde kendisine bir temsil alanı bulabilmektedir. Bu çalışmada, rap alt-kültürünün sinemada nasıl temsil edildiği incelenmektedir. Bu amaç doğrultusunda, Fas Sineması’nın son yıllarda dikkat çeken örneklerinden biri olan Kazablanka Ritimleri (Ayouch, 2021) filmi Kasıtlı Örneklem yoluyla seçilmiştir. Kazablanka Ritimleri’nde (Ayouch, 2021) genç karakterler arasında dinamik bir rap alt kültürünün ortaya çıkışı ve bu yol ile gençlerin kendilerine bir kaçış hattı oluşturarak normatif değerlere karşı bir faillik oluşturmaları ele alınmaktadır. Bu çalışmada, rap müzik alt-kültürel pratiklerin Kazablanka Ritimleri (Ayouch, 2021) adlı filme nasıl yansıdığı, Raymond Williams’ın “egemen”, “kalıntısal” ve “doğmakta olan” tanımlamalarıyla ele aldığı kültür çerçevesinin rehberliğinde Betimsel Analiz yöntemi kullanılarak incelenmiştir. Çalışmanın sonucunda, ilgili filmde genç karakterlerin alt kültürel pratikleri yoluyla özerk bir ifade alanı buldukları, grup aidiyeti oluşturdukları, toplumsal belirlenimlere meydan okudukları ancak diğer taraftan ise baskın kültürü dönüştürerek onunla bir uzlaşma çabasına girdikleri saptanmıştır.

Ethical Statement

Bu çalışmanın, özgün bir çalışma olduğunu; çalışmanın hazırlık, veri toplama, analiz ve bilgilerin sunumu olmak üzere tüm aşamalarından bilimsel etik ilke ve kurallarına uygun davrandığımı; bu çalışma kapsamında elde edilmeyen tüm veri ve bilgiler için kaynak gösterdiğimi ve bu kaynaklara kaynakçada yer verdiğimi; kullanılan verilerde herhangi bir değişiklik yapmadığımı, çalışmanın Gaziantep Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi'nin tüm şartlarını ve koşullarını kabul ederek etik görev ve sorumluluklara riayet ettiğimi beyan ederim.

Supporting Institution

Çalışmayı destekleyen bir kurum bulunmamaktadır.

References

  • Abraham, N. (2023). Changing lives through hip-hop in Casablanca Beats: Interview with Nabil Ayouch and review of the film. Review of Middle East Studies(56), 382–388. DOI: 10.1017/rms.2023.9
  • Alim, H. S. (2006). Roc the mic right: The language of hip hop culture. New York: Routledge.
  • Aoussar, Y. (2018). The spatial and functional dimensions of the urban policy in the internal urban margins of the city of Casablanca: The case of Sidi Moumen District. International Journal of Innovation and Applied Studies, 23(4), 541-558.
  • Ayouch, N. (Dir.). (2021). Casablanca beats [Motion Picture].
  • Barker, C. (2004). Sage dictionary of cultural studies. London: Sage Publications.
  • Barker, C. (2007). Birmingham School. Ritzer, G. (Ed.), The Blackwell encyclopedia of sociology (pp. 297-301). Oxford: Blackwell Publishing.
  • Berg, B. L. (2001). Qualitative reseach methods for the social sciences. Boston: Allyn and Bacon.
  • Calluori, R. A. (1985). The kids are alright: New wave subcultural theory. Social Text, 12, 43-53.
  • Chronopoulos, T. (2017). The rebuilding of the South Bronx after the Fiscal Crisis. Journal of Urban History, 43(6), 932-959. https://doi.org/10.1177/0096144217714764
  • Dağ, N. (Dir.). (2020). When I'm done dying. [Motion Picture].
  • Gray, P. S., Williamson, J. B., Karp, D. A., & Dalphin, J. R. (2007). The research imagination. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Guthrie P. Ramsey, J. (2003). Race music: Black cultures from bebop to hip-hop. Berkeley: University of California Press.
  • Haenfler, R. (2014). Subcultures: The basics. London: Routledge.
  • Hall, P. M. (2009). Symbolic interaction. Ritzer, G. (Ed.). The Blackwell encyclopedia of sociology (4th Edt., pp. 4917-4922). Oxford: Blackwell Publishing.
  • Hanson, C. (Dir.). (2002). 8 Mile [Motion Picture].
  • Hebdige, D. (2002). Subculture: The meaning of style. London: Routledge.
  • Hoggart, R. (1960). The uses of literacy. Middlesex: Penguin Books.
  • Huq, R. (2006). Beyond subculture: Pop, youth and identity in a post-colonial world. London: Routledge.
  • ICIS. (2009). Population characteristics and trends in the South Bronx. The South Bronx Environmental Health and Policy Study. Retrieved from https://www.icisnyu.org/south_bronx/Demographics_001.html adresinden alındı
  • Johnson, I. K. (2015). Hip-hop dance. Williams, J. A. (Ed.), The Cambridge companion to hip-hop (pp. 22-31). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Kassovitz, M. (Dir.). (1995). La haine. [Motion Picture].
  • Kracauer, S. (1960). Theory of film: The redemption of physical reality. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press.
  • Kubrin, C. E. (2005). Gangstas, thugs, and hustlas: Identity and the code of the street in rap music. Social Problems, 52(3), 360-378.
  • Macdonald, N. (2001). The graffiti subculture: Youth, masculinity and identity in London and New York. Palgrave Macmillan: New York.
  • Matsumoto, D., & Juang, L. (2003). Culture and psychology (3rd Edt.). Wadsworth Publishing.
  • Merriam-Webster Dictionary. (n.d.). Subculture. Retrieved from https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/subcultures
  • Miller, I. (2015). Hip-hop visual arts. Williams, J. A. (Ed.). The Cambridge companion to hip-hop (s. 32-41). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Negus, K. (1999). Music genres and corporate cultures. London: Routledge.
  • Price, E. G. (2006). Hip hop culture. Santa Barbara: ABC Clio.
  • Price-Styles, A. (2015). MC origins: Rap and spoken word poetry. Williams, J. A. (Ed.). The Cambridge companian to hip-hop (pp. 11-21). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Smith, D. (1988). The Chicago School: A liberal critique of capitalism. London: Macmillan Education.
  • Spencer-Oatey, H. (2008). Culturally speaking. Culture, communication and politeness theory. London: Continuum.
  • Swanson, A. F. (2010, 08 02). South Bronx: Where hip-hop was born. Retrieved from WNYC News: https://www.wnyc.org/story/89709-south-bronx-hip-hop-year-zero/.
  • Türkmen, A. (Dir.). (2015). Çekmeköy underground. [Motion Picture].
  • Ville de Casablanca. (n.d.). Population. Retrieved from https://sidimoumen.casablancacity.ma/fr/article/436/population.
  • Warner, S. (2004). Global noise: Rap and hip-hop outside the USA by Tony Mitchell. Ethnomusicology Forum, 13(1), 162-166.
  • Wiliams, R. (1960). Culture and society 1780-1950. New York: Anchor Books.
  • Williams, R. (1983). Keywords: A vocabulary of culture and society. New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Williams, R. (1990). Marksizm ve edebiyat. (E. Tarım, Trans.) İstanbul: Adam Yayınları.
There are 39 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Cinema Sociology
Journal Section Art
Authors

Erdinç Yılmaz 0000-0003-1693-3481

Publication Date July 30, 2024
Submission Date April 3, 2024
Acceptance Date June 26, 2024
Published in Issue Year 2024

Cite

APA Yılmaz, E. (2024). Representations of Rap Music in Cinema: Forms of Resistance and Reconciliation in Casablanca Beats. Gaziantep Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 23(3), 865-879. https://doi.org/10.21547/jss.1464198