Abstract
Tayeb Salih, kolonyal
dönem boyunca yaşanan yıkımlara ve doğurduğu etki alanı büyük, çok yönlü
sonuçlara yaptıkları eleştirilerle bu döneme ışık tutan post-kolonyalizm
yazarlarının en önemlilerinden bir tanesidir. Kolonilerin dağılma sürecinde, kolonicilerle
mücadele edebilmek adına şiddet ve silahlı mücadele bağımsızlığa giden yolda ilk
adım olmuş; fakat bağımsızlık sonrasında koloni döneminden bağımsız milli bir
kimlik oluşturmak amacıyla entellektüel bir karşı koyuş daha çok
dillendirilmeye başlanmıştır. Çünkü kolonileştiriciler yalnızca kolonileri
işgal etmemiş aynı zamanda onların kültürlerini, dillerini ve de en önemlisi
kimliklerini de bir daha eskisi gibi olamayacak şekilde Doğu-Batı (gelenekçi-
modern, barbar-medeni, geri kalmış-gelişmiş) ekseni arasında sıkıştırmıştır. Bu
bağlamda, bu çalışma Salih’in Kuzeye Göç
Mevsimi adlı romanın, bu kemikleşmiş bakış açısından beslenen Joseph
Conrad’ın Karanlığın Yüreği isimli
eserine kolonyal söylemler çerçevesinde nasıl karşı çıktığını göstermeyi
amaçlamıştır. İlk olarak, Salih, Conrad’ın romanında sesi duyulmayan yerlilere
nefes olmuş daha sonra roman boyunca Doğu-Batı ve koloni öncesi-sonrası
ikilemleri arasında sıkışan kimlikleriyle nasıl hayatta kalmaya çalıştıklarını
okuyucularına göstermiştir. Salih, Karanlığın
Yüreği eserinde insanlıktan çıkarılmış yerlilere insanlığı yeniden
sunmuştur. Her ne kadar, Conrad
melezliğe hiç değinmeyerek post-kolonyal kimlik problemine bir çözüm önerisinde
bulunmasa da, Salih, romanında bir sonuca ulaşabilmiştir. Bu çalışma, Salih’in
ölümünden yıllar sonra Benedict Anderson’un “zihinlerin birleşimi” diye ortaya
koyduğu teoriyi; Kuzeye Göç Mevsimi
ile Salih’in çok önceden kolonileştirilmiş insanlara nasıl bir çözüm olarak
sunduğunu ve Conrad’ın yüzeysel olarak olumsuzladığı kolonyalizme yaptığı
eleştirilerin ne kadar yetersiz ve ikilemli olduğunu, bu iki romanı
karşılaştırarak sunmaya çalışmıştır.
References
- Achebe, C. (1977). An Image of Africa. The Massachusetts Review, 18(4), 782–794.
- Anderson, B. R. O. (2006). Imagined communities: reflections on the origin and spread of nationalism (Rev. ed). London ; New York: Verso.
- Bhabha, H. (2008). Foreword to the 1986 Edition. In Black skin, White masks (New ed, pp. xxi–xxvii). London: Pluto-Press.
- Bhabha, H. K. (2004). The location of culture. London ; New York: Routledge.
- Caminero-Santangelo, B. (1999). Legacies of Darkness: Neo-colonialism, Conrad, and Salih’s Season of Migration to the North. A Review of International English Literature, 30(4). Retrieved from https://kuscholarworks.ku.edu/handle/1808/16406
- Conrad, J. (2005). Heart of Darkness. Icon Classics.
- Corthorn, P., & Davis, J. (2007). British Labour Party and the Wider World: Domestic Politics, Internationalism and Foreign Policy (Vol. 20). IB Tauris.
- Deleuze, G., & Guattari, F. (1983). Anti-Oedipus: capitalism and schizophrenia. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
- Denby, D. (2008). Jungle Fever. In G. M. Moore (Ed.), Joseph Conrad’s Heart of Darkness (New ed). New York: Chelsea House.
- Fanon, F. (1968). The wretched of the earth. (C. Farrington, Trans.). New York: Grove Press.
- Fanon, F. (2008). Black skin, white masks (New ed). London: Pluto-Press.
- Gandhi, L. (1998). Postcolonial theory: a critical introduction. New York: Columbia University Press.
- Harpham, G. G. (1997). One of Us: The Mastery of Joseph Conrad. Chicago&London: University of Chicago Press.
- Loomba, A. (2005). Colonialism/postcolonialism (2nd ed). London: Routledge.
- Makdisi, S. S. (1992). The Empire Renarrated: “Season of Migration to the North” and the Reinvention of the Present. Critical Inquiry, 18(4), 804–820.
- Najder, Z. (2007). Joseph Conrad: A Life. New York: Camden House.
- Paris, B. J. (2005). Conrad’s Charlie Marlow. New York: Palgrave Macmillan US.
- Said, E. W. (1994). Culture and Imperialism. New York: Knopf.
- Salih, T. (1969). Season of Migration to the North. (D. Johnson-Davies, Trans.). London: Penguin Books.
- Sartre, J. P. (1968). Preface. In The wretched of the Earth. New York: Grove Press.
- Skinner, S. (2010). Obscurity, Apophasis, and the Critical Imagination: The Unsayable in Heart of Darkness. Conradiana, 42(1), 93–106.
- Watts, C. T. (2012). Conrad’s Heart of Darkness: A Critical and Contextual Discussion (2. ed.). Amsterdam: Rodopi.
- Wax, E. (2004). We Want to Make a Light Baby. The Washington Post. United States. Retrieved from http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A16001-2004Jun29.html
- Wesley, C. (2015). Inscriptions of Resistance in Joseph Conrad’s Heart of Darkness. Journal of Modern Literature, 38(3), 20–37.
- Young, R. J. C. (1995). Colonial Desire: Hybridity in Theory, Culture, and Race. London; New York: Routledge.
Abstract
Tayeb Salih is one of the most influential writers of post-colonial period who bear a torch to devastation and multifaceted and far-reaching results of colonial time by their critical approach. To turn the tables, armed struggle was the first step of resistance for independence in the process of decolonization. But later on, intellectual exertion to construct a national identity was debated aloud to take place the violent opposition because colonizers had not only invaded lands but also they interposed identity, culture and language of colonized people into East-West axis (traditional-modern, barbaric-civilized, underdeveloped-developed) which would be never the same as it had been before colonialism. In this sense, this study aspires to set forth how Season of Migration to the North responds to colonial discourses of Heart of Darkness which springs out of the rooted perspective against the East. At first, Salih makes quiet and passive colonized native characters of Conrad to be heard and then shows how they survive while struggling with doubled identity interposed between East-West and the periods before and after colonization. Salih humanizes who Conrad dehumanizes in Heart of Darkness. However, Joseph Conrad denies offering a solution to the problems of natives like hybridity; Salih comes through a final point for the colonized people. By compare and contrast, the study will try to show how Conrad’s criticism is superficial, insufficient and paradoxical in the means of not providing a remedy for identity problem unlike Tayeb Salih who resolves rooted troubles of colonialism through “mental miscegenation” as Benedict Anderson put forward many years after Salih’s death.
References
- Achebe, C. (1977). An Image of Africa. The Massachusetts Review, 18(4), 782–794.
- Anderson, B. R. O. (2006). Imagined communities: reflections on the origin and spread of nationalism (Rev. ed). London ; New York: Verso.
- Bhabha, H. (2008). Foreword to the 1986 Edition. In Black skin, White masks (New ed, pp. xxi–xxvii). London: Pluto-Press.
- Bhabha, H. K. (2004). The location of culture. London ; New York: Routledge.
- Caminero-Santangelo, B. (1999). Legacies of Darkness: Neo-colonialism, Conrad, and Salih’s Season of Migration to the North. A Review of International English Literature, 30(4). Retrieved from https://kuscholarworks.ku.edu/handle/1808/16406
- Conrad, J. (2005). Heart of Darkness. Icon Classics.
- Corthorn, P., & Davis, J. (2007). British Labour Party and the Wider World: Domestic Politics, Internationalism and Foreign Policy (Vol. 20). IB Tauris.
- Deleuze, G., & Guattari, F. (1983). Anti-Oedipus: capitalism and schizophrenia. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
- Denby, D. (2008). Jungle Fever. In G. M. Moore (Ed.), Joseph Conrad’s Heart of Darkness (New ed). New York: Chelsea House.
- Fanon, F. (1968). The wretched of the earth. (C. Farrington, Trans.). New York: Grove Press.
- Fanon, F. (2008). Black skin, white masks (New ed). London: Pluto-Press.
- Gandhi, L. (1998). Postcolonial theory: a critical introduction. New York: Columbia University Press.
- Harpham, G. G. (1997). One of Us: The Mastery of Joseph Conrad. Chicago&London: University of Chicago Press.
- Loomba, A. (2005). Colonialism/postcolonialism (2nd ed). London: Routledge.
- Makdisi, S. S. (1992). The Empire Renarrated: “Season of Migration to the North” and the Reinvention of the Present. Critical Inquiry, 18(4), 804–820.
- Najder, Z. (2007). Joseph Conrad: A Life. New York: Camden House.
- Paris, B. J. (2005). Conrad’s Charlie Marlow. New York: Palgrave Macmillan US.
- Said, E. W. (1994). Culture and Imperialism. New York: Knopf.
- Salih, T. (1969). Season of Migration to the North. (D. Johnson-Davies, Trans.). London: Penguin Books.
- Sartre, J. P. (1968). Preface. In The wretched of the Earth. New York: Grove Press.
- Skinner, S. (2010). Obscurity, Apophasis, and the Critical Imagination: The Unsayable in Heart of Darkness. Conradiana, 42(1), 93–106.
- Watts, C. T. (2012). Conrad’s Heart of Darkness: A Critical and Contextual Discussion (2. ed.). Amsterdam: Rodopi.
- Wax, E. (2004). We Want to Make a Light Baby. The Washington Post. United States. Retrieved from http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A16001-2004Jun29.html
- Wesley, C. (2015). Inscriptions of Resistance in Joseph Conrad’s Heart of Darkness. Journal of Modern Literature, 38(3), 20–37.
- Young, R. J. C. (1995). Colonial Desire: Hybridity in Theory, Culture, and Race. London; New York: Routledge.
Details
| Subjects | Creative Arts and Writing |
|---|---|
| Journal Section | English Language and Literature |
| Authors | |
| Publication Date | July 31, 2017 |
| Submission Date | February 10, 2017 |
| Published in Issue | Year 2017 |