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Shakespeare’in Dört Temel Tragedyasındaki Kötü Karakterlerin Machiavelli Prensipleri Açısından Değerlendirilmesi

Year 2019, Volume: 18 Issue: 3, 1037 - 1049, 02.07.2019
https://doi.org/10.21547/jss.493489

Abstract

İtalyan
siyasal filozof Niccolò Machiavelli’den türeyen ‘Machiavellici’ terimi; özellikleri, Machiavelli’nin eseri olan The Prince (1513)’da tarif edilen bir
yönetici türüne karşılık gelmektedir. Karakter türü, Elizabeth ve Jacobean öç
trajedisinde kötü karakterler için oluşturulur. Bu çalışma, bazı Shakespeare tragedyalarının
da Machiavelli tarzı karakterler içerdiğini öne sürmektedir.
William Shakespeare’in Othello, King Lear, Hamlet ve Macbeth oyunları yazarın “dört temel tragedya”sı olarak
değerlendirilir (Hazlitt, 2009, p. 21).
Çalışma; Othello’daki Iago, King Lear’daki Edmund, Regan ve Goneril’i, Hamlet’teki Kral Claudius’u, ve Macbeth’teki
Macbeth çiftini Machiavelli prensipleri açısından inceleyip bu karakterlerin
oyunların içeriğinde ne derece Machiavelli tarzında olduğunu tartışmayı
amaçlar. Çalışma, söz konusu karakterlerde Machiavelli tarzı özellikleri aramak
için Machiavelli’nin Prens (1513) eserine
başvurur. Çalışma, Iago ve Edmund’un yüksek zekâları sayesinde, beklenmeyen
gelişmelere cevap verme ve gerçekleri kendi çıkarları doğrultusunda manipüle
etme kabiliyetleriyle birleştirerek Machiavelli prensiplerini taşıdığı gösterir.
Diğer taraftan, Edmund, Regan, Goneril, Claudius ve Macbeth çifti gibi diğer
incelenen karakterlerin ise, özlerinde kötü olmalarına rağmen, Machiavellicilik
yolunda başarısız olduklarını ortaya koyar. Çalışma, Shakespeare’in, başarılı
bir Machiavellici olsun ya da olmasın, fena bir yöneticinin monarşide sosyal
bir karmaşaya yol açarak eninde sonunda başarısız olacağını göstererek
Machiavelli ile fikir ayrılığına düştüğünü doğrulamaktadır.

References

  • Grady, H. (2002). Shakespeare, Machiavelli, and Montaigne: Power and Subjectivity From Richard II to Hamlet. New York: Oxford University Press Inc.
  • Harbage, A. (1964). Shakespeare: The tragedies. Eaglewood Cliffs: Prentice Hall.
  • Hazlitt, W. (2009). Characters of Shakespeare’s plays. J. H. Lobban (Ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Heilman, R. B. (1956). Magic in the web. Lexington: University Press of Kentucky.
  • Machiavelli, N. (2009). The Prince. Trans. Marriot W. K. Toronto: Prohyptikon Publishing Inc.
  • Meyer, E. (1897). Machiavelli and the Elizabethan drama. Weimar: Verlag Von Emil Felber.
  • Raab, F. (1964). The English face of Machiavelli. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
  • Raatzsch, R. (2009). The Apologetics of evil: The Case of Iago. Princeton and Oxford: Princeton University Press.
  • Roe, J. (2002). Shakespeare and Machiavelli. Cambridge: D. S. Brewer.
  • Shakespeare, W. (2012a). Hamlet. İstanbul: Dejavu Publishing.
  • ---. (2010). King Lear. İstanbul: Dejavu Publishing.
  • ---. (2011). Macbeth. İstanbul: Dejavu Publishing.
  • ---. (2012b). Othello. İstanbul: Dejavu Publishing.
  • Skinner, Q. (2000). Machiavelli: A very short introduction. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Spivack, B. (1964). Iago Revisited. In Alfred Herbage (Ed.), Shakespeare: The Tragedies. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice Hall.

An Evaluation of the Evil Characters in Shakespeare’s Four Principle Tragedies in terms of Machiavellian Principles

Year 2019, Volume: 18 Issue: 3, 1037 - 1049, 02.07.2019
https://doi.org/10.21547/jss.493489

Abstract

Deriving from Italian political philosopher Niccolò
Machiavelli, the term ‘Machiavellian’
refers to a ruler type, whose features are described in Machiavelli’s
work The Prince (1513). The character
type is constructed in the Elizabethan and Jacobean revenge tragedy for evil
characters. The study asserts that some Shakespearean tragedies also includes
Machiavellian characters. William Shakespeare’s Othello, King Lear, Hamlet and Macbeth are regarded as his “four principle tragedies” (Hazlitt,
2009, p. 21) The study aims at examining Iago in Othello, Edmund, Regan, and Goneril in King Lear, King Claudius in Hamlet,
the Macbeth couple in Macbeth in
terms of Machiavellian principles and discuss to what extent they are
Machiavellian within the context of the plays. The study takes Machiavelli’s The Prince as a guide to seeking the
Machiavellian features in the characters in question. It reveals that some characters such as Iago and Edmund embrace the
Machiavellian principles due to their high intelligence by combining them with the
capability of responding to unexpected developments and manipulating truths for
their own benefits. On the other hand, the other examined characters, such as
Regan, Goneril, Claudius, and the Macbeth couple fail in the way of
Machiavellianism even though they are also evil in nature. The study asserts that Shakespeare dissents from Machiavelli by showing that an evil ruler, who
is a successful Machiavellian or not, fails sooner or later by leading to a
social chaos in monarchy.

References

  • Grady, H. (2002). Shakespeare, Machiavelli, and Montaigne: Power and Subjectivity From Richard II to Hamlet. New York: Oxford University Press Inc.
  • Harbage, A. (1964). Shakespeare: The tragedies. Eaglewood Cliffs: Prentice Hall.
  • Hazlitt, W. (2009). Characters of Shakespeare’s plays. J. H. Lobban (Ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Heilman, R. B. (1956). Magic in the web. Lexington: University Press of Kentucky.
  • Machiavelli, N. (2009). The Prince. Trans. Marriot W. K. Toronto: Prohyptikon Publishing Inc.
  • Meyer, E. (1897). Machiavelli and the Elizabethan drama. Weimar: Verlag Von Emil Felber.
  • Raab, F. (1964). The English face of Machiavelli. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
  • Raatzsch, R. (2009). The Apologetics of evil: The Case of Iago. Princeton and Oxford: Princeton University Press.
  • Roe, J. (2002). Shakespeare and Machiavelli. Cambridge: D. S. Brewer.
  • Shakespeare, W. (2012a). Hamlet. İstanbul: Dejavu Publishing.
  • ---. (2010). King Lear. İstanbul: Dejavu Publishing.
  • ---. (2011). Macbeth. İstanbul: Dejavu Publishing.
  • ---. (2012b). Othello. İstanbul: Dejavu Publishing.
  • Skinner, Q. (2000). Machiavelli: A very short introduction. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Spivack, B. (1964). Iago Revisited. In Alfred Herbage (Ed.), Shakespeare: The Tragedies. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice Hall.
There are 15 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Creative Arts and Writing
Journal Section English Language and Literature
Authors

Nilay Erdem Ayyıldız

Publication Date July 2, 2019
Submission Date December 7, 2018
Acceptance Date June 17, 2019
Published in Issue Year 2019 Volume: 18 Issue: 3

Cite

APA Ayyıldız, N. E. (2019). An Evaluation of the Evil Characters in Shakespeare’s Four Principle Tragedies in terms of Machiavellian Principles. Gaziantep Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 18(3), 1037-1049. https://doi.org/10.21547/jss.493489