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The Tradition of Utopianism within the Context of Dystopian Fiction and Critical Dystopia

Year 2020, Volume: 19 Issue: 3, 1135 - 1147, 01.07.2020
https://doi.org/10.21547/jss.715654

Abstract

The field of utopian studies within the realm of speculative fiction, interdisciplinary in its nature, has gained importance considering the international socio-political and socio-cultural conjuncture. Utopianism, which is engaged with the search for alternative social orders, is expressed through speculative texts with a utopian or dystopian tendency as a result of the societal, cultural, social, political, environmental and contextual events and developments. Although there exist numerous academic and intellectual studies in the international arena, research into the discipline in light of the current relevant sources and internationally accepted terminology is not sufficient in Turkey. This study aims to elaborate on the concept of utopianism and how the relevant terminology of utopian studies can be translated into Turkish. Furthermore, the relationship between utopian narrative and dystopian fiction will be explained, which will be followed by the explanation of the characteristic features of dystopia and the demonstration of how a literary dystopia can be critically analyzed. Then, why “critical dystopia” needs to be translated as “ümitvar distopya” into Turkish will be clarified with references to relevant international theoretical research, which will facilitate the evaluation of dystopia offering the glimpses of utopian hope rather than its traditional perception as a genre devoid of hope. In this study, it is therefore aimed to provide academics and researchers in Turkey, who wish to conduct research into utopian studies, with an academic and intellectual perspective, to offer insight into the relevant terminology and to offer the Turkishization of a significant concept in the field.

References

  • Baccolini, R. (2000). Gender and genre in the feminist critical dystopias of Katharine Burdekin, Margaret Atwood, and Octavia Butler. In: Barr, Marleen (Ed.). Future females: the next generation: new voices and velocities in feminist science fiction criticism. Lanham: Rowman, 13-34.
  • Baccolini, R. ve Moylan, T. (2003). Introduction: dystopia and histories. In: Baccolini, R. Ve Moylan, T. (Ed.). Dark horizons: Science fiction and the dystopian imagination. New York & Londra: Routledge, 1-12.
  • Baccolini, R. (2004). The persistence of hope in dystopian science fiction. PMLA, 119 (3), 518-521. Erişim Tarihi: 28.05.2020, https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/25486067.pdf?refreqid=excelsior%3A920a6828dc50a6ff58c1652c1acf89b2.
  • Booker, K. (2013). On dystopia. In: M. K. Booker, (Ed). Critical insights: Dystopia. Ipswich, Mass.: Salem Press, 1-15.
  • Bloch, E. (1995). The Principle of Hope. I. Cilt. Plaice, N., Plaice, S. ve Knight, P. (Çev.). Cambridge, Massachusetts: The MIT Press.
  • Cavalcanti, I. (2003). The writing of utopia and the feminist critical dystopia: Suzy McKee Charnas’s Holdfast Series. In: Baccolini, R. Ve Moylan, T. (Ed.). Dark horizons: Science fiction and the dystopian imagination. New York & Londra: Routledge, 47-68.
  • Claeys, G. (2013). The five languages of utopia: Their respective advantages and deficiencies with a plea for prioritising social realism. Cercles 30, 9-16. Erişim Tarihi: 27. 05. 2020, http://www.cercles.com/n30/claeys.pdf.
  • Donawerth, J. (2003). Genre blending and the critical dystopia. In: Baccolini, R. Ve Moylan, T. (Ed.). Dark horizons: Science fiction and the dystopian imagination. New York & Londra: Routledge, 29-46.
  • Fitting, P. (2003). Unmasking the real? Critique and utopia in recent sf films. In: Baccolini, R. Ve Moylan, T. (Ed.). Dark horizons: Science fiction and the dystopian imagination. New York & Londra: Routledge, 155-166.
  • Kumar, K. (2005). Ütopyacılık. Somel, A. (Çev.). Ankara: İmge.
  • Levitas, R. (1990). The concept of utopia. Syracuse: Syracuse UP.
  • Milner, A. (2014). Locating science fiction. Liverpool: Liverpool up.
  • More, T. (2012). Utopia. Eyüboğlu, S., Günyol, V. ve Urgan, M. (Çev.). XV. Basım. İstanbul: Türkiye İş Bankası Kültür Yayınları
  • Moylan, T. (2014). Demand the impossible: Science fiction and the utopian imagination. Baccolini, Raffaella (Ed.). Bern, İsviçre: Peter Lang.
  • Moylan, T. (2018). Scraps of the untainted sky: Science fiction, utopia, dystopia. New York: Routledge.
  • Moylan, T. (2020). The necessity of hope in in dystopian times: A critical reflection. Utopian Studies, 31 (1), 164-193. Erişim Tarihi: 27.05.2020, https://muse.jhu.edu/article/753449/pdf.
  • Palardy, D.Q. (2018). The dystopian imagination in contemporary Spanish literature and film. Cham, İsviçre: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Sargent, L. T. (1994). The three faces of utopianism revisited. Utopian Studies, 5 (1), 1-37.
  • Sargent, L. T. (2001). US Eutopias in the 1980s and 1990s: Self-fashioning in a world of multiple identities. In: P. Spinoza (Ed.). Utopianism / literary utopias and national cultural identities: A comparative perspective. Bologna: Cotepra/Bologna UP, 221-232.
  • Schuknecht, M. (2019). The best/worst of all possible worlds? Utopia, dystopia, and possible worlds theory. In: A. Bell and M. L. Ryan (Eds.). Possible worlds theory and contemporary narratology. Lincoln: Nebraska UP, 225-246.
  • Vieira, F. (2010). The concept of utopia. In: Claeys, G. (Ed.). The Cambridge companion to utopian literature. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 3-27.
  • Wilde, O. (2007). The complete works of Oscar Wilde: criticism: historical criticism, Intentions, the Soul of Man. Guy, J.M.(Ed.). IV. Cilt. Oxford: Oxford UP.

Distopik Kurgu ve Ümitvar Distopya Bağlamında Ütopyacılık Geleneği

Year 2020, Volume: 19 Issue: 3, 1135 - 1147, 01.07.2020
https://doi.org/10.21547/jss.715654

Abstract

Spekülatif kurgunun içerisinde yer alan ütopya çalışmaları, uluslararası sosyo-politik ve sosyo-kültürel konjonktür bağlamında disiplinlerarası yapısıyla büyük bir önem arz eder hale gelmiştir. Ütopya çalışmalarının altında yer alıp alternatif toplum düzenlerinin ve sosyal düzeninin arayışı ile ilgilenen ütopyacılık geleneği, tecrübe edilen toplumsal, kültürel, sosyal, siyasi, çevresel ve bağlamsal olayların, gelişmelerin sonucu olarak ütopik ya da distopik eğilimli spekülatif metinler üzerinden ortaya konulmaktadır. Uluslararası akademik ve entelektüel çevrelerce disipline dair birçok araştırma yapılmış olsa da Türkiye’de güncel kaynakların ve konuyla ilgili terminoloji ışığında yapılan bir çalışmanın eksikliği gözlenmektedir. Bu çalışma, ütopyacılık kavramını ve ütopya çalışmaları terminolojisinin Türkçede nasıl karşılık bulabileceğini açıklamayı hedeflemektedir. Ayrıca, ütopik anlatı ve distopik kurgu arasındaki ilişki açıklanarak distopyanın genel özellikleri ve bir distopyayı inceleme yöntemi üzerinde durulacaktır. Çalışmanın sonrasında ise, distopyanın alttürü olan “critical dystopia” kavramının neden “ümitvar distopya” olarak Türkçeleştirilmesi gerektiği, güncel teorik kaynaklar ışığında gösterilerek distopyanın, ümitvar distopya bağlamında düşünüldüğünde, tamamen karamsar, çaresiz bir türden ziyade ütopik umudu ve dürtüyü barındıran bir tür olarak değerlendirilmesi gerekliliği vurgulanacaktır. Çalışmanın son bölümünde ise, ulusal ve uluslararası platformlarda yürütülen ütopya çalışmaları, bu alanda faaliyet gösteren akademik oluşumlar, merkezler ve kütüphaneler hakkında detaylı bilgi verilecektir. Bu noktalardan yola çıkarak, bu çalışma ile Türkiye’de ütopya çalışmaları, ütopyacılık, distopya, ümitvar distopya ve genel anlamda spekülatif edebiyat alanında araştırma yapacak akademisyenlere ve araştırmacılara güncel çalışmalar ışığında akademik ve entelektüel bakış açısı sağlanması, uluslararası terminoloji anlamında yol gösterilmesi ve disiplindeki önemli bir kavramın Türkçeleştirilmesi amaçlanmaktadır.

References

  • Baccolini, R. (2000). Gender and genre in the feminist critical dystopias of Katharine Burdekin, Margaret Atwood, and Octavia Butler. In: Barr, Marleen (Ed.). Future females: the next generation: new voices and velocities in feminist science fiction criticism. Lanham: Rowman, 13-34.
  • Baccolini, R. ve Moylan, T. (2003). Introduction: dystopia and histories. In: Baccolini, R. Ve Moylan, T. (Ed.). Dark horizons: Science fiction and the dystopian imagination. New York & Londra: Routledge, 1-12.
  • Baccolini, R. (2004). The persistence of hope in dystopian science fiction. PMLA, 119 (3), 518-521. Erişim Tarihi: 28.05.2020, https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/25486067.pdf?refreqid=excelsior%3A920a6828dc50a6ff58c1652c1acf89b2.
  • Booker, K. (2013). On dystopia. In: M. K. Booker, (Ed). Critical insights: Dystopia. Ipswich, Mass.: Salem Press, 1-15.
  • Bloch, E. (1995). The Principle of Hope. I. Cilt. Plaice, N., Plaice, S. ve Knight, P. (Çev.). Cambridge, Massachusetts: The MIT Press.
  • Cavalcanti, I. (2003). The writing of utopia and the feminist critical dystopia: Suzy McKee Charnas’s Holdfast Series. In: Baccolini, R. Ve Moylan, T. (Ed.). Dark horizons: Science fiction and the dystopian imagination. New York & Londra: Routledge, 47-68.
  • Claeys, G. (2013). The five languages of utopia: Their respective advantages and deficiencies with a plea for prioritising social realism. Cercles 30, 9-16. Erişim Tarihi: 27. 05. 2020, http://www.cercles.com/n30/claeys.pdf.
  • Donawerth, J. (2003). Genre blending and the critical dystopia. In: Baccolini, R. Ve Moylan, T. (Ed.). Dark horizons: Science fiction and the dystopian imagination. New York & Londra: Routledge, 29-46.
  • Fitting, P. (2003). Unmasking the real? Critique and utopia in recent sf films. In: Baccolini, R. Ve Moylan, T. (Ed.). Dark horizons: Science fiction and the dystopian imagination. New York & Londra: Routledge, 155-166.
  • Kumar, K. (2005). Ütopyacılık. Somel, A. (Çev.). Ankara: İmge.
  • Levitas, R. (1990). The concept of utopia. Syracuse: Syracuse UP.
  • Milner, A. (2014). Locating science fiction. Liverpool: Liverpool up.
  • More, T. (2012). Utopia. Eyüboğlu, S., Günyol, V. ve Urgan, M. (Çev.). XV. Basım. İstanbul: Türkiye İş Bankası Kültür Yayınları
  • Moylan, T. (2014). Demand the impossible: Science fiction and the utopian imagination. Baccolini, Raffaella (Ed.). Bern, İsviçre: Peter Lang.
  • Moylan, T. (2018). Scraps of the untainted sky: Science fiction, utopia, dystopia. New York: Routledge.
  • Moylan, T. (2020). The necessity of hope in in dystopian times: A critical reflection. Utopian Studies, 31 (1), 164-193. Erişim Tarihi: 27.05.2020, https://muse.jhu.edu/article/753449/pdf.
  • Palardy, D.Q. (2018). The dystopian imagination in contemporary Spanish literature and film. Cham, İsviçre: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Sargent, L. T. (1994). The three faces of utopianism revisited. Utopian Studies, 5 (1), 1-37.
  • Sargent, L. T. (2001). US Eutopias in the 1980s and 1990s: Self-fashioning in a world of multiple identities. In: P. Spinoza (Ed.). Utopianism / literary utopias and national cultural identities: A comparative perspective. Bologna: Cotepra/Bologna UP, 221-232.
  • Schuknecht, M. (2019). The best/worst of all possible worlds? Utopia, dystopia, and possible worlds theory. In: A. Bell and M. L. Ryan (Eds.). Possible worlds theory and contemporary narratology. Lincoln: Nebraska UP, 225-246.
  • Vieira, F. (2010). The concept of utopia. In: Claeys, G. (Ed.). The Cambridge companion to utopian literature. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 3-27.
  • Wilde, O. (2007). The complete works of Oscar Wilde: criticism: historical criticism, Intentions, the Soul of Man. Guy, J.M.(Ed.). IV. Cilt. Oxford: Oxford UP.
There are 22 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Creative Arts and Writing
Journal Section English Language and Literature
Authors

Emrah Atasoy 0000-0002-5008-2636

Publication Date July 1, 2020
Submission Date April 7, 2020
Acceptance Date June 9, 2020
Published in Issue Year 2020 Volume: 19 Issue: 3

Cite

APA Atasoy, E. (2020). Distopik Kurgu ve Ümitvar Distopya Bağlamında Ütopyacılık Geleneği. Gaziantep Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 19(3), 1135-1147. https://doi.org/10.21547/jss.715654