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Changing International System And Globalization After Pandemic

Year 2020, Volume: 19 Issue: COVID-19 Special Issue, 261 - 273, 31.10.2020
https://doi.org/10.21547/jss.771965

Abstract

The interaction of the ancient Sumerian city-states, is seen as the first international system. Systems change with the evolution of humanity and technological developments. Different actors and systems come in the next process, instead of the actor or state that was dominant and determined the system for a period. International relations play an important role in this interstate structure and determine the interstate relations and system. The scope of international relations covers many subtitles such as globalization, international security, state sovereignty and diplomatic relations. Globalization today is one of the most discussed topics that affect living conditions.
Although Coronavirus that emerged in Wuhan province in China, initially looked like an ordinary epidemic, was found out that it is not an ordinary epidemic. Globalization also contributes to the rapid spread of the pandemic process through the world. Globalization, supported by neo-liberal policies, is losing its dynamism with the precautions taken with the pandemic process. Coronavirus, that dominates international relations and has the capacity to change the system, is one of the biggest events that affected the whole world after the II. World War. Pandemic that causes questioning the existence and reliability of international institutions, affects many more areas from social life to economy. Social living conditions changing with the pandemic process, economic and commercial activities coming to a halt, affects ınternational relations unprecedentedly. States that prioritize security and fighting for existence, leads tp tension in international relations. This stretched system turns into a “zero sum game” and moves away from the direction determined by the neo-liberal policy. The main focus of the study is that the nation states are becoming more active and thus the international system is being forced into transformation with the pandemic.

References

  • Aydınlı, E. (2020). Salgınlar ve Uluslararası Sistemin Dayanıklılığı, Derleme, T.C. Dışişleri Bakanlığı Stratejik Araştırmalar Merkezi, Covid-19 sonrası küresel sistem: eski sorunlar, yeni trendler (35-39). Ankara: Matsa Basımevi.
  • Atlı, A. (2020). Covid-19 Küreselleşmenin Sonunu mu Getirecek?, Derleme, T.C. Dışişleri Bakanlığı Stratejik Araştırmalar Merkezi, Covid-19 sonrası küresel sistem: eski sorunlar, yeni trendler (54-57). Ankara: Matsa Basımevi.
  • Baumann, Z. (2007). Liquid times: living in an age of uncertainty, First Edition. Cambridge: Polity Press.
  • Beck, U. (1992). Risk society: towards a new modernity, Translated by Mark Ritter. London: Sage Publications.
  • Bevins, V. (2020, April 1). “Will the Coronavirus Tear Europe Apart?”, The Intelligencer, https://nymag.com/intelligencer/2020/04/will-the-coronavirus-tear-europe-apart.html, E.T.: 12.07.2020.
  • Blower, B. L. (2014). From isolationism to neutrality: a new framework for understanding American political culture, 1919-1941, Diplomatic History, Vol. 38, No. 2, 345-376.
  • Boffey, D. (2020, April 2). “EU Plans to Spend E100bn on Saving Jobs Amid Coronavirus Crisis”, The Guardian, https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/apr/02/eu-plans-to-spend-100bn-on-saving-jobs-amid-coronavirus-crisis, E.T.: 23.06.2020
  • Breuss, F., Christen, E. (2019) Policy brief: Trump’s trade wars implications for the EU and China, Austrian Institute of Economic Research. Arsenal: Objekt 20.
  • Brzezinski, Z. (1992). The Cold War and its aftermath, Foreign Affairs, Vol.71, No:4. 31-49.
  • Brzezinski, Z. (2017). US-Pakistan relationship Soviet invasion of Afghanistan. New York: Routledge.
  • Cherkaoui, M. (2020). Responding to Kissenger: the risks of remodeling neoliberalism and manipulating the enlightment values. Doha: Aljazeera Centre for Studies.
  • Connoly, C. (2020). War and the Coronavirus pandemic, Third World approaches to international law review, TW AILR: Reflections 15, 1-7.
  • Çiftçi, S. (2011). Küreselleşmenin Türkiye’deki kentler üzerine etkisi. Bartın Üniversitesi İ.İ.B.F. Dergisi, 2(3). 73-81.
  • Erdem, A. (2015). Belediyeler özelinde Türkiye-İsveç yerel yönetimleri karşılaştırılması, Akdeniz İ. İ. B. F. Dergisi, (30), 185-214.
  • Ewing, J. (2020, March 19). “Some Countries Are Better Armored for Epidemics Than Others”, The New York Times, https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/19/ business/europe-economies-coronavirus-winners.html, E.T.: 12.07.2020.
  • Giddens, A. (1999). Risk and responsibility, Modern Law Review, Vol 62, No:1, 1-10.
  • Hanioğlu, M. Ş. (2020). Covid-19 Sonrası Küresel Düzen: İki Seçenek, Derleme, T.C. Dışişleri Bakanlığı Stratejik Araştırmalar Merkezi, Covid-19 sonrası küresel sistem: eski sorunlar, yeni trendler (24-28). Ankara: Matsa Basımevi.
  • Hartman-Mahmud, L. (2002). War as metaphor, Peace Review, 14(4), 427-432.
  • Helsel, P. (2020, May 16). “Trump Threatens to Make WHO Funding Freeze Permanent”, NBC News, https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/politics-news/trump-threatens-make-who-funding-freeze-permanent-n1210041, E.T.: 21.06.2020.
  • Kaplan, M. A. (1957). System and process in international politics. New York: John Wiley and Sons.
  • Keyman, F. (2020, 7 Nisan). “Korona Pandemisi ve Küreselleşme: Nasıl Bir Dünyada Yaşayacağız”, https://www.perspektif.online/tr/odak/koronalizasyon/korona-pandemisi-ve-kuresellesme-nasil-bir-dunyada-yasayacagiz.html, (E.T.: 16.06.2020).
  • Kissenger, H. A. (2020, April 3). “The Coronavirus Pandemic Will Forever Alter the World Order”, Wall Street Journal, https://www.wsj.com/articles/the-coronavirus-pandemic-will-forever-alter-the-world-order-11585953005, E, T.: 21.06.2020.
  • Kliem, F. (2020, April 11). Opinion-Realism and the Coronavirus Crisis, https://www.e-ir.info/2020/04/11/opinion-realism-and-the-coronavirus-crisis/, E.T.: 13.07.2020.
  • Levy, G. (2020, April 16) The America First Puts America Last, Dartmouth, https://www.thedartmouth.com/article/2020/04/levy-america-first-america-last, E.T.: 21.06.2020.
  • Müftüler-Baç, M. (2020). Küresel Salgın Tehdidi Altında Küresel Sistem, Derleme, T.C. Dışişleri Bakanlığı Stratejik Araştırmalar Merkezi, Covid-19 sonrası küresel sistem: eski sorunlar, yeni trendler (20-23). Ankara: Matsa Basımevi.
  • Morgenthau, H. J. (1948). Politics among nations; the struggle for power and peace, 6. Edition. New York: Alfred A. Knopf.
  • OECD. (2020, July 7). Tackling Coronavirus (Covid-19) Contributing to a Global Effort, https://www.oecd.org/coronavirus/en/, E.T.: 13.07.2020.
  • Sanaei, M. (2020, April 21). World Order in Post-Coronavirus Era, Valdai, https://valdaiclub.com/a/highlights/world-order-in-post-coronavirus-era/, E.T.: 15.07.2020.
  • Smith, D. (2020, April 15). “Trump Halts for World Health Organization Funding Over Coronavirus ‘Failure”, The Guardian, https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/apr /14/ coronavirus-trump-halts-funding-to world-health-organization, E.T.: 21.06.2020.
  • Sönmezoğlu, F., Güneş, H., Keleşoğlu, E. (2017). Uluslararası ilişkilere giriş, 7.Baskı. İstanbul: DER Yayınları.
  • Steinert, H. (2003). The indispensable metaphor of war: on populist politics and the contradictions of the state’s monopoly of force, Theoretical Criminology, 7(3), 265-291.
  • United Nation (2020). Impact of Covid-19 on DPPA and on the Multi- Year Appeal, https://dppa.un.org/sites/default/files/impact_of_covid-19_on_dppa_and_the_mya.pdf, E.T.: 25.06.2020.
  • Virillio, P. (2006). Speed and politics. New York: Autonomedia.
  • Waltz, K. N. (1999). Globalization and governance, PS: Political Science and Politics, 32(4), 693-700.
  • World Health Organization (2020) Covid-19 Timeline, https://www.who.int/news-room/detail/27-04-2020-who-timeline---covid-19, E.T.: 31.05.2020.
  • Wright, T., Campbell, K. M., (2020, March 4). “The Coronavirus is Exposing the Limits of Populism” The Atlantic, https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2020/03/ geopolitics-coronavirus/607414/, E. T.: 21.06.2020.

PANDEMİ SONRASI DEĞİŞEN ULUSLARARASI SİSTEM VE KÜRESELLEŞME

Year 2020, Volume: 19 Issue: COVID-19 Special Issue, 261 - 273, 31.10.2020
https://doi.org/10.21547/jss.771965

Abstract

Eski Sümer Şehir devletlerinin etkileşimi, ilk tam uluslararası sistem olarak görülmektedir. İnsanlığın evrimiyle birlikte, sosyal ve teknolojik gelişmelerle sistemler değişmektedir. Bir dönem başat olan ve sistemi belirleyen aktör veya devlet yerine sonraki süreçte farklı aktör ve sistemler gelmektedir. Uluslararası ilişkiler bu devletlerarası yapıda önemli bir işlev görerek, devletlerarası ilişkileri ve sistemi belirlemektedir. Uluslararası ilişkilerin kapsamı küreselleşme, uluslararası güvenlik, devlet egemenliği ve diplomatik ilişkiler gibi birçok alt başlığı kapsamaktadır. Küreselleşme günümüzde yaşam koşullarını etkileyen ve üzerinde en çok tartışılan başlıklardan bir tanesidir.
Çin’in Wuhan eyaletinde baş gösteren Koronavirüs başlangıçta sıradan bir salgın gibi görünmesine rağmen, öyle olmadığı ilerleyen süreçte anlaşılmıştır. Pandemi sürecinin hızlı bir şekilde tüm dünyaya yayılmasında, küreselleşmenin de katkıları vardır. Neo-liberal politikaların desteklediği küreselleşme, Pandemi süreciyle birlikte alınan önlemlerle dinamizmini yitirmektedir. Uluslararası ilişkileri domine eden ve sistemi değiştirebilme kapasitesine sahip olan Koronavirüs, II. Dünya Savaşı’ndan sonra tüm dünyayı etkisi altına alan en büyük olaylardandır. Uluslararası kurumların varlığının ve güvenilirliğinin sorgulanmasına neden olan Pandemi, sosyal yaşamdan ekonomiye kadar daha birçok alanı etkilemektedir. Pandemi süreciyle birlikte değişen sosyal yaşam koşulları, ekonomik ve ticari faaliyetlerin durma noktasına gelmesi, uluslararası ilişkileri benzeri görülmemiş bir şekilde etkilemektedir. Güvenliği öncelikli hale getiren ve var olma savaşına giren devletler, uluslararası ilişkilerin gerilmesine neden olmaktadır. Gerilen bu sistem “sıfır toplamlı oyuna” dönüşmekte ve neo-liberal politikanın belirlediği doğrultudan uzaklaşmaktadır. Pandemiyle birlikte, ulus devletlerin daha aktif olarak etkin olmaya başlaması ve bu nedenle uluslararası sistemin dönüşüme zorlanması çalışmanın ana odak noktasını oluşturmaktadır.

References

  • Aydınlı, E. (2020). Salgınlar ve Uluslararası Sistemin Dayanıklılığı, Derleme, T.C. Dışişleri Bakanlığı Stratejik Araştırmalar Merkezi, Covid-19 sonrası küresel sistem: eski sorunlar, yeni trendler (35-39). Ankara: Matsa Basımevi.
  • Atlı, A. (2020). Covid-19 Küreselleşmenin Sonunu mu Getirecek?, Derleme, T.C. Dışişleri Bakanlığı Stratejik Araştırmalar Merkezi, Covid-19 sonrası küresel sistem: eski sorunlar, yeni trendler (54-57). Ankara: Matsa Basımevi.
  • Baumann, Z. (2007). Liquid times: living in an age of uncertainty, First Edition. Cambridge: Polity Press.
  • Beck, U. (1992). Risk society: towards a new modernity, Translated by Mark Ritter. London: Sage Publications.
  • Bevins, V. (2020, April 1). “Will the Coronavirus Tear Europe Apart?”, The Intelligencer, https://nymag.com/intelligencer/2020/04/will-the-coronavirus-tear-europe-apart.html, E.T.: 12.07.2020.
  • Blower, B. L. (2014). From isolationism to neutrality: a new framework for understanding American political culture, 1919-1941, Diplomatic History, Vol. 38, No. 2, 345-376.
  • Boffey, D. (2020, April 2). “EU Plans to Spend E100bn on Saving Jobs Amid Coronavirus Crisis”, The Guardian, https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/apr/02/eu-plans-to-spend-100bn-on-saving-jobs-amid-coronavirus-crisis, E.T.: 23.06.2020
  • Breuss, F., Christen, E. (2019) Policy brief: Trump’s trade wars implications for the EU and China, Austrian Institute of Economic Research. Arsenal: Objekt 20.
  • Brzezinski, Z. (1992). The Cold War and its aftermath, Foreign Affairs, Vol.71, No:4. 31-49.
  • Brzezinski, Z. (2017). US-Pakistan relationship Soviet invasion of Afghanistan. New York: Routledge.
  • Cherkaoui, M. (2020). Responding to Kissenger: the risks of remodeling neoliberalism and manipulating the enlightment values. Doha: Aljazeera Centre for Studies.
  • Connoly, C. (2020). War and the Coronavirus pandemic, Third World approaches to international law review, TW AILR: Reflections 15, 1-7.
  • Çiftçi, S. (2011). Küreselleşmenin Türkiye’deki kentler üzerine etkisi. Bartın Üniversitesi İ.İ.B.F. Dergisi, 2(3). 73-81.
  • Erdem, A. (2015). Belediyeler özelinde Türkiye-İsveç yerel yönetimleri karşılaştırılması, Akdeniz İ. İ. B. F. Dergisi, (30), 185-214.
  • Ewing, J. (2020, March 19). “Some Countries Are Better Armored for Epidemics Than Others”, The New York Times, https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/19/ business/europe-economies-coronavirus-winners.html, E.T.: 12.07.2020.
  • Giddens, A. (1999). Risk and responsibility, Modern Law Review, Vol 62, No:1, 1-10.
  • Hanioğlu, M. Ş. (2020). Covid-19 Sonrası Küresel Düzen: İki Seçenek, Derleme, T.C. Dışişleri Bakanlığı Stratejik Araştırmalar Merkezi, Covid-19 sonrası küresel sistem: eski sorunlar, yeni trendler (24-28). Ankara: Matsa Basımevi.
  • Hartman-Mahmud, L. (2002). War as metaphor, Peace Review, 14(4), 427-432.
  • Helsel, P. (2020, May 16). “Trump Threatens to Make WHO Funding Freeze Permanent”, NBC News, https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/politics-news/trump-threatens-make-who-funding-freeze-permanent-n1210041, E.T.: 21.06.2020.
  • Kaplan, M. A. (1957). System and process in international politics. New York: John Wiley and Sons.
  • Keyman, F. (2020, 7 Nisan). “Korona Pandemisi ve Küreselleşme: Nasıl Bir Dünyada Yaşayacağız”, https://www.perspektif.online/tr/odak/koronalizasyon/korona-pandemisi-ve-kuresellesme-nasil-bir-dunyada-yasayacagiz.html, (E.T.: 16.06.2020).
  • Kissenger, H. A. (2020, April 3). “The Coronavirus Pandemic Will Forever Alter the World Order”, Wall Street Journal, https://www.wsj.com/articles/the-coronavirus-pandemic-will-forever-alter-the-world-order-11585953005, E, T.: 21.06.2020.
  • Kliem, F. (2020, April 11). Opinion-Realism and the Coronavirus Crisis, https://www.e-ir.info/2020/04/11/opinion-realism-and-the-coronavirus-crisis/, E.T.: 13.07.2020.
  • Levy, G. (2020, April 16) The America First Puts America Last, Dartmouth, https://www.thedartmouth.com/article/2020/04/levy-america-first-america-last, E.T.: 21.06.2020.
  • Müftüler-Baç, M. (2020). Küresel Salgın Tehdidi Altında Küresel Sistem, Derleme, T.C. Dışişleri Bakanlığı Stratejik Araştırmalar Merkezi, Covid-19 sonrası küresel sistem: eski sorunlar, yeni trendler (20-23). Ankara: Matsa Basımevi.
  • Morgenthau, H. J. (1948). Politics among nations; the struggle for power and peace, 6. Edition. New York: Alfred A. Knopf.
  • OECD. (2020, July 7). Tackling Coronavirus (Covid-19) Contributing to a Global Effort, https://www.oecd.org/coronavirus/en/, E.T.: 13.07.2020.
  • Sanaei, M. (2020, April 21). World Order in Post-Coronavirus Era, Valdai, https://valdaiclub.com/a/highlights/world-order-in-post-coronavirus-era/, E.T.: 15.07.2020.
  • Smith, D. (2020, April 15). “Trump Halts for World Health Organization Funding Over Coronavirus ‘Failure”, The Guardian, https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/apr /14/ coronavirus-trump-halts-funding-to world-health-organization, E.T.: 21.06.2020.
  • Sönmezoğlu, F., Güneş, H., Keleşoğlu, E. (2017). Uluslararası ilişkilere giriş, 7.Baskı. İstanbul: DER Yayınları.
  • Steinert, H. (2003). The indispensable metaphor of war: on populist politics and the contradictions of the state’s monopoly of force, Theoretical Criminology, 7(3), 265-291.
  • United Nation (2020). Impact of Covid-19 on DPPA and on the Multi- Year Appeal, https://dppa.un.org/sites/default/files/impact_of_covid-19_on_dppa_and_the_mya.pdf, E.T.: 25.06.2020.
  • Virillio, P. (2006). Speed and politics. New York: Autonomedia.
  • Waltz, K. N. (1999). Globalization and governance, PS: Political Science and Politics, 32(4), 693-700.
  • World Health Organization (2020) Covid-19 Timeline, https://www.who.int/news-room/detail/27-04-2020-who-timeline---covid-19, E.T.: 31.05.2020.
  • Wright, T., Campbell, K. M., (2020, March 4). “The Coronavirus is Exposing the Limits of Populism” The Atlantic, https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2020/03/ geopolitics-coronavirus/607414/, E. T.: 21.06.2020.
There are 36 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Political Science
Journal Section Political Science and International Relations
Authors

Ferat Kaya 0000-0003-3704-7251

Publication Date October 31, 2020
Submission Date July 20, 2020
Acceptance Date September 24, 2020
Published in Issue Year 2020 Volume: 19 Issue: COVID-19 Special Issue

Cite

APA Kaya, F. (2020). PANDEMİ SONRASI DEĞİŞEN ULUSLARARASI SİSTEM VE KÜRESELLEŞME. Gaziantep University Journal of Social Sciences, 19(COVID-19 Special Issue), 261-273. https://doi.org/10.21547/jss.771965