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Hitit Metinlerinde Kutsal (GIŠ)zahurti-Nesnesi

Year 2023, Volume: 22 Issue: 4, 1309 - 1321, 20.10.2023
https://doi.org/10.21547/jss.1339575

Abstract

Sivil Hitit metinlerinde (GIŠ)zahurti-(/zaharti-) başlangıçta “bir metal nesne” olarak tanımlanmıştır. Ancak bu kelime çiftdilli metinlerde Akadca olarak geçen [muš]abu (wašabu=oturmak) “ikamet edilen yer, mesken; oturacak yer, sandalye, koltuk veya divan” karşılığı ile birlikte geçmektedir. Aynı zamanda NIN.DINGIR-rahibesinin de ritüellerde zahurti-nesnesine eš- “oturmak” eylemini gerçekleştirdiği bilinmektedir. Bu ritüeller sırasında šiunaš aniyatta-giysisi, huluganni-(arabası) gibi onu sembolize eden bazı nesneler/gereçlerin arasında zahurti- de olmalıdır. NIN.DINGIR-rahibesinin Hitit ana festivallerinde, zahurti-nesnesine oturması/oturmasa da onunla ilgili ritüel uygulamalarının bir parçası olarak birlikte geçmesi ikisinin arasındaki yakın ilişkiyi göstermektedir. Hem Mezopotamya’da hem de Hatti memleketinde önemli bir kült görevlisi olarak karşımıza çıkan NIN.DINGIR-rahibesinin “kutsal evlilik” barındıran ritüellerle de yakın ilişkisi bulunmaktadır. NIN.DINGIR-rahibesinin ve zahurti-nesnesinin birlikte geçtiği metin bilgileri, özellikle Eski Hitit Dönemi sanatı açısından son derece önemli Bitik, İnandık ve Hüseyindede A vazolarında görülen ortak sahneler(in)deki “kutsal evlilik” betimlemeleri ile karşılaştırabileceğimiz bazı unsurları taşımaktadır. İnandık ve Hüseyindede A vazolarındaki üçüncü frizin son sahnesindeki tasvirlerde bir nesne üzerinde oturur vaziyette görünen iki kadın görülmektedir. Solda bulunan kadın, sağ taraftaki kadın tarafından süslenmektedir. Bu ritüelik eylemi “yağ sürmek/yağlanmak (mesh edilmek)” anlamlarına gelen Hititçe išk(iya)- fiili ile eşitleyebiliriz. Diğer yandan söz konusu iki kadının oturduğu “ahşap ayaklı ve üzeri örtülü bir çeşit divan” tasvirinin ise Hitit metinlerinde geçen GIŠzahurti- olması gerektiğini düşünmekteyiz.

References

  • Akdoğan, R.-Şimşek Ö. (2022). Sumerce LÚGUDU12 (merhemli rahip ve kutsal kitaplarda yağlanma). Kıraç, Y. vd. (Ed.). Asırlık Çınar Anadolu Medeniyetler Müzesi 100 Yaşında, Cilt 1 (s. 243-254). Ankara: T.C. Kültür ve Turizm Bakanlığı.
  • Albayrak, İ. (2004). “... Onlarla oturacak, yiyecek ve yağlanacak” ... ušbat aklat u paššat ištīšunu. Archivum Anatolicum (ArAn) 7 (1), 1-21.
  • Alp, S. (1940). Untersuchungen zu den beamtennamen im hethitischen festzeremoniell. (Sammlung orientalistischer arbeiten 5) Leipzig: Otto Harrassowitz.
  • Alp, S. (1983). Beiträge zur erforschung des hethitischen tempels. Kultanlagen im lichte der keilschrifttexte. Neue deutungen, Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurumu.
  • Badalì, E. (1991). Strumenti musicali, musici e musica nella celebrazione delle feste ittite. (Texte der Hethiter 14/1), Heidelberg: Universitätsverlag Winter.
  • Badalì, E.-Zinko, C. (1989). Der 16. tag des AN.TAH.ŠUM-festes. Text, übersetzung, kommentar, glossar. (Scientia 20), Innsbruck: Scientia.
  • Bozgun, Ş.-Yalçın, E. (2021). Kayseri arkeoloji müzesinde bulunan hititçe tablet parçaları I. Belleten 85 (302), 1-16.
  • Burgin, J.M. (2019). Functional differentiation in hittite festival texts. An analysis of the old hittite manuscripts of the KI.LAM great assembly. (Studien zu den Boğazköy-Texten 65), Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz.
  • Burgin, J.M. (2022). Studies in hittite economic administration, a new edition of the hittite palace-tempel administrative corpus and research on allied texts found at Hattuša, volume II. (Studien zu den Boğazköy-Texten 71), Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz.
  • Dardano, P. (1997). L'aneddoto e il racconto in età antico-hittita: la cosiddetta “cronaca di palazzo”, Roma: Il calamo.
  • Darga, M. (1992). Hitit sanatı, İstanbul: Akbank.
  • Forlanini, M. (2010). An attempt at reconstructing the branches of the hittite royal family of the early kingdom period. Cohen, Y.-Gilan A.-Miller, J.L. (Ed.). Pax Hethitica-Studies on the Hittites and their Neighbours in Honour of Itamar Singer (Studien zu den Boğazköy-Texten 51) (s.115-135). Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz.
  • Fuscagni, F. (2007). Hethitische unveröffentlichte texte aus den jahren 1906-1912 in der sekundärliteratur. (Hethitologie Portal Mainz-Materialien 6) Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz.
  • Gilan, A. (2015). Formen und inhalte althethitischer literatur. (Texte der Hethiter 29), Heidelberg: Universitätsverlag Winter.
  • Gonnet, H. (1982). La grande fête d'Arinna. Mémorial Atatürk. Études d'archeologie et de philologie anatoliennes, 43-71.
  • Groddek, D. (2004). Hethitische texte in transkription KUB 20. (Dresdner Beiträge zur Hethitologie 13), Dresden: Verlag der Dresden.
  • Groddek, D. (2004a). Eine althethitische tafel des KI.LAM-festes. (International Journal of Diachronic Linguistics and Linguistic Reconstruction-Supplement 1) München: Anja Gärtig.
  • Gurney, O.R. (1979). The anointing of Tudhaliya, Carruba, O. (Ed.), Studia Mediterranea Piero Meriggi Dicata, (StuMed 1) (s.213-233) Pavia: Aurora.
  • Haas, V. (1994). Geschichte der hethitischen religion. (Handbuch der Orientalistik I/15) Leiden: Brill.
  • Hoffner, H. A. (1995). Oil in hittite texts. Biblical Archaeologist 58 (2), 108-114.
  • Hoffner, H. A. (1997). The laws of the hittites. A critical edition. Leiden-New York-Köln: Brill.
  • Hoffner, H. A. (2009). Letters from the hittite kingdom. Atlanta: Brill.
  • Kloekhorst, A. (2008). Etymological dictionary of the hittite inherited lexicon. Leiden: Brill.
  • Kloekhorst, A. (2020). The authorship of the old hittite palace chronicle (CTH 8): A case for Anitta. Journal of Cuneiform Studies 72, 143-155.
  • Laroche, E. (1965). Notices lexicographiques. Revue d'Assyriologie et d'Archéologie orientale 59, 85.
  • Melchert, H. C. (2001). A hittite fertility rite?. Wilhelm, G. (Ed.), Akten des IV. Internationalen Kongresses für Hethitologie, Würzburg, 4.-8. Oktober 1999, (Studien zu den Boğazköy-Texten 45) (s.404-409). Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz.
  • Neu, E. (1980). Althethitische ritualtexte im umschrift, (Studien zu den Boğazköy-Texten 25) Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz.
  • Neu, E. (1995). Grammatische skizze zum text der althethitischen 'palastchronik'. Hout, Th.P.J.-Roos, J. de (Ed.), Studio historiae ardens. Ancient Near Eastern Studies Presented to Philo H.J. Houwink ten Cate on the Occasion of his 65th Birthday, (Uitgaven van het Nederlands Historisch-archaeologisch Instituut te Istanbul/Publications de l'Institut Historique-Archéologique Néederlandais de Stamboul 74) (s.225-244) Leiden.
  • Özgüç, T. (1958). Bitik vazosu. A.Ü. Dil ve Tarih Coğrafya Fakültesi 16 (1-2), 1-18.
  • Polvani, A.M. (1988). Un oggetto del culto ittita: (giš)zahurti. Imparati, F. (Ed.). Studi di storia e filologia anatolica dedicati a Giovanni Pugliese Carratelli (Eothen 1), (s.209-219). Firenze: LoGisma.
  • Popko, M. (1994). Zippalanda. Ein kultzentrum im hethitischen kleinasien. (Texte der Hethiter 21) Heidelberg: C. Winter.
  • Popko, M. (1995). Religions of Asia minor. Warsaw: Academic Publications Dialog.
  • Popko, M. (2009). Arinna. Eine heilige stadt der hethiter. (Studien zu den Boğazköy-Texten 50) Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz.
  • Rost, L. (1961). Zu den hethitischen bildbeschreibungen, 1. Teil. Mitteilungen des Instituts für Orientforschung der Deutschen Akademia der Wissenchaften zu Berlin (MIO) 8, 161-217.
  • Roszkowska-Mutschler, H. (2005). Hethitische texte in transkription. KBo 45. (Dresdner Beiträge zur Hethitologie 16) Dresden: Harrassowitz.
  • Savaş, S.Ö. (2002). Tahtlar ve asalar: “Hitit tanrılarının ve krallarının gücü”.de Martino, S.-Pecchioli Daddi, F. (Ed.), Anatolia antica. Studi in memoria di Fiorella Imparati, (Eothen 11) (s.705-733), Firenze: LoGisma.
  • Savaş, S.Ö. (2006). Çiviyazɩlɩ belgeler ışɩğɩnda Anadolu’da (i.ö.2.binyɩlda) madencilik ve maden kullanımı. Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurumu.
  • Strobel, K. (2008). Tawinija/Tavium and the regional hittite road network. Eothen, studi sulle civiltàdell'Oriente antico 16, 281-302.
  • Taggar-Cohen, A. (2006). The NIN.DINGIR in the Hittite kingdom: A mesopotamian priestly office in Hatti?. Altorientalische Forschungen 33, 313-327.
  • Vigano, L. (2000). Rituals at Ebla II, ì-giš sag: A purification ritual or anointing of the head?, Journal of Near Eastern Studies 59 (1), 13-22.
  • Yıldırım, T. (2005). Hüseyindede tepesinde bulunan yeni bir kült vazosu. Süel, A. (Ed.). V.Uluslararası Hititoloji Kongresi Bildirileri, Çorum 02-08 Eylül 2002-Acts of the Vth International Congress of Hittitology, Çorum, September 02-08, 2002, (s.761-778) Ankara: Nokta.
  • Yıldırım, T. (2008). New scenes on the second relief vase from hüseyindede and their interpretation in the light of the Hittite representative art. Archi, A.-Francia, R. (Ed.), VI.Congresso Internazionale di Ittitologia, Roma, 5-9 settembre 2005,Parte II, (Studi Micenei ed Egeo Anatolici 50) (s.837-850) Roma: CNR.
  • Waal, W. (2015). Hittite diplomatics. Studies in ancient document format and record management. (Studien zu den Boğazköy-Texten 57), Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz.
  • Zinko, C. (2016). Tawiniya/Tavium-ein hethitisches kultzentrum. Erkut, S.-Sir Gavaz Ö. (Ed.), ANTAHŠUMSAR “ÇİĞDEM”-Eski Anadolu Araştırmalarına ve Hititlere Adanmış Bir Hayat/Studies in Honour of Ahmet Ünal=Ahmet Ünal Armağanı, (s.545-562) İstanbul: Arkeoloji ve Sanat Yayınları.
  • Zorman, M. (2004). The palace chronicle reconsidered. Groddek D.-Rößle S. (Ed.), Šarnikzel. Hethitologische Studien zum Gedenken an Emil Orgetorix Forrer, (Dresdner Beiträge zur Hethitologie 10) (s.691-708) Dresden: Harrassowitz.

Sacred (GIŠ)zahurti-Object in Hittite Texts

Year 2023, Volume: 22 Issue: 4, 1309 - 1321, 20.10.2023
https://doi.org/10.21547/jss.1339575

Abstract

In the Hittite texts (GIŠ)zahurti-(/zaharti-) was at first defined as a “metal object”. However, this word [muš]abu (wašabu=to sit) which is mentioned as Akkadian in bilingual texts is “a place of residence, abode”; It is seen together with the meaning of “seat, chair, armchair or sofa”. At the same time, it is known that the NIN.DINGIR-priestess also performed the act of eš- “to sit” on the zahurti-object in rituals. During these rituals, zahurti- should be among some objects/materials that symbolize it, such as šiunaš aniyatta-clothes, huluganni-(chariot). The fact that the NIN.DINGIR-priestess sits on the zahurti-object during the Hittite main festivals, or even though she does not sit, together as a part of the ritual practices related to it shows the close relationship between the these two. NIN.DINGIR-priestess, who appears as an important cult servant both in Mesopotamia and in the homeland of Hatti, also has a close relationship with rituals that include “sacred marriage”. The text information, in which the NIN.DINGIR-priestess and the zahurti-object have seen together, carry some elements that we can compare with the “sacred marriage” depictions in the common scene(s) seen in the Bitik, İnandık and Hüseyindede A vases, which are extremely important for the art of the Old Hittite Period. The depictions in the last scene of the third frieze on the “İnandık” and “Hüseyindede A” vases shows clearly two women sitting on an object. The woman on the left is adorned by the woman on the right. We can equate this ritualistic action with the Hittite verb išk(iya)-, which means “to lubricate/to be lubricated (to be anointed)”. On the other hand, we think that the depiction of “a kind of sofa with wooden legs and a cover” on which the two women in question sit must be GIŠzahurti-object, which is mentioned in the Hittite texts.

References

  • Akdoğan, R.-Şimşek Ö. (2022). Sumerce LÚGUDU12 (merhemli rahip ve kutsal kitaplarda yağlanma). Kıraç, Y. vd. (Ed.). Asırlık Çınar Anadolu Medeniyetler Müzesi 100 Yaşında, Cilt 1 (s. 243-254). Ankara: T.C. Kültür ve Turizm Bakanlığı.
  • Albayrak, İ. (2004). “... Onlarla oturacak, yiyecek ve yağlanacak” ... ušbat aklat u paššat ištīšunu. Archivum Anatolicum (ArAn) 7 (1), 1-21.
  • Alp, S. (1940). Untersuchungen zu den beamtennamen im hethitischen festzeremoniell. (Sammlung orientalistischer arbeiten 5) Leipzig: Otto Harrassowitz.
  • Alp, S. (1983). Beiträge zur erforschung des hethitischen tempels. Kultanlagen im lichte der keilschrifttexte. Neue deutungen, Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurumu.
  • Badalì, E. (1991). Strumenti musicali, musici e musica nella celebrazione delle feste ittite. (Texte der Hethiter 14/1), Heidelberg: Universitätsverlag Winter.
  • Badalì, E.-Zinko, C. (1989). Der 16. tag des AN.TAH.ŠUM-festes. Text, übersetzung, kommentar, glossar. (Scientia 20), Innsbruck: Scientia.
  • Bozgun, Ş.-Yalçın, E. (2021). Kayseri arkeoloji müzesinde bulunan hititçe tablet parçaları I. Belleten 85 (302), 1-16.
  • Burgin, J.M. (2019). Functional differentiation in hittite festival texts. An analysis of the old hittite manuscripts of the KI.LAM great assembly. (Studien zu den Boğazköy-Texten 65), Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz.
  • Burgin, J.M. (2022). Studies in hittite economic administration, a new edition of the hittite palace-tempel administrative corpus and research on allied texts found at Hattuša, volume II. (Studien zu den Boğazköy-Texten 71), Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz.
  • Dardano, P. (1997). L'aneddoto e il racconto in età antico-hittita: la cosiddetta “cronaca di palazzo”, Roma: Il calamo.
  • Darga, M. (1992). Hitit sanatı, İstanbul: Akbank.
  • Forlanini, M. (2010). An attempt at reconstructing the branches of the hittite royal family of the early kingdom period. Cohen, Y.-Gilan A.-Miller, J.L. (Ed.). Pax Hethitica-Studies on the Hittites and their Neighbours in Honour of Itamar Singer (Studien zu den Boğazköy-Texten 51) (s.115-135). Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz.
  • Fuscagni, F. (2007). Hethitische unveröffentlichte texte aus den jahren 1906-1912 in der sekundärliteratur. (Hethitologie Portal Mainz-Materialien 6) Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz.
  • Gilan, A. (2015). Formen und inhalte althethitischer literatur. (Texte der Hethiter 29), Heidelberg: Universitätsverlag Winter.
  • Gonnet, H. (1982). La grande fête d'Arinna. Mémorial Atatürk. Études d'archeologie et de philologie anatoliennes, 43-71.
  • Groddek, D. (2004). Hethitische texte in transkription KUB 20. (Dresdner Beiträge zur Hethitologie 13), Dresden: Verlag der Dresden.
  • Groddek, D. (2004a). Eine althethitische tafel des KI.LAM-festes. (International Journal of Diachronic Linguistics and Linguistic Reconstruction-Supplement 1) München: Anja Gärtig.
  • Gurney, O.R. (1979). The anointing of Tudhaliya, Carruba, O. (Ed.), Studia Mediterranea Piero Meriggi Dicata, (StuMed 1) (s.213-233) Pavia: Aurora.
  • Haas, V. (1994). Geschichte der hethitischen religion. (Handbuch der Orientalistik I/15) Leiden: Brill.
  • Hoffner, H. A. (1995). Oil in hittite texts. Biblical Archaeologist 58 (2), 108-114.
  • Hoffner, H. A. (1997). The laws of the hittites. A critical edition. Leiden-New York-Köln: Brill.
  • Hoffner, H. A. (2009). Letters from the hittite kingdom. Atlanta: Brill.
  • Kloekhorst, A. (2008). Etymological dictionary of the hittite inherited lexicon. Leiden: Brill.
  • Kloekhorst, A. (2020). The authorship of the old hittite palace chronicle (CTH 8): A case for Anitta. Journal of Cuneiform Studies 72, 143-155.
  • Laroche, E. (1965). Notices lexicographiques. Revue d'Assyriologie et d'Archéologie orientale 59, 85.
  • Melchert, H. C. (2001). A hittite fertility rite?. Wilhelm, G. (Ed.), Akten des IV. Internationalen Kongresses für Hethitologie, Würzburg, 4.-8. Oktober 1999, (Studien zu den Boğazköy-Texten 45) (s.404-409). Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz.
  • Neu, E. (1980). Althethitische ritualtexte im umschrift, (Studien zu den Boğazköy-Texten 25) Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz.
  • Neu, E. (1995). Grammatische skizze zum text der althethitischen 'palastchronik'. Hout, Th.P.J.-Roos, J. de (Ed.), Studio historiae ardens. Ancient Near Eastern Studies Presented to Philo H.J. Houwink ten Cate on the Occasion of his 65th Birthday, (Uitgaven van het Nederlands Historisch-archaeologisch Instituut te Istanbul/Publications de l'Institut Historique-Archéologique Néederlandais de Stamboul 74) (s.225-244) Leiden.
  • Özgüç, T. (1958). Bitik vazosu. A.Ü. Dil ve Tarih Coğrafya Fakültesi 16 (1-2), 1-18.
  • Polvani, A.M. (1988). Un oggetto del culto ittita: (giš)zahurti. Imparati, F. (Ed.). Studi di storia e filologia anatolica dedicati a Giovanni Pugliese Carratelli (Eothen 1), (s.209-219). Firenze: LoGisma.
  • Popko, M. (1994). Zippalanda. Ein kultzentrum im hethitischen kleinasien. (Texte der Hethiter 21) Heidelberg: C. Winter.
  • Popko, M. (1995). Religions of Asia minor. Warsaw: Academic Publications Dialog.
  • Popko, M. (2009). Arinna. Eine heilige stadt der hethiter. (Studien zu den Boğazköy-Texten 50) Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz.
  • Rost, L. (1961). Zu den hethitischen bildbeschreibungen, 1. Teil. Mitteilungen des Instituts für Orientforschung der Deutschen Akademia der Wissenchaften zu Berlin (MIO) 8, 161-217.
  • Roszkowska-Mutschler, H. (2005). Hethitische texte in transkription. KBo 45. (Dresdner Beiträge zur Hethitologie 16) Dresden: Harrassowitz.
  • Savaş, S.Ö. (2002). Tahtlar ve asalar: “Hitit tanrılarının ve krallarının gücü”.de Martino, S.-Pecchioli Daddi, F. (Ed.), Anatolia antica. Studi in memoria di Fiorella Imparati, (Eothen 11) (s.705-733), Firenze: LoGisma.
  • Savaş, S.Ö. (2006). Çiviyazɩlɩ belgeler ışɩğɩnda Anadolu’da (i.ö.2.binyɩlda) madencilik ve maden kullanımı. Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurumu.
  • Strobel, K. (2008). Tawinija/Tavium and the regional hittite road network. Eothen, studi sulle civiltàdell'Oriente antico 16, 281-302.
  • Taggar-Cohen, A. (2006). The NIN.DINGIR in the Hittite kingdom: A mesopotamian priestly office in Hatti?. Altorientalische Forschungen 33, 313-327.
  • Vigano, L. (2000). Rituals at Ebla II, ì-giš sag: A purification ritual or anointing of the head?, Journal of Near Eastern Studies 59 (1), 13-22.
  • Yıldırım, T. (2005). Hüseyindede tepesinde bulunan yeni bir kült vazosu. Süel, A. (Ed.). V.Uluslararası Hititoloji Kongresi Bildirileri, Çorum 02-08 Eylül 2002-Acts of the Vth International Congress of Hittitology, Çorum, September 02-08, 2002, (s.761-778) Ankara: Nokta.
  • Yıldırım, T. (2008). New scenes on the second relief vase from hüseyindede and their interpretation in the light of the Hittite representative art. Archi, A.-Francia, R. (Ed.), VI.Congresso Internazionale di Ittitologia, Roma, 5-9 settembre 2005,Parte II, (Studi Micenei ed Egeo Anatolici 50) (s.837-850) Roma: CNR.
  • Waal, W. (2015). Hittite diplomatics. Studies in ancient document format and record management. (Studien zu den Boğazköy-Texten 57), Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz.
  • Zinko, C. (2016). Tawiniya/Tavium-ein hethitisches kultzentrum. Erkut, S.-Sir Gavaz Ö. (Ed.), ANTAHŠUMSAR “ÇİĞDEM”-Eski Anadolu Araştırmalarına ve Hititlere Adanmış Bir Hayat/Studies in Honour of Ahmet Ünal=Ahmet Ünal Armağanı, (s.545-562) İstanbul: Arkeoloji ve Sanat Yayınları.
  • Zorman, M. (2004). The palace chronicle reconsidered. Groddek D.-Rößle S. (Ed.), Šarnikzel. Hethitologische Studien zum Gedenken an Emil Orgetorix Forrer, (Dresdner Beiträge zur Hethitologie 10) (s.691-708) Dresden: Harrassowitz.
There are 45 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Old Anatolian History, History of Old Asia Minor
Journal Section History
Authors

Şafak Bozgun 0000-0001-8406-2601

Publication Date October 20, 2023
Submission Date August 8, 2023
Acceptance Date August 31, 2023
Published in Issue Year 2023 Volume: 22 Issue: 4

Cite

APA Bozgun, Ş. (2023). Hitit Metinlerinde Kutsal (GIŠ)zahurti-Nesnesi. Gaziantep University Journal of Social Sciences, 22(4), 1309-1321. https://doi.org/10.21547/jss.1339575