Ultra-Trail Koşucularında Somatotip Rolü ve Performans

Year 2021, Volume: 6 Issue: 2, 269 - 278, 31.12.2021

İlhan Odabaş , Nalan Suna , Menşure Aydın , Benil Kıstak Altan , Mustafa Arslan Başar

https://doi.org/10.25307/jssr.961171

Cited By: 1

Abstract

Bu çalışmanın amacı Ultra-trail yarışlarına katılan erkek koşucularının somatotiplerini karşılaştırmak ve yarış performansı ile ilişkisini değerlendirmektir. Çalışmaya yaş ortalaması 45.64 ± 9.16 yıl; boy ortalaması 175.84 ± 6.18 cm; vücut ağırlığı ortalaması 75.36 ± 7.46 kg olan 13 km (n= 6), 30 km (n= 19), 66 km (n= 14) ve 100 km (n= 5) mesafelerini koşan 44 kişi gönüllü olarak katıldı. Somatotiplerinin belirlenmesinde Heath & Carter metodu kullanıldı. Yarış sonuçları organizasyonun web sayfasından alındı. Koşu gruplarını karşılaştırmak için tek yönlü ANOVA; ilişkiyi değerlendirmek için Pearson korelasyonu kullanıldı. Endomorfi (p = 0.000) ve mezomorfide (p = 0.035) gruplar arası farklılık bulundu. 13 km koşanların endomorf değerleri diğer mesafe koşucuları ile karşılaştırıldığında anlamlı farklılık gözlendi (30 km p = 0.003; 66 km p = 0.002; 100 km p = 0.005). 13 km koşanların 30, 60 ve 100 km koşanlara göre daha fazla kütleye sahip olduğu, mesafe arttıkça endomorf ve mezomorf değerlerinin düştüğü, uzun mesafe koşan sporcuların ise daha lineer bir fiziksel yapıya sahip olduğu bulundu. Ultra Trail koşularında mesafeye göre somatotip farklılık gösterdiği, performans süresi ve mesafe arttıkça somatotip mezomorfik-ektomorf olduğu söylenebilir.

Keywords

Somatotip, Antropometri, Ultra-trail koşucuları

Somatotype Role and Performance in Ultra Trail Runners

Abstract

The aim of this study is to compare the somatotype of male running Ultra-trail race at different distances and to evaluate the race performance relationship. A total of 44 runners, average of age 45.64 ± 9.16 years; average of height 175.84 ± 6.18 cm; average of body weight 75.36 ± 7.46 kg, who ran distances of 13 km (n= 6), 30 km (n= 19), 66 km (n= 14) and 100 km (n= 5), participated voluntarily in the study. Heath & Carter method was used to determine the somatotypes of the runners. The running performance times were taken from the race results section on the organization's website. One-way ANOVA test was used to compare the running groups, and the Pearson correlation test was used for correlation analysis (p < 0.05). As a result, there was a significant difference in endomorph (p = 0.000) and mesomorph (p = 0.035) of the groups. Significant differences were observed between the endomorph of 13 km runners compared with 30 km (p = 0.003), 66 km (p = 0.002) and 100 km (p = 0.005) runners. It was found that those who run 13 km had more mass than those who run 30, 60 and 100 km, and as the distance increased, the endomorph and mesomorph values decreased, and the long-distance running athletes had a more linear physical structure. In Ultra Trail runs the somatotype differs according to the distance, and it can be said that the somatotype mesomorphic-ectomorph as the performance time and distance increases.

Keywords

Somatotype, Anthropometry, Ultra-trail runners

References

• Alvero-Cruz, J. R., Carnero, E. A., García, M. A. G., Alacid, F., Correas-Gómez, L., Rosemann, T., Nikolaidis, P. T. & Knechtle, B. (2020). Predictive performance models in long-distance runners: A narrative review. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(21), 8289. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17218289
• Amorim, S., Costa, R., Vardasca, R. & Pontinha, M. (2016). Resting metabolic rate, somatotype and body composition of trail running athletes. The International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance, 11, 1-6.
• Bayraktar, I., Deliceoglu, G., Tekelioglu, A., Hazır, M., Kabak, B. & Ufuk, P. (2010). Erkek adelosan atletlerin antropometrik profil normları. Spor Hekimliği Dergisi, 45, 83-90.
• Belli, T., Meireles, C. L. D. S., Costa, M. D. O., Ackermann, M. A. & Gobatto, C. A. (2016). Somatotype, body composition and performance in ultramarathon. Revista Brasileira de Cineantropometria & Desempenho Humano, 18, 127-135. https://doi.org/10.5007/1980-0037.2016v18n2p127
• Berg, K., Latin, R. W. & Coffey, C. H. (1998). Relationship of somatotype and physical characteristics to distance running performance in middle age runners. The Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness, 38(3), 253-257.
• Campa, F., Bongiovanni, T., Matias, C. N., Genovesi, F., Trecroci, A., Rossi, A. & Toselli, S. (2020). A New Strategy to Integrate Heath–Carter Somatotype Assessment with Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis in Elite Soccer Players. Sports, 8(11), 142, 1-10. https://doi.org/10.3390/sports8110142
• Carter, J. E. L. (1970). The somatotypes of athletes—a review. Human Biology, 42(4), 535-569.
• Carter, J. E. L. & Heath, B. H. (1990). Somatotyping: development and applications (Vol. 5). Cambridge university press.
• Carter, J. E. L. (2002). The Heath-Carter Anthropometric Somatotype. Instruction Manual. Surrey TeP and ROSSCRAFT.
• Costa, R. J., Knechtle, B., Tarnopolsky, M. & Hoffman, M. D. (2019). Nutrition for ultramarathon running: Trail, track, and road. International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism, 29(2), 130-140. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijsnem.2018-0255.
• Deshpande, N., Singh, G., Singh, J. & Dey, S. (2020). A Study on national male throwers of different categories–somatotype perspective. International Journal of Physical Education, Health & Sports Sciences, 9(1), 77-86.
• Dwiyanti, D., Hasneli, H. & Khairunnisa, K. (2020). The correlation between dietary habits and physical activity with the somatotype of game sports athletes. JUARA, 6(1), 39-41. https://doi.org/10.33222/juara.v6i1.1004
• Espinoza-Navarro, O., Lagos-Olivos, C., Gómez-Bruton, A., Lizana, P. A. & Brito-Hernández, L. (2019). Anthropometric characteristics, body composition and somatotype of elite pan-american race walking 20K. International Journal of Morphology, 37(4), 1220-25. http://dx.doi.org/10.4067/S0717-95022019000401220
• Festa, L., Tarperi, C., Skroce, K., La Torre, A. & Schena, F. (2020). Effects of different training intensity distribution in recreational runners. Frontiers in Sports and Active Living, 1(70), 1-7. https://doi.org/10.3389/fspor.2019.00070
• Gamboa, J. D., Espinoza-Navarro, O., Hernández, L. B., Gómez-Bruton, A. & Lizana, P. A. (2018). Body composition and somatotype of elite 10 kilometers race walking athletes. Interciencia, 43(4), 289-294.
• Gómez-Molina, J., Ogueta-Alday, A., Camara, J., Stickley, C., Rodríguez-Marroyo, J. A. & García-López, J. (2017). Predictive variables of half-marathon performance for male runners. Journal of Sports Science & Medicine, 16(2), 187-94.
• Gualdi-Russo, E. & Zaccagni, L. (2001). Somatotype, role and performance in elite volleyball players. Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness, 41(2), 256-262.
• Heath, B. H. & Carter, J. E. L. (1967). A modified somatotype method. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 27(1), 57-74. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.1330270108
• Hoffman, M. D., Lebus, D. K., Ganong, A. C., Casazza, G. A. & Loan, M. V. (2010). Body composition of 161-km ultramarathoners. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 31(2),106-109. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0029-1241863
• Hoffman, M. D. (2008). Anthropometric characteristics of ultramarathoners. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 29(10), 808-811. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2008-1038434
• Kandel, M., Baeyens, J. P. & Clarys, P. (2014). Somatotype, training and performance in Ironman athletes. European Journal of Sport Science, 14(4), 301-308. https://doi.org/10.1080/17461391.2013.813971
• Kłapcińska, B., Waśkiewicz, Z., Chrapusta, S. J., Sadowska-Krępa, E., Czuba, M. & Langfort, J. (2013). Metabolic responses to a 48-h ultra-marathon run in middle-aged male amateur runners. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 113(11), 2781-2793. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-013-2714-8
• Knechtle, B. (2014). Relationship of anthropometric and training characteristics with race performance in endurance and ultra-endurance athletes. Asian Journal of Sports Medicine, 5(2), 73-90
• Knechtle, B. & Nikolaidis, P. T. (2018). Physiology and pathophysiology in ultra-marathon running. Frontiers in Physiology, 9(634)-1-33. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2018.00634
• Knechtle, B., Duff, B., Welzel, U. & Kohler, G. (2009). Body mass and circumference of upper arm are associated with race performance in ultraendurance runners in a multistage race—the Isarrun 2006. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 80(2),262-268. https://doi.org/10.1080/02701367.2009.10599561
• Knechtle, B., Knechtle, P. & Lepers, R. (2011). Participation and performance trends in ultra‐triathlons from 1985 to 2009. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports, 21(6), e82-e90. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0838.2010.01160.x
• Knechtle, B., Knechtle, P. & Rosemann, T. (2010). Race performance in male mountain ultra-marathoners: anthropometry or training?. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 110(3), 721-735. https://doi.org/10.2466/PMS.110.3.721-735
• Knechtle, B., Wirth, A., Knechtle, P., Zimmermann, K. & Kohler, G. (2009). Personal best marathon performance is associated with performance in a 24-h run and not anthropometry or training volume. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 43(11), 836-839. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bjsm.2007.045716.
• Lee, E. J., Snyder, E. M. & Lundstrom, C. J. (2020). Predictors of long-distance race performance in master runners. Journal of Human Sport and Exercise, 15(2),355-366. https://doi.org/10.14198/jhse.2020.152.10
• Lohman, T. G., Roche, A. F. & Martorell, R. (1988). Anthropometric standardization reference manual. Champaign, IL: Human kinetics books.
• Rogers, M. J. (2018). Physiological and anthropometric predictors of mountain ultra marathon performance. Doctoral dissertation, Science: Department of Biomedical Physiology and Kinesiology.
• Salinero, J. J., Soriano, M. L., Lara, B., Gallo-Salazar, C., Areces, F., Ruiz-Vicente, D., Abián-Vicén J, González-Millán, C. & Del Coso, J. (2016). Predicting race time in male amateur marathon runners. The Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness, 57(9), 1169-1177. https://doi.org/10.23736/s0022-4707.16.06503-8
• Sheldon, W. H., Stevens, S. S. & Tucker, W. B. (1940). The varieties of human physique. New York: Harper and Brothers Publishers.
• Tanda, G. & Knechtle, B. (2013). Marathon performance in relation to body fat percentage and training indices in recreational male runners. Open Access Journal of Sports Medicine, 4, 141-149. https://doi.org/10.2147/OAJSM.S44945
• Tavera-Melo, J., Niño, O., Montoya, G., Castro, Y., Garzón, M., Quiroga, N., Castillo, D. & Yanci, J. (2020). Anthropometric characteristics and cardiorespiratory capacity of male and female trail runners. Archivos de Medicina del Deporte, 37(5),310-317.
• Vernillo, G., Schena, F., Berardelli, C., Rosa, G., Galvani, C., Maggioni, M., Agnello, L. & La Torre, A. (2013). Anthropometric characteristics of top-class Kenyan marathon runners. Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness, 53(4), 403-408.
• Withers, R. T., Craig, N. P. & Norton, K. I. (1986). Somatotypes of South Australian male athletes. Human Biology, 58(3), 337-356.
• Zouhal, H., Groussard, C., Vincent, S., Jacob, C., Abderrahman, A. B., Delamarche, P. & Gratas-Delamarche, A. (2009). Athletic performance and weight changes during the “Marathon of Sands” in athletes well-trained in endurance. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 30(07), 516-521. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0029-1202350