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An Analytical Study of Self-Talk (Cognitive and Motivational) in the Snatch, Clean, and Jerk Movements of Elite Weightlifters

Year 2023, Volume: 8 Issue: 2, 327 - 338, 30.06.2023
https://doi.org/10.25307/jssr.1210449

Abstract

The researchers stated that self-talk affects performance. According to researchers, it can be said that positive self-talk can improve performance and have a more positive impact on the results obtained. Therefore, the purpose of the study is to analyze the self-talk (cognitive and motivational) in the snatch, clean and jerk movements of elite weightlifters. This research is applied in terms of purposeful sampling and descriptive comparative in terms of data collection. The statistical population of the present study included adolescent weightlifters and adults. Eligible people who volunteered to participate in the study were selected through the virtual groups of this field. And they answered the self-talk questionnaire in sports by Zervas et al., (2007). To determine the sample size, the number of 5 to 10 times the questions, the statistical sample was selected. Multivariate variance analysis and confirmatory factor analysis were used to analyze the data in the research. The findings showed that cognitive and motivational self-talk was preferable in adult weightlifters than in adolescents. There is a significant difference between the self-talk of elite weightlifters based on the snatch, clean, and jerk movements. In general conclusion, it should be stated that to train a full-fledged athlete in this Olympic field, in addition to basic and strength training, psychological training such as self-talk training should be done for the athletes of this field.

Supporting Institution

Imam Reza International University

Project Number

695939

References

  • Abdoli, B., & Akradi, M. (2012). Self-talk in athletes, publications of the Institute of Physical Education and Sports Sciences. Physical Education Organization of the Islamic Republic of Iran. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2015.08.004
  • Anoushiravani, S., Jafarnezhadgero, A., Abdollahpour, M., & Yousefi, O. (2021). The Effect of Fatigue on the lower limb muscle electromyography frequency spectrum in teen weightlifters during the Snatch and the Clean and Jerk Lift. Sports Physiology & Management Investigations, 12(4), 115-124.
  • Ayala, E., Nelson, L., Bartholomew, M., & Plummer, D. (2022). A conceptual model for mental health and performance of North American athletes: A mixed methods study. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 61, 102176. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2022.102176
  • Bandura, A. (1986). Social foundations of thought and action: A Social cognitive theory. Prentice-Hall, Inc.
  • Bandura, A. (1997). Self-efficacy: Exercising control. Freeman.
  • Brown, D. J., & Fletcher, D. (2017). Effects of Psychological and Psychosocial Interventions on Sport Performance: A Meta-Analysis. Sports Medicine, 47(1), 77–99. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-016-0552-7
  • Davoudi, M., Shetabbushehri, S.N., & Abedanzadeh, R. (2017). The Effect of the Frequency of educational self-talk and Age on the Learning of basketball chest passing skills. Master's thesis. Shahid Chamran University.
  • Galanis, E., Hatzigeorgiadis, A., Charachousi, F., Latinjak, A. T., Comoutos, N., & Theodorakis, Y. (2022). Strategic self-talk assists basketball free throw performance under conditions of physical exertion. Frontiers in Sports and Active Living, 4, 1-6. Article 892046. https://doi.org/10.3389/fspor.2022.892046
  • Galanis, E., Hatzigeorgiadis, A., Zourbanos, N., & Theodorakis, Y. (2016). Why self-talk is effective? Perspectives on self-talk mechanisms in sport. In Sport and Exercise Psychology Research (pp. 181-200). Academic Press. http://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-803634-1.00008-X
  • Hardy, J. (2006). Speaking clearly: A critical review of the self-talk literature. Psychology of sport and exercise, 7(1), 81-97. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2005.04.002
  • Hardy, J., Gammage, K., & Hall, C. (2001). A descriptive study of athlete self-talk. The sport psychologist, 15(3), 306-318.
  • Hardy, J.T., Hardy, J., & Hall, C.R. (2005). Comparison of test-retest reliability using self-talk questionnaire. Journal of Sport Behavior, 28, 201-215.
  • Hardy, L. (1996). A test of catastrophe models of anxiety and sports performance against multidimensional theory models using the method of dynamic differences. Anxiety, Stress, and Coping: An International Journal, 9, 69-86. https://doi.org/10.1080/10615809608249393
  • Henriksen, K., Schinke, R., Moesch, K., McCann, S., Parham, W. D., Larsen, C. H., & Terry, P. (2020). Consensus statement on improving the mental health of high-performance athletes. International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 18(5), 553-560. https://doi.org/10.1080/1612197X.2019.1570473
  • Latinjak, A. T., Hatzigeorgiadis, A., Comoutos, N., & Hardy, J. (2019). Speaking clearly... 10 years on: The case for an integrative perspective of self-talk in sport. Sport, Exercise, and Performance Psychology, 8(4), 353. https://doi.org/10.1037/spy0000160
  • Mansouri, M., Javdipour, M., & Bagheri, S. (2022). Comparison of the effect of Instructional and Motivational Self-Talk on Performance and Learning of Handball Skills. Motor Behavior, 14(49), 129-154. Http://doi.org/10.22089/mbj.2022.12603.2025
  • Mohammadi, H., Azimkhani, A., & Tehranchi, A. (2022). The effect of combined exercises on taekwondo practitioners' motivational and impulsive self-talk. Sports Psychology, Article in Press. http://doi.org/10.29252/MBSP.2022.223237.1092
  • Nicolas, M., Vacher, P., Martinent, G., & Mourot, L. (2019). Monitoring stress and recovery states: Structural and external stages of the short version of the RESTQ sport in elite swimmers before championships. Journal of Sport and Health Science, 8(1), 77-88. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jshs.2016.03.007
  • Perko, T. (2014). Radiation risk perception: A Discrepancy between the experts and the general population. Journal of Environmental Radioactivity, 133, 86-91. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvrad.2013.04.005
  • Schunk, D. H., & Zimmerman, B. J. (2013). Self-regulation and learning. In W. M. Reynolds, G. E. Miller, & I. B. Weiner (Eds.), Handbook of psychology: Educational psychology (pp. 45–68). John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
  • Van Raalte, J. L., Vincent, A., & Brewer, B. W. (2016). Self-talk: Review and sport-specific model. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 22, 139-148. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2015.08.004
  • Vygotsky, L. S. (1986). Thought and language. MIT Press.
  • Weinberg, R.S., & Gould, D. (2011). Sports phycology Foundation. Human Kinetics. (363-393).
  • Zervas, Y., Stavrou, N. A., & Psychountaki, M. (2007). Development and validation of the Self-Talk Questionnaire (S-TQ) for sports. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 19(2), 142-159. https://doi.org/10.1080/10413200601185156
  • Zimmerman, B. J. (2000). Attaining self-regulation: A social cognitive perspective. In M. Boekaerts, P. R. Pintrich, & M. Zeidner (Eds.), Handbook of self-regulation (pp. 13–39). Academic Press. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-012109890-2/50031-7
  • Zourbanos, N., Hatzigeorgiadis, A., Tsiakaras, N., Chroni, S., & Theodorakis, Y. (2010). A multimethod examination of the relationship between coaching behavior and athletes’ inherent self-talk. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 32(6), 764-785. http://doi.org/10.1123/jsep.32.6.764

An Analytical Study of Self-Talk (Cognitive and Motivational) in the Snatch, Clean, and Jerk Movements of Elite Weightlifters

Year 2023, Volume: 8 Issue: 2, 327 - 338, 30.06.2023
https://doi.org/10.25307/jssr.1210449

Abstract

The researchers stated that self-talk affects performance. According to researchers, it can be said that positive self-talk can improve performance and have a more positive impact on the results obtained. Therefore, the purpose of the study is to analyze the self-talk (cognitive and motivational) in the snatch, clean and jerk movements of elite weightlifters. This research is applied in terms of purposeful sampling and descriptive comparative in terms of data collection. The statistical population of the present study included adolescent weightlifters and adults. Eligible people who volunteered to participate in the study were selected through the virtual groups of this field. And they answered the self-talk questionnaire in sports by Zervas et al., (2007). To determine the sample size, the number of 5 to 10 times the questions, the statistical sample was selected. Multivariate variance analysis and confirmatory factor analysis were used to analyze the data in the research. The findings showed that cognitive and motivational self-talk was preferable in adult weightlifters than in adolescents. There is a significant difference between the self-talk of elite weightlifters based on the snatch, clean, and jerk movements. In general conclusion, it should be stated that to train a full-fledged athlete in this Olympic field, in addition to basic and strength training, psychological training such as self-talk training should be done for the athletes of this field.

Project Number

695939

References

  • Abdoli, B., & Akradi, M. (2012). Self-talk in athletes, publications of the Institute of Physical Education and Sports Sciences. Physical Education Organization of the Islamic Republic of Iran. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2015.08.004
  • Anoushiravani, S., Jafarnezhadgero, A., Abdollahpour, M., & Yousefi, O. (2021). The Effect of Fatigue on the lower limb muscle electromyography frequency spectrum in teen weightlifters during the Snatch and the Clean and Jerk Lift. Sports Physiology & Management Investigations, 12(4), 115-124.
  • Ayala, E., Nelson, L., Bartholomew, M., & Plummer, D. (2022). A conceptual model for mental health and performance of North American athletes: A mixed methods study. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 61, 102176. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2022.102176
  • Bandura, A. (1986). Social foundations of thought and action: A Social cognitive theory. Prentice-Hall, Inc.
  • Bandura, A. (1997). Self-efficacy: Exercising control. Freeman.
  • Brown, D. J., & Fletcher, D. (2017). Effects of Psychological and Psychosocial Interventions on Sport Performance: A Meta-Analysis. Sports Medicine, 47(1), 77–99. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-016-0552-7
  • Davoudi, M., Shetabbushehri, S.N., & Abedanzadeh, R. (2017). The Effect of the Frequency of educational self-talk and Age on the Learning of basketball chest passing skills. Master's thesis. Shahid Chamran University.
  • Galanis, E., Hatzigeorgiadis, A., Charachousi, F., Latinjak, A. T., Comoutos, N., & Theodorakis, Y. (2022). Strategic self-talk assists basketball free throw performance under conditions of physical exertion. Frontiers in Sports and Active Living, 4, 1-6. Article 892046. https://doi.org/10.3389/fspor.2022.892046
  • Galanis, E., Hatzigeorgiadis, A., Zourbanos, N., & Theodorakis, Y. (2016). Why self-talk is effective? Perspectives on self-talk mechanisms in sport. In Sport and Exercise Psychology Research (pp. 181-200). Academic Press. http://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-803634-1.00008-X
  • Hardy, J. (2006). Speaking clearly: A critical review of the self-talk literature. Psychology of sport and exercise, 7(1), 81-97. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2005.04.002
  • Hardy, J., Gammage, K., & Hall, C. (2001). A descriptive study of athlete self-talk. The sport psychologist, 15(3), 306-318.
  • Hardy, J.T., Hardy, J., & Hall, C.R. (2005). Comparison of test-retest reliability using self-talk questionnaire. Journal of Sport Behavior, 28, 201-215.
  • Hardy, L. (1996). A test of catastrophe models of anxiety and sports performance against multidimensional theory models using the method of dynamic differences. Anxiety, Stress, and Coping: An International Journal, 9, 69-86. https://doi.org/10.1080/10615809608249393
  • Henriksen, K., Schinke, R., Moesch, K., McCann, S., Parham, W. D., Larsen, C. H., & Terry, P. (2020). Consensus statement on improving the mental health of high-performance athletes. International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 18(5), 553-560. https://doi.org/10.1080/1612197X.2019.1570473
  • Latinjak, A. T., Hatzigeorgiadis, A., Comoutos, N., & Hardy, J. (2019). Speaking clearly... 10 years on: The case for an integrative perspective of self-talk in sport. Sport, Exercise, and Performance Psychology, 8(4), 353. https://doi.org/10.1037/spy0000160
  • Mansouri, M., Javdipour, M., & Bagheri, S. (2022). Comparison of the effect of Instructional and Motivational Self-Talk on Performance and Learning of Handball Skills. Motor Behavior, 14(49), 129-154. Http://doi.org/10.22089/mbj.2022.12603.2025
  • Mohammadi, H., Azimkhani, A., & Tehranchi, A. (2022). The effect of combined exercises on taekwondo practitioners' motivational and impulsive self-talk. Sports Psychology, Article in Press. http://doi.org/10.29252/MBSP.2022.223237.1092
  • Nicolas, M., Vacher, P., Martinent, G., & Mourot, L. (2019). Monitoring stress and recovery states: Structural and external stages of the short version of the RESTQ sport in elite swimmers before championships. Journal of Sport and Health Science, 8(1), 77-88. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jshs.2016.03.007
  • Perko, T. (2014). Radiation risk perception: A Discrepancy between the experts and the general population. Journal of Environmental Radioactivity, 133, 86-91. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvrad.2013.04.005
  • Schunk, D. H., & Zimmerman, B. J. (2013). Self-regulation and learning. In W. M. Reynolds, G. E. Miller, & I. B. Weiner (Eds.), Handbook of psychology: Educational psychology (pp. 45–68). John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
  • Van Raalte, J. L., Vincent, A., & Brewer, B. W. (2016). Self-talk: Review and sport-specific model. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 22, 139-148. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2015.08.004
  • Vygotsky, L. S. (1986). Thought and language. MIT Press.
  • Weinberg, R.S., & Gould, D. (2011). Sports phycology Foundation. Human Kinetics. (363-393).
  • Zervas, Y., Stavrou, N. A., & Psychountaki, M. (2007). Development and validation of the Self-Talk Questionnaire (S-TQ) for sports. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 19(2), 142-159. https://doi.org/10.1080/10413200601185156
  • Zimmerman, B. J. (2000). Attaining self-regulation: A social cognitive perspective. In M. Boekaerts, P. R. Pintrich, & M. Zeidner (Eds.), Handbook of self-regulation (pp. 13–39). Academic Press. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-012109890-2/50031-7
  • Zourbanos, N., Hatzigeorgiadis, A., Tsiakaras, N., Chroni, S., & Theodorakis, Y. (2010). A multimethod examination of the relationship between coaching behavior and athletes’ inherent self-talk. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 32(6), 764-785. http://doi.org/10.1123/jsep.32.6.764
There are 26 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Sports Medicine
Journal Section Original Article
Authors

Amin Azimkhani 0000-0003-2296-3863

Rasoul Kasraei This is me 0000-0002-2056-5338

Project Number 695939
Early Pub Date June 12, 2023
Publication Date June 30, 2023
Acceptance Date June 11, 2023
Published in Issue Year 2023 Volume: 8 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Azimkhani, A., & Kasraei, R. (2023). An Analytical Study of Self-Talk (Cognitive and Motivational) in the Snatch, Clean, and Jerk Movements of Elite Weightlifters. Journal of Sport Sciences Research, 8(2), 327-338. https://doi.org/10.25307/jssr.1210449
AMA Azimkhani A, Kasraei R. An Analytical Study of Self-Talk (Cognitive and Motivational) in the Snatch, Clean, and Jerk Movements of Elite Weightlifters. JSSR. June 2023;8(2):327-338. doi:10.25307/jssr.1210449
Chicago Azimkhani, Amin, and Rasoul Kasraei. “An Analytical Study of Self-Talk (Cognitive and Motivational) in the Snatch, Clean, and Jerk Movements of Elite Weightlifters”. Journal of Sport Sciences Research 8, no. 2 (June 2023): 327-38. https://doi.org/10.25307/jssr.1210449.
EndNote Azimkhani A, Kasraei R (June 1, 2023) An Analytical Study of Self-Talk (Cognitive and Motivational) in the Snatch, Clean, and Jerk Movements of Elite Weightlifters. Journal of Sport Sciences Research 8 2 327–338.
IEEE A. Azimkhani and R. Kasraei, “An Analytical Study of Self-Talk (Cognitive and Motivational) in the Snatch, Clean, and Jerk Movements of Elite Weightlifters”, JSSR, vol. 8, no. 2, pp. 327–338, 2023, doi: 10.25307/jssr.1210449.
ISNAD Azimkhani, Amin - Kasraei, Rasoul. “An Analytical Study of Self-Talk (Cognitive and Motivational) in the Snatch, Clean, and Jerk Movements of Elite Weightlifters”. Journal of Sport Sciences Research 8/2 (June 2023), 327-338. https://doi.org/10.25307/jssr.1210449.
JAMA Azimkhani A, Kasraei R. An Analytical Study of Self-Talk (Cognitive and Motivational) in the Snatch, Clean, and Jerk Movements of Elite Weightlifters. JSSR. 2023;8:327–338.
MLA Azimkhani, Amin and Rasoul Kasraei. “An Analytical Study of Self-Talk (Cognitive and Motivational) in the Snatch, Clean, and Jerk Movements of Elite Weightlifters”. Journal of Sport Sciences Research, vol. 8, no. 2, 2023, pp. 327-38, doi:10.25307/jssr.1210449.
Vancouver Azimkhani A, Kasraei R. An Analytical Study of Self-Talk (Cognitive and Motivational) in the Snatch, Clean, and Jerk Movements of Elite Weightlifters. JSSR. 2023;8(2):327-38.

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