A novel game - theoretical approach on the social media advertisement platform selection
Year 2024,
Volume: 8 Issue: 1, 60 - 72, 18.07.2024
Furkan Göktaş
,
Mehmet Gökerik
Abstract
Businesses benefit from many marketing communication efforts to maintain their market positions or increase their market shares. When the advertising campaign, which is a marketing communication tool, is implemented on social media platforms, there will be an expense in the budgets of businesses. The purpose of this study is to examine the social media advertising platform selection from the budget perspective for a real-world problem. In this scope, we propose a novel fuzzy multi-criteria decision making (MCDM) approach based on the game theory. We call it as Game-Theoretical Fuzzy Evaluation System (G-FES). In our application with G-FES, we find that the highest resource needs to be allocated to the Twitter platform. On the other hand, these results are specific to the relevant company and experts and thus they cannot be generalized. The results of the studies in the literature are different from each other. As we expect, the same is true for the results obtained in this study.
References
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fuzzy number. IOSR Journal of Mathematics, 12(4-I), 35-41. http://dx.doi.org/10.9790/5728-1204013541
- Alwagait, E., Shahzad, B., & Alim, S. (2015). Impact of social media usage on students academic performance in
Saudi Arabia. Computers in Human Behavior, 51, 1092-1097. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2014.09.028
- Berry, S. (2021). How to Set a Smart Social Advertising Budget for 2021. Accessed on 7 March 2023 from
https://www.webfx.com/blog/social-media/how-to-set-social-advertising-budget/.
Göktaş, Gökerik JTOM(8)1, 60-72, 2024
70
- Bigné, J. E. (1995). Advertising budget practices: A review. Journal of Current Issues & Research in Advertising,
17(2), 17-31. https://doi.org/10.1080/10641734.1995.10505030
- Bivens, R. (2017). The gender binary will not be deprogrammed: Ten years of coding gender on Facebook. New
Media & Society, 19(6), 880-898. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444815621527
- Bruhn, M., Schoenmueller, V., & Schäfer, D. B. (2012). Are social media replacing traditional media in terms of
brand equity creation?. Management Research Review, 35(9), 770-790.
https://doi.org/10.1108/01409171211255948
- Carlsson, C., Fullér, R., & Majlender, P. (2002). A possibilistic approach to selecting portfolios with highest utility
score. Fuzzy Sets and Systems, 131(1), 13-21.
- Chen, Y. W., & Larbani, M. (2006). Two-person zero-sum game approach for fuzzy multiple attribute decision
making problems. Fuzzy Sets and Systems, 157(1), 34-51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fss.2005.06.004
- Chi, H. H. (2011). Interactive digital advertising vs. virtual brand community: Exploratory study of user motivation
and social media marketing responses in Taiwan. Journal of interactive advertising, 12(1), 44-61.
https://doi.org/10.1080/15252019.2011.10722190
- Chu, T. C. & Lin, Y. (2009). An extension to fuzzy MCDM. Computers & Mathematics with Applications, 57(3),
445-454. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.camwa.2008.10.076
- Cyca, M. (2018). Stop posting the same message on social media and do this instead. Accessed on 6 February
2023 from https://blog.hootsuite.com/cross-promote-social-media/.
- Çalık, A. (2020). Evaluation of social media platforms using best-worst method and fuzzy VIKOR methods: A
case study of travel agency. Iranian Journal of Management Studies, 13(4), 645-672.
https://doi.org/10.22059/ijms.2020.294545.673893
- Dateportal (2023). Digital 2023: Global Overview Report. Accessed on 7 March 2023 from
https://datareportal.com/reports/digital-2023-global-overview-report.
- Dessart, L. (2017). Social media engagement: a model of antecedents and relational outcomes. Journal of
Marketing Management, 33(5-6), 375-399. https://doi.org/10.1080/0267257X.2017.1302975
- Duffett, R. G. (2015). Facebook advertising’s influence on intention-to-purchase and purchase amongst
Millennials. Internet Research, 25(4), 498-526. https://doi.org/10.1108/IntR-01-2014-0020
- Enyinda, C. I., Ogbuehi, A. O., & Mbah, C. H. (2018). Building pharmaceutical relationship marketing and social
media impact: An empirical analysis. International Journal of Pharmaceutical and Healthcare Marketing, 12(2),
198-230. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJPHM-02-2017-0007
- Erkan, I., & Evans, C. (2016). The influence of eWOM in social media on consumers’ purchase intentions: An
extended approach to information adoption. Computers in Human Behavior, 61, 47-55.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2016.03.003
- Göktaş, F. ve Duran, A. (2020). Olabilirlik ortalama–varyans modelinin matematiksel analizi. Balıkesir
Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi, 22(1), 80-91. https://doi.org/10.25092/baunfbed.677022
- Haugen, I. N., & Nilsen, A. S. (2009). Game theory: strategies, equilibria, and theorems. Nova.
- Hawkins, K., & Vel, P. (2013). Attitudinal loyalty, behavioural loyalty and social media: An introspection. The
Marketing Review, 13(2), 125-141. https://doi.org/10.1362/146934713X13699019904605
- Iankova, S., Davies, I., Archer-Brown, C., Marder, B., & Yau, A. (2019). A comparison of social media marketing
between B2B, B2C and mixed business models. Industrial Marketing Management, 81, 169-179.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indmarman.2018.01.001
- Ismail, A. R. (2017). The influence of perceived social media marketing activities on brand loyalty: The mediation
effect of brand and value consciousness. Asia Pacific Journal of Marketing and Logistics, 29(1), 129-144.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/APJML-10-2015-0154
- Jansen, B. J., & Mullen, T. (2008). Sponsored search: an overview of the concept, history, and technology.
International Journal of Electronic Business, 6(2), 114-131. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJEB.2008.018068
- Jacobson, J., Gruzd, A., & Hernández-García, Á. (2020). Social media marketing: Who is watching the watchers?.
Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 53, 101774. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jretconser.2019.03.001
- Kaplan, A. M., & Haenlein, M. (2010). Users of the world, unite! The challenges and opportunities of Social
Media. Business Horizons, 53(1), 59-68. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bushor.2009.09.003
- Kemp, S. (2019). Digital 2019: Q4 Global digital statshot. Accessed on 7 March 2023 from
https://datareportal.com/reports/digital-2019-q4-global-digital-statshot.
- Kietzmann, J. H., Hermkens, K., McCarthy, I. P., & Silvestre, B. S. (2011). Social media? Get serious!
Understanding the functional building blocks of social media. Business Horizons, 54(3), 241-251.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bushor.2011.01.005
- Kumar, V., Khan, I., Fatma, M., & Singh, A. (2022). Engaging luxury brand consumers on social media. Journal
of Consumer Marketing, 39(1), 121-132. https://doi.org/10.1108/JCM-10-2020-4175
- Laroche, M., Habibi, M. R., & Richard, M. O. (2013). To be or not to be in social media: How brand loyalty is
affected by social media?. International Journal of Information Management, 33(1), 76-82.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2012.07.003
- Lee, D., Hosanagar, K., & Nair, H. S. (2018). Advertising content and consumer engagement on social media:
Evidence from Facebook. Management Science, 64(11), 5105-5131. https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2017.2902
- Lee, J., & Hong, I. B. (2016). Predicting positive user responses to social media advertising: The roles of emotional
appeal, informativeness, and creativity. International Journal of Information Management, 36(3), 360-373.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2016.01.001
- Luzon, Y., Pinchover, R., & Khmelnitsky, E. (2022). Dynamic budget allocation for social media advertising
campaigns: optimization and learning. European Journal of Operational Research, 299(1), 223-234.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejor.2021.08.019
- Market Research Report (2023). Social Media Management Market to Witness Huge Growth by Key. Accessed
on 7 March 2023 from https://www.marketsandmarkets.com/Market-Reports/social-media-management-market-
321810.html.
- Mizik, N., & Jacobson, R. (2003). The financial implications of shifts inand value appropriation. Journal of
Marketing, 67(1), 63-76. https://doi.org/10.1509/jmkg.67.1.63.18595
- Nerlove, M., & Arrow, K. J. (1962). Optimal advertising policy under dynamic conditions. Economica, 129-142.
https://doi.org/10.2307/2551549
- Haugen, I. N., & Nilsen, A. S. (2009). Game theory: strategies, equilibria, and theorems. Nova.
Nyagadza, B. (2020), Search engine marketing and social media marketing predictive trends. Journal of Digital
Media & Policy, 13(3), 407-425. https://doi.org/10.1386/jdmp_00036_1
- Okazaki, S. (2015). From the editor. Journal of Advertising, 44(4), 297-299.
https://doi.org/10.1080/00913367.2015.1092737
Pelletier, M. J., Krallman, A., Adams, F. G., & Hancock, T. (2020). One size doesn’t fit all: a uses and gratifications
analysis of social media platforms. Journal of Research in Interactive Marketing, 14(2), 269-284.
https://doi.org/10.1108/JRIM-10-2019-0159
- Raghavan, T. E. S. (1994). Zero-sum two-person games. Handbook of Game Theory with Economic Applications,
2, 735-768. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1574-0005(05)80052-9
- Saçan, B. C. ve Tamer, E. R. E. N. (2021). Sosyal medya reklam platformu seçimi: çok ölçütlü karar verme
yöntemleri ile bir uygulama. Journal of Turkish Operations Management, 5(2), 721-738.
https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/jtom/issue/67597/913230
- Sikalo, M., Arnaut-Berilo, A. & Zaimovic, A. (2022). Efficient asset allocation: application of game theory-based
model for superior performance. International Journal of Financial Studies, 10(1), 20.
https://doi.org/10.3390/ijfs10010020
- Stefko, R., Bacik, R., & Fedorko, R. (2013). Spendings on social media as part of marketing budgets. Polish
Journal of Management Studies, 8, 243-250. https://www.infona.pl/resource/bwmeta1.element.baztech-
8dc42c71-c77e-4af2-95a4-25dae2df6cb1#
- Straker, K., Wrigley, C., & Rosemann, M. (2015). Typologies and touchpoints: designing multi-channel digital
strategies. Journal of Research in Interactive Marketing, 9(2), 110-128. https://doi.org/10.1108/JRIM-06-2014-
0039
- Sudipa, I. G. I., Astria, C., Irnanda, K. F., Windarto, A. P., Daulay, N. K., Suharso, W., & Wijaya, H. O. L. (2020).
Application of MCDM using PROMETHEE II Technique in the Case of Social Media Selection for Online
Businesses. In IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering (Vol. 835, No. 1, p. 012059). IOP
Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/835/1/012059
- Tavana, M., Momeni, E., Rezaeiniya, N., Mirhedayatian, S. M., & Rezaeiniya, H. (2013). A novel hybrid social
media platform selection model using fuzzy ANP and COPRAS-G. Expert Systems with Applications, 40(14),
5694-5702. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eswa.2013.05.015
- Tuten, T. L., & Solomon, M. R. (2017). Social media marketing. Sage.
- Vidale, M. L., & Wolfe, H. (1957). An operations-research study of sales response to advertising. Operations
Research, 5(3), 370-381. https://doi.org/10.1287/opre.5.3.370
- Yücenur, G. N., Bozyel, K., & Ahmetoglu, A. (2022). Investigation the Effects of Different Social Media Platforms
to Companies’ Sales Marketing Processes by Multi-Criteria Decision Making Method. International Journal of
Marketing, Communication and New Media, 10(18), 133-150. https://doi.org/10.54663/2182-9306
Sosyal medya reklam platformu seçimi üzerine yeni bir oyun - teorik yaklaşım
Year 2024,
Volume: 8 Issue: 1, 60 - 72, 18.07.2024
Furkan Göktaş
,
Mehmet Gökerik
Abstract
İşletmeler pazardaki konumu korumak ya da pazar payını artırmak için birçok pazarlama iletişimi çabalarından yararlanmaktadır. Bir pazarlama iletişimi aracı olan reklam kampanyası, sosyal medya platformlarında uygulandığında işletmelerin bütçelerinde bir gider olacaktır. Bu çalışmanın amacı bir gerçek dünya problemi için sosyal medya reklam platformu seçiminin bütçe perspektifi açısından incelenmesidir. Bu kapsamda oyun teorisine dayanan yeni bir bulanık çok kriterli karar verme (ÇKKV) yaklaşımı önerilmiştir. Bu yaklaşım Oyun - Teorik Bulanık Değerlendirme Sistemi (G-FES) olarak adlandırılmıştır. G-FES ile yapılan uygulamada Twitter platformuna en yüksek kaynağın ayrılması gerektiği bulunmuştur. Öte yandan bu sonuçlar ilgili şirket ve uzmanlar özelinde olup genelleştirilemez. Literatürdeki çalışmaların sonuçları birbirlerinden farklıdır. Beklediğimiz üzere, bu çalışmada elde edilen sonuçlar için de benzer durum geçerlidir.
References
- Ali, M. Y., Sultana, A., & Khan, A. F. M. K. (2016). Comparison of fuzzy multiplication operation on triangular
fuzzy number. IOSR Journal of Mathematics, 12(4-I), 35-41. http://dx.doi.org/10.9790/5728-1204013541
- Alwagait, E., Shahzad, B., & Alim, S. (2015). Impact of social media usage on students academic performance in
Saudi Arabia. Computers in Human Behavior, 51, 1092-1097. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2014.09.028
- Berry, S. (2021). How to Set a Smart Social Advertising Budget for 2021. Accessed on 7 March 2023 from
https://www.webfx.com/blog/social-media/how-to-set-social-advertising-budget/.
Göktaş, Gökerik JTOM(8)1, 60-72, 2024
70
- Bigné, J. E. (1995). Advertising budget practices: A review. Journal of Current Issues & Research in Advertising,
17(2), 17-31. https://doi.org/10.1080/10641734.1995.10505030
- Bivens, R. (2017). The gender binary will not be deprogrammed: Ten years of coding gender on Facebook. New
Media & Society, 19(6), 880-898. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444815621527
- Bruhn, M., Schoenmueller, V., & Schäfer, D. B. (2012). Are social media replacing traditional media in terms of
brand equity creation?. Management Research Review, 35(9), 770-790.
https://doi.org/10.1108/01409171211255948
- Carlsson, C., Fullér, R., & Majlender, P. (2002). A possibilistic approach to selecting portfolios with highest utility
score. Fuzzy Sets and Systems, 131(1), 13-21.
- Chen, Y. W., & Larbani, M. (2006). Two-person zero-sum game approach for fuzzy multiple attribute decision
making problems. Fuzzy Sets and Systems, 157(1), 34-51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fss.2005.06.004
- Chi, H. H. (2011). Interactive digital advertising vs. virtual brand community: Exploratory study of user motivation
and social media marketing responses in Taiwan. Journal of interactive advertising, 12(1), 44-61.
https://doi.org/10.1080/15252019.2011.10722190
- Chu, T. C. & Lin, Y. (2009). An extension to fuzzy MCDM. Computers & Mathematics with Applications, 57(3),
445-454. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.camwa.2008.10.076
- Cyca, M. (2018). Stop posting the same message on social media and do this instead. Accessed on 6 February
2023 from https://blog.hootsuite.com/cross-promote-social-media/.
- Çalık, A. (2020). Evaluation of social media platforms using best-worst method and fuzzy VIKOR methods: A
case study of travel agency. Iranian Journal of Management Studies, 13(4), 645-672.
https://doi.org/10.22059/ijms.2020.294545.673893
- Dateportal (2023). Digital 2023: Global Overview Report. Accessed on 7 March 2023 from
https://datareportal.com/reports/digital-2023-global-overview-report.
- Dessart, L. (2017). Social media engagement: a model of antecedents and relational outcomes. Journal of
Marketing Management, 33(5-6), 375-399. https://doi.org/10.1080/0267257X.2017.1302975
- Duffett, R. G. (2015). Facebook advertising’s influence on intention-to-purchase and purchase amongst
Millennials. Internet Research, 25(4), 498-526. https://doi.org/10.1108/IntR-01-2014-0020
- Enyinda, C. I., Ogbuehi, A. O., & Mbah, C. H. (2018). Building pharmaceutical relationship marketing and social
media impact: An empirical analysis. International Journal of Pharmaceutical and Healthcare Marketing, 12(2),
198-230. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJPHM-02-2017-0007
- Erkan, I., & Evans, C. (2016). The influence of eWOM in social media on consumers’ purchase intentions: An
extended approach to information adoption. Computers in Human Behavior, 61, 47-55.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2016.03.003
- Göktaş, F. ve Duran, A. (2020). Olabilirlik ortalama–varyans modelinin matematiksel analizi. Balıkesir
Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi, 22(1), 80-91. https://doi.org/10.25092/baunfbed.677022
- Haugen, I. N., & Nilsen, A. S. (2009). Game theory: strategies, equilibria, and theorems. Nova.
- Hawkins, K., & Vel, P. (2013). Attitudinal loyalty, behavioural loyalty and social media: An introspection. The
Marketing Review, 13(2), 125-141. https://doi.org/10.1362/146934713X13699019904605
- Iankova, S., Davies, I., Archer-Brown, C., Marder, B., & Yau, A. (2019). A comparison of social media marketing
between B2B, B2C and mixed business models. Industrial Marketing Management, 81, 169-179.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indmarman.2018.01.001
- Ismail, A. R. (2017). The influence of perceived social media marketing activities on brand loyalty: The mediation
effect of brand and value consciousness. Asia Pacific Journal of Marketing and Logistics, 29(1), 129-144.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/APJML-10-2015-0154
- Jansen, B. J., & Mullen, T. (2008). Sponsored search: an overview of the concept, history, and technology.
International Journal of Electronic Business, 6(2), 114-131. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJEB.2008.018068
- Jacobson, J., Gruzd, A., & Hernández-García, Á. (2020). Social media marketing: Who is watching the watchers?.
Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 53, 101774. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jretconser.2019.03.001
- Kaplan, A. M., & Haenlein, M. (2010). Users of the world, unite! The challenges and opportunities of Social
Media. Business Horizons, 53(1), 59-68. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bushor.2009.09.003
- Kemp, S. (2019). Digital 2019: Q4 Global digital statshot. Accessed on 7 March 2023 from
https://datareportal.com/reports/digital-2019-q4-global-digital-statshot.
- Kietzmann, J. H., Hermkens, K., McCarthy, I. P., & Silvestre, B. S. (2011). Social media? Get serious!
Understanding the functional building blocks of social media. Business Horizons, 54(3), 241-251.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bushor.2011.01.005
- Kumar, V., Khan, I., Fatma, M., & Singh, A. (2022). Engaging luxury brand consumers on social media. Journal
of Consumer Marketing, 39(1), 121-132. https://doi.org/10.1108/JCM-10-2020-4175
- Laroche, M., Habibi, M. R., & Richard, M. O. (2013). To be or not to be in social media: How brand loyalty is
affected by social media?. International Journal of Information Management, 33(1), 76-82.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2012.07.003
- Lee, D., Hosanagar, K., & Nair, H. S. (2018). Advertising content and consumer engagement on social media:
Evidence from Facebook. Management Science, 64(11), 5105-5131. https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2017.2902
- Lee, J., & Hong, I. B. (2016). Predicting positive user responses to social media advertising: The roles of emotional
appeal, informativeness, and creativity. International Journal of Information Management, 36(3), 360-373.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2016.01.001
- Luzon, Y., Pinchover, R., & Khmelnitsky, E. (2022). Dynamic budget allocation for social media advertising
campaigns: optimization and learning. European Journal of Operational Research, 299(1), 223-234.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejor.2021.08.019
- Market Research Report (2023). Social Media Management Market to Witness Huge Growth by Key. Accessed
on 7 March 2023 from https://www.marketsandmarkets.com/Market-Reports/social-media-management-market-
321810.html.
- Mizik, N., & Jacobson, R. (2003). The financial implications of shifts inand value appropriation. Journal of
Marketing, 67(1), 63-76. https://doi.org/10.1509/jmkg.67.1.63.18595
- Nerlove, M., & Arrow, K. J. (1962). Optimal advertising policy under dynamic conditions. Economica, 129-142.
https://doi.org/10.2307/2551549
- Haugen, I. N., & Nilsen, A. S. (2009). Game theory: strategies, equilibria, and theorems. Nova.
Nyagadza, B. (2020), Search engine marketing and social media marketing predictive trends. Journal of Digital
Media & Policy, 13(3), 407-425. https://doi.org/10.1386/jdmp_00036_1
- Okazaki, S. (2015). From the editor. Journal of Advertising, 44(4), 297-299.
https://doi.org/10.1080/00913367.2015.1092737
Pelletier, M. J., Krallman, A., Adams, F. G., & Hancock, T. (2020). One size doesn’t fit all: a uses and gratifications
analysis of social media platforms. Journal of Research in Interactive Marketing, 14(2), 269-284.
https://doi.org/10.1108/JRIM-10-2019-0159
- Raghavan, T. E. S. (1994). Zero-sum two-person games. Handbook of Game Theory with Economic Applications,
2, 735-768. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1574-0005(05)80052-9
- Saçan, B. C. ve Tamer, E. R. E. N. (2021). Sosyal medya reklam platformu seçimi: çok ölçütlü karar verme
yöntemleri ile bir uygulama. Journal of Turkish Operations Management, 5(2), 721-738.
https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/jtom/issue/67597/913230
- Sikalo, M., Arnaut-Berilo, A. & Zaimovic, A. (2022). Efficient asset allocation: application of game theory-based
model for superior performance. International Journal of Financial Studies, 10(1), 20.
https://doi.org/10.3390/ijfs10010020
- Stefko, R., Bacik, R., & Fedorko, R. (2013). Spendings on social media as part of marketing budgets. Polish
Journal of Management Studies, 8, 243-250. https://www.infona.pl/resource/bwmeta1.element.baztech-
8dc42c71-c77e-4af2-95a4-25dae2df6cb1#
- Straker, K., Wrigley, C., & Rosemann, M. (2015). Typologies and touchpoints: designing multi-channel digital
strategies. Journal of Research in Interactive Marketing, 9(2), 110-128. https://doi.org/10.1108/JRIM-06-2014-
0039
- Sudipa, I. G. I., Astria, C., Irnanda, K. F., Windarto, A. P., Daulay, N. K., Suharso, W., & Wijaya, H. O. L. (2020).
Application of MCDM using PROMETHEE II Technique in the Case of Social Media Selection for Online
Businesses. In IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering (Vol. 835, No. 1, p. 012059). IOP
Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/835/1/012059
- Tavana, M., Momeni, E., Rezaeiniya, N., Mirhedayatian, S. M., & Rezaeiniya, H. (2013). A novel hybrid social
media platform selection model using fuzzy ANP and COPRAS-G. Expert Systems with Applications, 40(14),
5694-5702. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eswa.2013.05.015
- Tuten, T. L., & Solomon, M. R. (2017). Social media marketing. Sage.
- Vidale, M. L., & Wolfe, H. (1957). An operations-research study of sales response to advertising. Operations
Research, 5(3), 370-381. https://doi.org/10.1287/opre.5.3.370
- Yücenur, G. N., Bozyel, K., & Ahmetoglu, A. (2022). Investigation the Effects of Different Social Media Platforms
to Companies’ Sales Marketing Processes by Multi-Criteria Decision Making Method. International Journal of
Marketing, Communication and New Media, 10(18), 133-150. https://doi.org/10.54663/2182-9306