Altıncı Bölge: Afrika’nın Gelişiminde Pan-Afrikanizm ve Afrika Diasporasının Tarihsel Kökleri

Year 2020, , 53 - 72, 06.06.2020

Billy Agwanda Başak Özoral

https://doi.org/10.38000/juhis.687176

Cited By: 1

Abstract

Son yirmi yılda Pan-Afrikan ideolojisinin tekrardan ortaya çıkması günümüzde Afrika’da bulunan sosyal, siyasi ve ekonomik yapının yansıtılmasıdır. Pan-Afrikanizm, Afrika kıtası bağımsızlık mücadelesi üzerine oluşturulmuş bir yapıydı. Bu ideoloji, Afrikalıları, destek, iş birliği ve uzlaşma için bir alan oluşturan kıtasal ideoloji altındaki diğer bireysel Afrika kökenlerini birleştirdi. Günümüzde Pan-Afrikan ideolojisi Afrika gelişim girişimlerine katkı sağlamada, Afrika diasporası için çekim etkisi yapan bir etken haline geldi. Bu makale Pan-Afrikan ideolojisi ve Afrika diasporasının deneyimlerinin, gelişmek için Afrika diasporasının arttırılmış katkılarını etkilediğini, Afrika’daki Pan-Afrikanizm ve Afrika diasporasının tarihsel birleşimini takip ederek savunuyor. Bu makale gelişimin güçlü bir sütunu olarak Afrika diasporasının nasıl birleştiğini incelemek için Afrika diasporası birleşiminin tarihsel hesaplarının derin analizlerini açıklayıcı yöntembilim kullanarak benimser.

Keywords

Pan-Afrikanizm, Afrika Diasporası, Gelişim, Kültürel Kimlik, Afrika

The Sixth Zone: Historical Roots of African Diaspora and Pan-Africanism in African Development

Abstract

The re-emergence of Pan-African ideology in the last two decades is reflected in social, political, and economic structures found in Africa today. Pan-Africanism was the foundation upon which the struggle for African continental independence was anchored. This ideology united Africans and other individuals of African descent under a continental ideology that created a domain for support, cooperation and understanding. Today, Pan-African ideology has become a pull factor for the African diaspora to contribute to African development initiatives. By tracing the historical emergence of African diaspora and Pan-Africanism in Africa, this article argues that Pan-African ideology and the experiences of African diaspora has influenced increased contributions of African diaspora to development. Using explanatory methodology, this article adopts an in-depth analysis of historical accounts of the emergence of African diaspora to examine how the African diaspora has emerged as a strong pillar of development.  

Keywords

Pan-Africanism, African Diaspora, Development, Cultural Identity, Africa

References

• [1] African Union Commission. (2015). Agenda 2063. The African Union Commission.
• [2] Ahlman, J. S. (2010). The Algerian Question in Nkrumah's Ghana, 1958–1960: Debating “Violence” and “Nonviolence” in African Decolonization. Africa Today, 57(2), 66-84.
• [3] Akyeampong, E. (2000). Africans in the diaspora: the diaspora and Africa. African Affairs, 99(395), 183-215.
• [4] Anglin, D. G. (1958). Ghana, the West, and the Soviet Union. Canadian Journal of Economics and Political Science/Revue canadienne de economiques et science politique, 24(2), 152-165.
• [5] Asogwa, F. C. (2017). Africa and the Challenges of Globalisation. EBSU Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities, 1(2).
• [6] Bacon, J. (2007). “Acting as Freemen”: Rhetoric, Race, and Reform in the Debate over Colonization in Freedom's Journal, 1827–1828. Quarterly Journal of Speech, 93(1), 58-83.
• [7] Baumann, M. (1997). Shangri-La in exile: Portraying Tibetan diaspora studies and reconsidering diaspora (s). Diaspora: A Journal of Transnational Studies, 6(3), 377-404.
• [8] Bodomo, A. (2013). African diaspora remittances are better than foreign aid funds. World Economics, 14(4), 21-29.
• [9] Bolster, W. J. (2009). Black Jacks: African American seamen in the age of sail. Harvard University Press.
• [10] Botwe-Asamoah, K. (2013). Kwame Nkrumah's Politico-Cultural Thought and Politics: An African-Centered Paradigm for the Second Phase of the African Revolution. Routledge.
• [11] Brown, M. L. (2016). Armah, Ayi Kwei. The Encyclopedia of Postcolonial Studies, 1-3.
• [12] Carmichael, S., & Nkrumah, K. (1970). “We Are All Africans” A Speech by Stokely Carmichael to Malcolm X Liberation University. The Black Scholar, 1(7), 15-19.
• [13] Cooper, A. (2000). The Fluid Frontier: Blacks and the Detroit River Region. A Focus on Henry Bibb. Canadian Review of American Studies, 30(2), 127-148.
• [14] Cooper, F. (1977) Plantation Slavery on the East Coast of Africa London: Yale University Press.
• [15] Crummell, Alexander. 1996. The Progress of Civilization along the West Coast of Africa. In Classical Black Nationalism: From the American Revolution to Marcus Garvey. Edited by Wilson J. Moses. New York: New York University Press.
• [16] da Conceição Nascimento, G. X. (2015). Os perigos dos Negros Brancos: cultura mulata, classe e beleza eugênica no pós-emancipação (EUA, 1900-1920). Pós-abolição no Mundo Atlântico, 35(69), 155-176.
• [17] Darrow, M. H. (1996). French volunteer nursing and the myth of war experience in World War I. The American historical review, 101(1), 80-106.
• [18] Du Bois, William Edward Burghardt. 1995. Dusk of Dawn: An Essay toward an Autobiography of a Race Concept. New Brunswick: Transaction.
• [19] Deutch Welle. (07 May 2015). Africa in World War II: the forgotten veterans. https://www.dw.com/en/africa-in-world-war-ii-the-forgotten-veterans/a-18437531
• [20] Equiano, O. (2009). The interesting narrative of the life of Olaudah Equiano: written by himself. The Floating Press.
• [21] Falola, T. (2013). Africa and Slavery in a Transnational Context. In The African Diaspora: Slavery, Modernity, and Globalization (pp. 29-52). Boydell and Brewer.
• [22] Friedman, S. (2017). Jews and the American slave trade. Routledge.
• [23] Gnammankou, D. (2005). African diaspora in Europe. Encyclopedia of diasporas: Immigrant and refugee cultures around the world, 15-24.
• [24] Ghana, P. H. A. (1958). Conference of Independent African States Declaration and Resolution 22nd April 1958.
• [25] Gibson, Campbell J. and Kay Jung. 2006. Historical Census Statistics on the Foreign-born Population of the United States: 1850-2000. Working Paper No. 81, U.S. Census Bureau, Washington, DC, February 2006.
• [26] George Shepperson, “The African Abroad or the African diaspora,” in T.O. Ranger (ed.), Emerging Themes of African History (Nairobi, 1968), pp. 152-176.
• [27] Grilli, M. (2015). African liberation and unity in Nkrumah's Ghana: a study of the role of" Pan-African Institutions" in the making of Ghana's foreign policy, 1957-1966 (Doctoral dissertation, Institute for History, Faculty of Humanities, Leiden University and Department of Policital and Social Sciences, University of Pavia).
• [28] Hall, G. M. (2005). Slavery and African ethnicities in the Americas: restoring the links. Univ of North Carolina Press.
• [29] Killingray, D., & Plaut, M. (2012). Fighting for Britain: African Soldiers in the Second World War. Boydell & Brewer Ltd.
• [30] Koller, C. (2008). The recruitment of colonial troops in Africa and Asia and their deployment in Europe during the First World War. Immigrants & Minorities, 26(1-2), 111-133.
• [31] Lake, O. (1995). Toward a pan-African identity: Diaspora African repatriates in Ghana. Anthropological Quarterly, 21-36.
• [32] Mark, P., & da Silva Horta, J. (2013). The Forgotten Diaspora: Jewish Communities in West Africa and the Making of the Atlantic World. Cambridge University Press.
• [33] Mazrui, A. A. (1963). On the Concept of “We are all Africans”. American Political Science Review, 57(1), 88-97.
• [34] Malisa, M., & Nhengeze, P. (2018). Pan-Africanism: A Quest for Liberation and the Pursuit of a United Africa. Genealogy, 2(3), 28.
• [35] Palmer C., “Defining and Studying the Modern African Diaspora,” Perspectives: American Historical Association Newsletter, 36, 6 (September 1998), pp. 1, 22-25,
• [36] Pambazuka News. 02 December 2018. Nkrumah’s All Africa People’s Conference: The Zimbabwean factor. https://www.pambazuka.org/pan-africanism/nkrumah%E2%80%99s-all-africa-people%E2%80%99s-conference-zimbabwean-factor
• [37] Philip, C. (1969). The Atlantic Slave Trade: A Census. Madison: The University of Wisconsin Press.
• [38] Richmond University. (11 November 2015). Map of the Week: Slave Trade from Africa to the Americas 1650-1860. https://blog.richmond.edu/livesofmaps/2014/11/11/map-of-the-week-slave-trade-from-africa-to-the-americas-1650-1860/
• [39] Rotimi, C. N., Tekola-Ayele, F., Baker, J. L., & Shriner, D. (2016). The African diaspora: history, adaptation and health. Current opinion in genetics & development, 41, 77-84.
• [40] Sapsford, R., & Jupp, V. (1996). Validating evidence. Data collection and analysis, 1-24.
• [41] Shepperson, in Martin L. Kilson and Robert I. Rotberg (eds.), The African Diaspora: Interpretive Essays (Cambridge, Massachusetts and London: Harvard University Press, 1976), pp. 1-17.
• [42] Shepperson in, William Miles, “Negritude and Judaism,” The Western Journal of Black Studies, 21, 2 (1997), pp. 99-105
• [43] Schneider, J. (2018). African Photography in the Atlantic Visualscape. Moving Photographers–Circulating Images.
• [44] Schramm, K. (2016). African homecoming: Pan-African ideology and contested heritage. Routledge.
• [45] Suzuki, T. (2018). Embodying belonging: Diaspora’s racialization and cultural citizenship. In Routledge Handbook of Diaspora Studies (pp. 63-70). Routledge.
• [46] Tannenbaum, F. (1992). Slave and citizen. Beacon Press.
• [47] The Guardian. (16 September 2019). 400 years since slavery: a timeline of American history. https://www.theguardian.com/news/2019/aug/15/400-years-since-slavery-timeline
• [48] Thomas, H. (2013). Cuba: A History. Penguin UK.
• [49] Thompson, W.S. (1969). Ghana’s Foreign Policy, 1969
• [50] Thornton, J. (2017). The slave trade and the African diaspora. The Cambridge World History, 135–159. doi:10.1017/cbo9781139022460.007
• [51] Tiffany Ruby Patterson and Robin D. G. Kelley, Unfinished Migrations: Reflections on the African Diaspora and the Making of the Modern World, African Studies Review, Vol. 43, No. 1, Special Issue on the Diaspora (April 2000), pp. 11-45 (African Studies Association)
• [52] Martin, T. (1993). Garvey and scattered Africa. Global dimensions of the African diaspora, 441-50.
• [53] Tournès, R. (1936). The French Army, 1936. Foreign Affairs, 14(3), 487-498.
• [54] Walters, R. W. (1997). Pan Africanism in the African Diaspora: An analysis of modern Afrocentric political movements. Wayne State University Press.
• [55] Walkers R.W. (1997). Pan-Africanism in the African Diaspora: An Analysis of Modem Afrocentric Political Movement African, Wayne: Wayne State University Press.
• [56] World Bank Prospects Group. Annual Remittances Data, April 2019.
• [57] Zimmerman, S. (2011). Mesdames Tirailleurs and Indirect Clients: West African Women and the French Colonial Army, 1908