Güney Afrika Federalizmi: Anayasa Yapım Süreci ve Federalizm Tartışmasının Güncelliğini Yitirmesi

Year 2018, Volume: 13 Issue: 50, 164 - 175, 30.04.2018

Elem Eyrice Tepeciklioğlu

https://doi.org/10.19168/jyasar.370009

Abstract

Ulusal
Barış Anlaşması’nın imzalandığı, siyasi yasakların kaldırıldığı, siyasi
suçluların serbest bırakıldığı ve hepsinden önemlisi, ırk ayrımına dayanan
rejimin (apartheid) ortadan kalktığı 1990’lı yıllar Güney Afrika siyasetinde
tarihi bir dönemi müjdelemekteydi. Ülkedeki başlıca siyasi gruplar arasında
gerçekleşen müzakereler sonucunda Çok-Partili Müzakere Konseyi tarafından 1993
geçici anayasası onaylanmış ve sonrasında da ülkenin ilk demokratik seçimleri
olan 1994 seçimleri gerçekleşmiştir. Takip eden geçiş döneminde ise geçici anayasada
belirtilen anayasal ilkeler çerçevesinde hala yürürlükte olan 1996 anayasası
hazırlanmıştır. Bu makale, geçici anayasa ile sonrasında kabul edilen 1996
nihai anayasasında yer alan federal prensiplerin gerek demokrasiye geçiş
sürecinde gerekse müzakerelerin başarısında kilit öneme sahip olduğunu iddia
etmektedir. Ancak yoğun müzakereler sonucunda oluşturulan Güney Afrika’nın
(yarı) federal sisteminin federal devletlerin özerkliğinin giderek azaldığı
merkezileşmiş bir sisteme doğru evrildiği görülmektedir. Bu makale, öncelikle
federal ilkelerin nasıl anayasal müzakerelerin en belirleyici pazarlık aracı
olduğuna dair bir analiz sunacak sonrasında da Güney Afrika siyasetinde
federalizm konusunun önceliğinin kaybolmasının ardındaki temel nedenleri
inceleyecektir.

Keywords

Güney Afrika, Güney Afrika Siyaseti, anayasal müzakereler, federalizm

South African Federalism: Constitution-Making Process and the Decline of the Federalism Debate

Abstract

The 1990s heralded the
beginning of a historical period in South African politics with the signing of
the National Peace Accord, the unbanning of black opposition movements, the
release of political prisoners and, most importantly, the end of the apartheid
regime. Negotiations between major political
groups of the country produced the Interim Constitution of 1993 approved by the
Multi-Party Negotiating Council, which resulted in the country’s first
democratic and multi-racial elections in 1994. The current 1996 constitution
was prepared during the transition period in line with the Constitutional
Principles of the Interim Constitution. This article argues that federal principles
entrenched both in the Interim Constitution and Final Constitution played a key
role in the transition to democracy and contributed to the success of
negotiations. However, South Africa’s (quasi) federal system is now highly
centralized with decreasing autonomy of its constituent units. This article
will first provide an analysis on how federal principles became the major bargaining
tool of the constitutional negotiations before proceeding with an examination of
the very reasons behind the demise of the federalism debate in South African
politics.

Keywords

South Africa, South African politics, constitutional negotiations, federalism

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