Araştırma Makalesi
BibTex RIS Kaynak Göster

Has Intra-Industry Trade Changed After Protectionism?: The Case of US Automotive Industry

Yıl 2019, Cilt: 14, 82 - 99, 27.03.2019

Gülçin Elif Yücel , Ayfer Ustabaş

Öz

The automotive industry is one of the most important engines of economic development thanks to its contribution to employment, high value added creation capacity, production size, high share in global trade and attracting international investments. Therefore, changes in the industry affect the entire economy. After the election of Donald Trump in the United States, restrictions were put on international trade in various ways and protectionism came to the fore. In the study, it is aimed to analyze the intra-industry trade and competitiveness of the automotive industry products between the years of 2007-2017. In the analyzes, the products and countries where the US has the most intense intra-industry trade in the automotive industry have been examined and the change before and after the protectionist policies have been compared. Intra-industry trade has been calculated using the Grubel-Lloyd index. In the analyzes, Harmonized System 6-digit trade data from the World Bank supported WITS software have been used. The results suggest that the share of intra-industry trade decreases as protectionism increases as expected

Anahtar Kelimeler

Intra-Industry Trade Protectionism Automotive Industry Economic Development

Kaynakça

  • Abbott, Jason. 2003. Developmentalism and Dependency in Southeast Asia: The Case of the Automotive Industry. Book. New York: Taylor and Francis Group.
  • Abd-el Rahman, Kamal. 1991. “Firms’ Competitive and National Comparative Advantages As Joint Determinants of Trade Composition.” Article. Weltwirtschaftliches Archiv-Review of World Economics 127 (1): 83-97.
  • Aiginger, Karl. 1998. “A Framework for Evaluating The Dynamic Competitiveness of Countries.” Article. Structural Change and Economic Dynamics 9(2): 159-188.
  • Ando, Mitsuyo. 2006. “Fragmentation and Vertical Intra-Industry Trade in East Asia.” Article. North American Journal of Economics and Finance, 17: 257-281.
  • Aturupane, Chonira, Simeon Djankov and Bernard Hoekman. 1999. “Horizontal and Vertical Intra-Industry Trade between Eastern Europe and the European Union.” Article. Weltwirtschaftlisches Archiv 135 (1): 62-81.
  • Balassa, Bela. 1966. “Tariff Reductions and Trade in Manufactures among the Industrial Countries.” Article. American Economic Review 56 (3): 466-473.
  • Becuwe, Stéphane and Claude Mathieu. 1992. “The Determinants of Intra-Industry Trade: The Case of the Automobile Industry.” Article. Weltwirtschaftliches Archiv. 128 (1), 34-51.
  • Boata, Ana., Islam, Mahamoud, Garatti, Alexis., and Ludovic, Subran. 2018. Protectionism. Book. Euler Hermes.
  • Cabral, Manuel, Rod Falvey and Chris Milner. 2009. “Does Skill Content Explain Total Trade and Intra-Industry Trade?.” Article. Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics 71 (5): 601-619.
  • Canis, Bill., Villarreal Angeles and Vivian Jones. 2018. NAFTA and Motor Vehicle Trade. Congressionnal Research Center Report.
  • Chin, Gregory. 2010. China’s Automotive Modernization. Book. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Crespo, Nuno and Maria Paula Fontoura. 2004. “Intra-Industry Trade by Types: What Can We Learn from Portuguese Data?.” Article. Weltwirtschaftliches Archiv/Review of World Economics 140 (1): 52-79.
  • Dalum, Bent, Keld Laursen and Gert Villumsen. 1998. “Structural Change in OECD Export Specialisation Patterns: De-specialisation and "Stickiness".” Article. The International Review of Applied Economics 12 (3): 447-467.
  • Diaz Mora, Carmen. 2002. “The Role of Comparative Advantage in Trade Within Industries: A Panel Data Approach for the European Union.” Article. Weltwirtschaftliches Archiv/Review of World Economics 138 (2): 291-315.
  • Dicken, Peter 2013. Global Shift. Book. New York: The Guilford Press.
  • Dixit, Avinash and Joseph, Stiglitz. 1977. “Monopolistic Competition and Optimum Product Diversity.” Article. American Economic Review 67 (3): 297-308.
  • Dixit, Avinash and Victor Norman. 1980. Theory of International Trade: A Dual, General Equilibrium Approach. Book. Cambridge University Press.
  • Falvey, Rodney. 1981. “Commercial Policy and Intra-Industry Trade.” Article. Journal of International Economics 11: 495-511.
  • Falvey, Rodney and Henryk Kierzkowski. 1987. “Product quality, intra-industry trade and (im) perfect competition,” in Henryk Kierzkowski, eds, Protection and Competition in International Trade: Essays in Honor of W. M. Corden, Blackwell, Oxford, pp. 143–161.
  • Faustino, Hernandez and Nuno Carlos Leitao. 2007. Country-Specific Determinants of Intra-Industry Trade in Portugal. Working Papers. 27. ISEG - School of Economics and Management, Department of Economics, University of Lisbon. Department of Economics.
  • Fontagné, Lionel and Michael Freudenberg. 1997. “Intra-Industry Trade: Methodological Issues Reconsidered.” CEPII Working Papers: 1.
  • Greenaway, David, Robert Hine and Chris Milner. 1994. “Country Spesific Factors and the Pattern of Horizontal and Vertical Intra-Industry Trade in the UK.” Article. Weltwirtschaftliches Archiv/Review of World Economics 130 (1): 77-100.
  • Greenaway, David, Robert Hine and Chris Milner. 1995. “Vertical and Horizontal Intra-Industry Trade: A Cross-Industry Analysis for the United Kingdom.” Article. Economic Journal 105: 1505-1518.
  • Grubel, Herbert Gunter 1967. “Intra-Industry Specialization and The Pattern of Trade.” Article. Canadian Journal of Economics and Political Science 33 (3): 374-388.
  • Grubel, Herbert Gunter and Peter John Lloyd. 1971. “The Empirical Measurement of Intra-Industry Trade.” Article. Economic Record 47 (120): 494-517.
  • Grubel, Herbert Gunter and Peter John Lloyd. 1975. Intra-Industry Trade: The Theory and The Measurement of International Trade in Differentiated Products. Book. New York: John Wiley & Sons.
  • Grubel, Herbert Gunter and Peter John Lloyd (Ed.) 2003. Intra-Industry Trade. The International Library of Critical Writings in Economics Series. Book. UK: Edward Elgar Publishing, Cheltenham.
  • Gullstrand, Joakim. 2002. “Demand Patterns and Vertical Intra-Industry Trade with Special Reference to North-South Trade.” Article. Journal of International Trade and Economic Development 11 (4): 429-455.
  • Helpman, Elhanan. 1981. “International Trade in the Presence of Product Differentiation, Economies of Scale and Monopolistic Competition: A Chamberlin-Heckscher-Ohlin Approach.” Article. Journal of International Economics 11: 305-340.
  • Helpman, Elhanan and Paul Krugman. 1987. Market Structure and Foreign Trade: Increasing Returns, Imperfect Competition and the International Economy. Book. Edition 1. Volume 1. MIT Press Books.
  • Hu, Xiaoling and Yue Ma. 1999. “International Intra-Industry Trade of China.” Article. Weltwirtschaftliches Archiv/Review of World Economics 135 (1): 82-101.
  • International Trade Administration. (2018, November 8). Automotive Team: Industry Trade Data. https://www.trade.gov/td/otm/autostats.asp
  • Ito, Keiko and Masaru Umemoto. 2004. “Intra-Industry Trade in the ASEAN Region: The Case of Automotive Industry.” Article. ICSEAD Working Paper Series: 23.
  • Jensen, Lars and Teit Lüthje. 2009. “Driving Forces of Vertical Intra-Industry Trade in Europe 1996–2005.” Article. Weltwirtschaftliches Archiv/Review of World Economics.145 (3): 469-488.
  • Kierzkowski, Henryk. 2011. “A New Global Auto Industry?.” Article. China & World Economy. 19 (1): 63-82.
  • Kojima, Kiyoshi 1964. “The Pattern of International Trade Among Advanced Countries.” Article. Hitotsubashi Journal of Economics 5 (1): 16-36.
  • Krugman, Paul 1981. “Intra-Industry Specialization and the Gains from Trade.” Article. Journal of Political Economy 89 (5): 959-973.
  • Lancaster, Kelvin 1979. Variety, Equity and Efficiency. Book. Oxford: Blackwell.
  • Lancaster, Kelvin 1980. “Intra-Industry Trade under Perfect Monopolistic Competition.” Article. Journal of International Economics 10: 151-175.
  • Lefilleur, Julien 2008. “Geographic Reorganization of the European Automobile Sector.” Article. Eastern Economic Studies 46 (5): 71-94.
  • Leitao, Nuno Carlos, Faustino Horacio. and Yushi Yoshido. 2009. “Determinants of Vertical Intra-Industry Trade in the Automobile Manufacturing Sector: Globalization and Fragmentation.” Technical University of Lisbon, Department of Economics Working Papers No. 06.
  • Linder, Staffan Burenstam. 1961. An Essay on Trade and Transformation. Book. Almqvist and Wiksell Int. Stockholm 23-105.
  • Michaley, Michael. 1962. “Multilateral Balancing in International Trade.” Article. American Economic Review 52: 685-702.
  • Montout, Sylvie, Mucchielli, Jean-Louis and Zignago, Soledad. 2001. “Horizontal and Vertical Intra Industry Trade of NAFTA and MERCOSUR: The Case of Automobile Industry,” Presented at 3rd Annual Conference of European Trade Study Group (ETSG), Brussels, 14-16 September 2001.
  • Montout, Sylvie, Mucchielli, Jean-Louis and Zignago, Soledad. 2002. “Regionalization and Intra Industry Trade. An Analysis of Automobile Industry Trade in NAFTA.” Article. Revue Region et Developpement 16,: 137-159.
  • Morrison, Wayne. 2018. China-U.S. Trade Issues. Congressional Research Service Report, 30 July.
  • Nilsson, Lars. 1997. “The Measurement of Intra-Industry Trade between Unequal Partners.” Article. Weltwirtschaftliches Archiv / Review of World Economics 133 (3): 554-565.
  • OICA. (2018, November 24). International Organization of Motor Vehicle Manufacturers. OICA: http://www.oica.net/category/economic-contributions/
  • Peneder, Michael. 2009. Sectoral Growth Drivers and Competitiveness in the European Union. European Communities. Luxembourg.
  • Salim, Ruhul, Amirul, Islam and Harry, Bloch. 2018. "Patterns And Determinants Of Intra-Industry Trade In Southeast Asia: Evidence From The Automotive And Electrical Appliances Sectors." Article. The Singapore Economic Review 63(03): 647-665.
  • Salvatore, Dominick. 1998. International Economics. Book. Sixth Edition. Prentice Hall. New Jersey.
  • Stiglitz, Joseph. 1987. The Causes and Consequences of The Dependence of Quality of Price. Article. Journal of Economic Literature 25: 1-48.
  • Turkcan, Kemal. and Ayşegül, Ates. 2010. “Structure and Determinants of Intra-Industry Trade in the U.S. Auto-Industry.” Article. Journal of International and Global Economic Studies 2 (2): 15-46.
  • Umemoto, Masaru. 2005. “Development of Intra-Industry Trade between Korea and Japan: The Case of Automobile Parts Industry.” Article. CITS Working Paper Series No. 03.
  • Veeramani, C. 2009. “Trade Barriers, Multinational Involvement and Intra-Industry Trade: Panel Data Evidence from India.” Article. Applied Economics 41: 2541–2553.
  • Verdorn, P. J. 1960. The Intra-Bloc Trade of Benelux, in E. A. G. Robinson (Ed.) The Economic Consequence of The Size of Nations. Chapter 19 and Section V. London: Macmillan 291-293 in Grubel, H. G. and P. J. Lloyd (Ed.), Intra-Industry Trade, UK: Edward Elgar Publishing 3-6.
  • Vousden, Neil. 1990. The Economics of Trade Protection. Book. Cambridge University Press. USA.
  • Williamson, Joel and Chris, Milner. 1991. The World Economy. Book. New York: Simon & Schuster.

Korumacılık Sonrası Endüstri-İçi Ticaret Değişti mi?: Amerikan Otomotiv Endüstrisinin Durumu

Yıl 2019, Cilt: 14, 82 - 99, 27.03.2019

Gülçin Elif Yücel , Ayfer Ustabaş

Öz

Otomotiv endüstrisi, istihdama katkısı, yüksek katma değer yaratma kapasitesi, üretim büyüklüğü, küresel ticaretteki yüksek payı ve uluslararası yatırımları çekmesi nedeniyle ekonomik gelişmenin en önemli motorlarından biridir. Bu nedenle, sektördeki değişiklikler tüm ekonomiyi etkiler. ABD’de Donald Trump’ın seçilmesinden sonra çeşitli şekillerde uluslararası ticarete kısıtlamalar getirilmiştir ve korumacılık ön plana çıkmıştır. Bu çalışmada, 2007-2017 yılları arasında otomotiv endüstrisi ürünlerinin endüstri içi ticaret ve rekabet edebilirliğinin analiz edilmesi amaçlanmıştır. Çalışmada, otomotiv endüstrisi ürünlerinin endüstri içi ticaret ve rekabet edebilirliğinin 2007-2017 yılları arasında incelenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Analizlerde, ABD'nin otomotiv endüstrisinde en yoğun sanayi içi ticarete sahip olduğu ürünler ve ülkeler incelenmiş ve korumacı politikalar öncesi ve sonrası değişim karşılaştırılmıştır. Grubel-Lloyd endeksi kullanılarak endüstri içi ticaret hesaplanmıştır. Analizlerde, Dünya Bankası destekli WITS yazılımından Harmonize Sistem 6 basamaklı ticari veriler kullanılmıştır. Çalışmanın sonuçlarına göre, korumacılık arttıkça endüstri-içi ticaretin payının azaldığı görülmektedir. 

Anahtar Kelimeler

Intra-Industry Trade Protectionism Automotive Industry

Kaynakça

  • Abbott, Jason. 2003. Developmentalism and Dependency in Southeast Asia: The Case of the Automotive Industry. Book. New York: Taylor and Francis Group.
  • Abd-el Rahman, Kamal. 1991. “Firms’ Competitive and National Comparative Advantages As Joint Determinants of Trade Composition.” Article. Weltwirtschaftliches Archiv-Review of World Economics 127 (1): 83-97.
  • Aiginger, Karl. 1998. “A Framework for Evaluating The Dynamic Competitiveness of Countries.” Article. Structural Change and Economic Dynamics 9(2): 159-188.
  • Ando, Mitsuyo. 2006. “Fragmentation and Vertical Intra-Industry Trade in East Asia.” Article. North American Journal of Economics and Finance, 17: 257-281.
  • Aturupane, Chonira, Simeon Djankov and Bernard Hoekman. 1999. “Horizontal and Vertical Intra-Industry Trade between Eastern Europe and the European Union.” Article. Weltwirtschaftlisches Archiv 135 (1): 62-81.
  • Balassa, Bela. 1966. “Tariff Reductions and Trade in Manufactures among the Industrial Countries.” Article. American Economic Review 56 (3): 466-473.
  • Becuwe, Stéphane and Claude Mathieu. 1992. “The Determinants of Intra-Industry Trade: The Case of the Automobile Industry.” Article. Weltwirtschaftliches Archiv. 128 (1), 34-51.
  • Boata, Ana., Islam, Mahamoud, Garatti, Alexis., and Ludovic, Subran. 2018. Protectionism. Book. Euler Hermes.
  • Cabral, Manuel, Rod Falvey and Chris Milner. 2009. “Does Skill Content Explain Total Trade and Intra-Industry Trade?.” Article. Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics 71 (5): 601-619.
  • Canis, Bill., Villarreal Angeles and Vivian Jones. 2018. NAFTA and Motor Vehicle Trade. Congressionnal Research Center Report.
  • Chin, Gregory. 2010. China’s Automotive Modernization. Book. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Crespo, Nuno and Maria Paula Fontoura. 2004. “Intra-Industry Trade by Types: What Can We Learn from Portuguese Data?.” Article. Weltwirtschaftliches Archiv/Review of World Economics 140 (1): 52-79.
  • Dalum, Bent, Keld Laursen and Gert Villumsen. 1998. “Structural Change in OECD Export Specialisation Patterns: De-specialisation and "Stickiness".” Article. The International Review of Applied Economics 12 (3): 447-467.
  • Diaz Mora, Carmen. 2002. “The Role of Comparative Advantage in Trade Within Industries: A Panel Data Approach for the European Union.” Article. Weltwirtschaftliches Archiv/Review of World Economics 138 (2): 291-315.
  • Dicken, Peter 2013. Global Shift. Book. New York: The Guilford Press.
  • Dixit, Avinash and Joseph, Stiglitz. 1977. “Monopolistic Competition and Optimum Product Diversity.” Article. American Economic Review 67 (3): 297-308.
  • Dixit, Avinash and Victor Norman. 1980. Theory of International Trade: A Dual, General Equilibrium Approach. Book. Cambridge University Press.
  • Falvey, Rodney. 1981. “Commercial Policy and Intra-Industry Trade.” Article. Journal of International Economics 11: 495-511.
  • Falvey, Rodney and Henryk Kierzkowski. 1987. “Product quality, intra-industry trade and (im) perfect competition,” in Henryk Kierzkowski, eds, Protection and Competition in International Trade: Essays in Honor of W. M. Corden, Blackwell, Oxford, pp. 143–161.
  • Faustino, Hernandez and Nuno Carlos Leitao. 2007. Country-Specific Determinants of Intra-Industry Trade in Portugal. Working Papers. 27. ISEG - School of Economics and Management, Department of Economics, University of Lisbon. Department of Economics.
  • Fontagné, Lionel and Michael Freudenberg. 1997. “Intra-Industry Trade: Methodological Issues Reconsidered.” CEPII Working Papers: 1.
  • Greenaway, David, Robert Hine and Chris Milner. 1994. “Country Spesific Factors and the Pattern of Horizontal and Vertical Intra-Industry Trade in the UK.” Article. Weltwirtschaftliches Archiv/Review of World Economics 130 (1): 77-100.
  • Greenaway, David, Robert Hine and Chris Milner. 1995. “Vertical and Horizontal Intra-Industry Trade: A Cross-Industry Analysis for the United Kingdom.” Article. Economic Journal 105: 1505-1518.
  • Grubel, Herbert Gunter 1967. “Intra-Industry Specialization and The Pattern of Trade.” Article. Canadian Journal of Economics and Political Science 33 (3): 374-388.
  • Grubel, Herbert Gunter and Peter John Lloyd. 1971. “The Empirical Measurement of Intra-Industry Trade.” Article. Economic Record 47 (120): 494-517.
  • Grubel, Herbert Gunter and Peter John Lloyd. 1975. Intra-Industry Trade: The Theory and The Measurement of International Trade in Differentiated Products. Book. New York: John Wiley & Sons.
  • Grubel, Herbert Gunter and Peter John Lloyd (Ed.) 2003. Intra-Industry Trade. The International Library of Critical Writings in Economics Series. Book. UK: Edward Elgar Publishing, Cheltenham.
  • Gullstrand, Joakim. 2002. “Demand Patterns and Vertical Intra-Industry Trade with Special Reference to North-South Trade.” Article. Journal of International Trade and Economic Development 11 (4): 429-455.
  • Helpman, Elhanan. 1981. “International Trade in the Presence of Product Differentiation, Economies of Scale and Monopolistic Competition: A Chamberlin-Heckscher-Ohlin Approach.” Article. Journal of International Economics 11: 305-340.
  • Helpman, Elhanan and Paul Krugman. 1987. Market Structure and Foreign Trade: Increasing Returns, Imperfect Competition and the International Economy. Book. Edition 1. Volume 1. MIT Press Books.
  • Hu, Xiaoling and Yue Ma. 1999. “International Intra-Industry Trade of China.” Article. Weltwirtschaftliches Archiv/Review of World Economics 135 (1): 82-101.
  • International Trade Administration. (2018, November 8). Automotive Team: Industry Trade Data. https://www.trade.gov/td/otm/autostats.asp
  • Ito, Keiko and Masaru Umemoto. 2004. “Intra-Industry Trade in the ASEAN Region: The Case of Automotive Industry.” Article. ICSEAD Working Paper Series: 23.
  • Jensen, Lars and Teit Lüthje. 2009. “Driving Forces of Vertical Intra-Industry Trade in Europe 1996–2005.” Article. Weltwirtschaftliches Archiv/Review of World Economics.145 (3): 469-488.
  • Kierzkowski, Henryk. 2011. “A New Global Auto Industry?.” Article. China & World Economy. 19 (1): 63-82.
  • Kojima, Kiyoshi 1964. “The Pattern of International Trade Among Advanced Countries.” Article. Hitotsubashi Journal of Economics 5 (1): 16-36.
  • Krugman, Paul 1981. “Intra-Industry Specialization and the Gains from Trade.” Article. Journal of Political Economy 89 (5): 959-973.
  • Lancaster, Kelvin 1979. Variety, Equity and Efficiency. Book. Oxford: Blackwell.
  • Lancaster, Kelvin 1980. “Intra-Industry Trade under Perfect Monopolistic Competition.” Article. Journal of International Economics 10: 151-175.
  • Lefilleur, Julien 2008. “Geographic Reorganization of the European Automobile Sector.” Article. Eastern Economic Studies 46 (5): 71-94.
  • Leitao, Nuno Carlos, Faustino Horacio. and Yushi Yoshido. 2009. “Determinants of Vertical Intra-Industry Trade in the Automobile Manufacturing Sector: Globalization and Fragmentation.” Technical University of Lisbon, Department of Economics Working Papers No. 06.
  • Linder, Staffan Burenstam. 1961. An Essay on Trade and Transformation. Book. Almqvist and Wiksell Int. Stockholm 23-105.
  • Michaley, Michael. 1962. “Multilateral Balancing in International Trade.” Article. American Economic Review 52: 685-702.
  • Montout, Sylvie, Mucchielli, Jean-Louis and Zignago, Soledad. 2001. “Horizontal and Vertical Intra Industry Trade of NAFTA and MERCOSUR: The Case of Automobile Industry,” Presented at 3rd Annual Conference of European Trade Study Group (ETSG), Brussels, 14-16 September 2001.
  • Montout, Sylvie, Mucchielli, Jean-Louis and Zignago, Soledad. 2002. “Regionalization and Intra Industry Trade. An Analysis of Automobile Industry Trade in NAFTA.” Article. Revue Region et Developpement 16,: 137-159.
  • Morrison, Wayne. 2018. China-U.S. Trade Issues. Congressional Research Service Report, 30 July.
  • Nilsson, Lars. 1997. “The Measurement of Intra-Industry Trade between Unequal Partners.” Article. Weltwirtschaftliches Archiv / Review of World Economics 133 (3): 554-565.
  • OICA. (2018, November 24). International Organization of Motor Vehicle Manufacturers. OICA: http://www.oica.net/category/economic-contributions/
  • Peneder, Michael. 2009. Sectoral Growth Drivers and Competitiveness in the European Union. European Communities. Luxembourg.
  • Salim, Ruhul, Amirul, Islam and Harry, Bloch. 2018. "Patterns And Determinants Of Intra-Industry Trade In Southeast Asia: Evidence From The Automotive And Electrical Appliances Sectors." Article. The Singapore Economic Review 63(03): 647-665.
  • Salvatore, Dominick. 1998. International Economics. Book. Sixth Edition. Prentice Hall. New Jersey.
  • Stiglitz, Joseph. 1987. The Causes and Consequences of The Dependence of Quality of Price. Article. Journal of Economic Literature 25: 1-48.
  • Turkcan, Kemal. and Ayşegül, Ates. 2010. “Structure and Determinants of Intra-Industry Trade in the U.S. Auto-Industry.” Article. Journal of International and Global Economic Studies 2 (2): 15-46.
  • Umemoto, Masaru. 2005. “Development of Intra-Industry Trade between Korea and Japan: The Case of Automobile Parts Industry.” Article. CITS Working Paper Series No. 03.
  • Veeramani, C. 2009. “Trade Barriers, Multinational Involvement and Intra-Industry Trade: Panel Data Evidence from India.” Article. Applied Economics 41: 2541–2553.
  • Verdorn, P. J. 1960. The Intra-Bloc Trade of Benelux, in E. A. G. Robinson (Ed.) The Economic Consequence of The Size of Nations. Chapter 19 and Section V. London: Macmillan 291-293 in Grubel, H. G. and P. J. Lloyd (Ed.), Intra-Industry Trade, UK: Edward Elgar Publishing 3-6.
  • Vousden, Neil. 1990. The Economics of Trade Protection. Book. Cambridge University Press. USA.
  • Williamson, Joel and Chris, Milner. 1991. The World Economy. Book. New York: Simon & Schuster.
Toplam 58 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Gülçin Elif Yücel

Ayfer Ustabaş

Yayımlanma Tarihi 27 Mart 2019
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2019 Cilt: 14

Kaynak Göster

APA Yücel, G. E., & Ustabaş, A. (2019). Has Intra-Industry Trade Changed After Protectionism?: The Case of US Automotive Industry. Yaşar Üniversitesi E-Dergisi, 14, 82-99.
AMA Yücel GE, Ustabaş A. Has Intra-Industry Trade Changed After Protectionism?: The Case of US Automotive Industry. Yaşar Üniversitesi E-Dergisi. Mart 2019;14:82-99.
Chicago Yücel, Gülçin Elif, ve Ayfer Ustabaş. “Has Intra-Industry Trade Changed After Protectionism?: The Case of US Automotive Industry”. Yaşar Üniversitesi E-Dergisi 14, Mart (Mart 2019): 82-99.
EndNote Yücel GE, Ustabaş A (01 Mart 2019) Has Intra-Industry Trade Changed After Protectionism?: The Case of US Automotive Industry. Yaşar Üniversitesi E-Dergisi 14 82–99.
IEEE G. E. Yücel ve A. Ustabaş, “Has Intra-Industry Trade Changed After Protectionism?: The Case of US Automotive Industry”, Yaşar Üniversitesi E-Dergisi, c. 14, ss. 82–99, 2019.
ISNAD Yücel, Gülçin Elif - Ustabaş, Ayfer. “Has Intra-Industry Trade Changed After Protectionism?: The Case of US Automotive Industry”. Yaşar Üniversitesi E-Dergisi 14 (Mart 2019), 82-99.
JAMA Yücel GE, Ustabaş A. Has Intra-Industry Trade Changed After Protectionism?: The Case of US Automotive Industry. Yaşar Üniversitesi E-Dergisi. 2019;14:82–99.
MLA Yücel, Gülçin Elif ve Ayfer Ustabaş. “Has Intra-Industry Trade Changed After Protectionism?: The Case of US Automotive Industry”. Yaşar Üniversitesi E-Dergisi, c. 14, 2019, ss. 82-99.
Vancouver Yücel GE, Ustabaş A. Has Intra-Industry Trade Changed After Protectionism?: The Case of US Automotive Industry. Yaşar Üniversitesi E-Dergisi. 2019;14:82-99.
 Kapak Resmi İndir