DESCARTES'TA 'DÜŞÜNÜYORUM' VE RUHUN VARLIĞININ ARGÜMANLARI

Year 2023, Volume: 10 Issue: 19, 185 - 204, 28.01.2023

Fatih Özgökman

https://doi.org/10.17050/kafkasilahiyat.1175775

Abstract

ÖZ
Descartes, Meditasyonlar’da insan ruhunun veya zihninin bedenden ayrı olarak var olduğuna dair üç argüman sunar. Birincisinde “düşünüyorum o halde varım” ile var olmanın en temel biçiminin düşünmek yani kendisine dair bilinci olduğunu fark eder ve bunun şüphe götürmez kesinliğinden hareketle kendisinin diğer duyulur şeyler gibi şüphe götüren bedenden farklı olduğu sonucunu çıkarır. İkincisinde ise Descartes zihin ve bedenin kavramsal olarak birbirlerinden ayrı düşünülebilmesi nedeniyle gerçeklikte de ayrı olduklarını savunur. Çünkü düşüncemizin gerçekliğe uymaması için bir gerekçe yoktur. Üçüncüsünde ise Descartes, Platoncu ruhun basitliği argümanına baş vurur. Buna göre ruh tüm zihinsel faaliyetlerinde bölünemez iken beden uzamlı olduğu için bölünebilir ve bu nedenle de eksilebilir. Halbuki bedenin eksilmesiyle ruhta hiçbir eksilme ortaya çıkmaz. Bu durum ruhun veya zihnin bedenden ayrı olduğunu ortaya koyar.
Anahtar Kelimeler: Descartes, Ruh, Zihin, Beden, Basitlik

Keywords

DESCARTES, RUH, ZİHİN, BEDEN, BASİTLİK

"I THINK" AND THE ARGUMENTS OF THE PRESENCE OF THE SOUL IN DESCARTES

Abstract

ABSTRACT
In the Meditations, Descartes offers three arguments for the human soul or mind to exist separately from the body. In the first, with "I think, therefore I am", he realizes that the most basic form of existence is thinking, that is, the consciousness of himself, and based on the undoubted certainty of this, he concludes that he is different from the body, which is doubtful like other sensible things. In the second, Descartes argues that because the mind and body can be considered conceptually separate from each other, they are also separate in reality. Because there is no reason why our thinking should not conform to reality. In the third, Descartes appeals to the Platonic argument of the simplicity of the soul. Accordingly, while the soul is indivisible in all its mental activities, the body can be divided and therefore diminished because it is extended. However, with the decrease of the body, there is no decrease in the soul. This indicates that the soul or mind is separate from the body.
Keywords: Descartes, Soul, Mind, Body, Simplicity.

Keywords

DESCARTES, SOUL, MIND, BODY, SIMPLICITY

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