Crimea was turned into an area of international trade in the 7th century, during the period in which Khazar Qaganate became sovereign. Having control over the new trading center around the Black Sea, the Hazar Qaganate generalized the 10% customs duty that was gained from the foreign traders coming to the country, and it got wealthy by selling goods that they bought from the Russians and Volga Bulgarians, to other countries. After the Khazars, Pechenegs dominated this region, having a role in making Crimea an international trade area as well. The Kipchak Turks, who were dominating the Northern Black Sea and Crimea in the 11th to13th century, continued this policy when the Seljukians had dominiation over the Middle East. Continuing the economic policies of the Hazars, Kipchaks settled for10% customs duty from the traders and played an intermediary role by selling the goods that they bought from Volga region to third countries. When the Seljukian traders were prevented from doing trade in that area, Sultan Alâeddin Keykubad started a campaign against Crimea with the Seljukian fleet in 1225, led by the governor of Kastamonu, Hüsameddin Çoban, after which he captured Sudak. The Seljukian dominance in this region continued until the Mongolian invasion in 1229.
VII.
yüzyılda Hazar Devleti’nin hâkimiyeti ile başlayan süreçte Kırım uluslararası
bir ticarî alan haline getirilmişti. Hazar Devleti, dünya ticaretinin Karadeniz
çevresindeki bu yeni merkezini kontrol altında tutarak ülkesine gelen yabancı
tüccarlardan aldığı %10’luk gümrük vergisini genelleştirmiş, Ruslar ve İtil
Bulgarlarından aldıkları malları diğer ülkelere satarak zenginleşmişti.
Hazarlardan sonra Peçenekler buraya hâkim olarak Kırım’ın uluslararası ticaret
sahası haline getirilmesinde pay sahibi oldular. Selçukluların Ortadoğu’da
hâkim oldukları XI-XIII. yüzyıllarda Karadeniz’in kuzeyinde ve Kırım’da
hâkimiyet kuran Kıpçak Türkleri bu politikayı devam ettirdiler. Kıpçaklar,
Hazarların ekonomik politikalarını devam ettirerek tüccarlardan aldıkları %10 gümrük
vergisi ile yetinip, İtil bölgesinden aldıkları malları üçüncü ülkelere
satarak, aracı rolü üstlendiler. Selçuklu tacirlerinin oradaki ticaretlerinin
engellenmesi üzerine Sultan Alâeddin Keykûbad Kastamonu beyi Hüsameddin Çoban’ı
1225’te Selçuklu donanması ile Kırım üzerine gönderdi ve Suğdak’ı ele geçirdi.
Buradaki Selçuklu hâkimiyeti, 1229’da Moğolların orayı işgal ettikleri zamana
kadar devam etti.
Primary Language | Turkish |
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Journal Section | Articles |
Authors | |
Publication Date | June 28, 2019 |
Published in Issue | Year 2019 |
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The Journal of Institute of Black Sea Studies is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0).