KARADENİZ’DE RUSYA-ABD REKABETİ VE UKRAYNA KRİZİ
Year 2019,
Volume: 5 Issue: 7, 1 - 10, 28.06.2019
Ahmet Nafiz Ünalmış
,
Şafak Oğuz
Abstract
Batılı
devletler ve Rusya Federasyonu arasında Doğu Avrupa, Kafkasya ve Karadeniz
bölgesine yönelik rekabet 2014 yılında başlayan Ukrayna Krizinden bu yana daha
da artmıştır. NATO’nun Soğuk Savaş’ın sona ermesinden bu yana Rusya’nın
sınırlarına doğru genişleme gayreti ve özellikle Gürcistan ve Ukrayna’nın
ittifaka üyeliklerine yönelik ısrarcı tutumu, Rusya’nın bu konuyu ulusal
güvenliğine karşı önemli bir tehdit olduğunu vurgulayacak şekilde sert
tepkisine yol açmıştır. ABD’nin Avrupa Aşamalı Uyarlanabilir Yaklaşım (EPAA)
projesine yönelik çabaları ve nihayet Orta Menzilli Nükleer Silahlar
Anlaşmasından (INF) çekilmesi bölgedeki durumu daha da zorlaştırmıştır. Her iki
taraf da nükleer kabiliyete sahip savaş uçaklarının konuşlandırılması dahil
Karadeniz’deki askeri varlıklarını önemli ölçüde artırmışlardır. Bir yandan
NATO üyesi, diğer yandan da Rusya’nın önemli bir ortağı konumunda olan Türkiye
ise bir denge politikası yürüterek batılı devletlerin 1936 Montrö Boğazlar
Sözleşmesi’ni revize etme çabalarını geri çevirmeye gayret etmektedir. Bu
çalışma NATO ve ABD ile Rusya arasındaki Karadeniz’e yönelik çetin rekabeti ve
Ukrayna krizinin bu rekabete isini analiz etmektedir.
References
- Ayhan, İzzet Soner (2015), “Soğuk Savaş sonrası Rusya’nın Karadeniz Stratejileri”, Barış Araştırmaları ve Çatışma Çözümleri Dergisi, 3 (2), 1-21.
Berryman, John (2011), “New World Order” to “Resetting Relations”: Two Decades of US-Russia Relations, Roger E. Kanet (ed.), Russian Foreign Policy in the 21st Century, içinde (228-245) New York, Palgrave Macmillan.
Bucharest Summit Declaration, Issued by the Heads of State and Government participating in the meeting of the North Atlantic Council in Bucharest on 3 April 2008, NATO Official Website, https://www.nato.int/cps/us/natohq/official_texts_8443.htm
Carr, Fergus and Paul Flenley (2007), Region Building in the wider Black Sea Area: the Role of the EU and NATO, Peter M.E. Volten and Blagovest Tashev (eds.), Establishing Security and Stability in the Wider Black Sea Area: International Politics and the new and emerging Democracies in (29-57), IOS Press, Amsterdam.
DeYoung, Karen (19 March 2014), “Russia’s moves in Ukraine are ‘wake-up call,’ NATO’s Rasmussen says in speech”, The Washington Post.
Ergan, Uğur (21 Ağustos 2008), “ABD Montrö’ye uygun olarak Boğaz’ı geçecek”, Hürriyet.
Erol, Mehmet Seyfettin and Şafak Oğuz (2015), “Hybrid Warfare Studies and Russia’s Example in Crimea”, Gazi Akademik Bakış, 9 (17), 261-277.
Erol, Mehmet Seyfettin ve Sertif Demir (2012), “Amerika’nın Karadeniz Politikasını Yeniden Değerlendirmek”, Gazi Akademik Bakış, 6 (11), 17-33.
“General Staff: Russia-Turkey balance of force in Black Sea has changed over years”, (14 September 2016), TASS News Agency, http://tass.com/defense/899730
Goncharenko, Roman (28 February 2019), NATO steps up naval presence on the Black Sea, Deutsche Welle, https://www.dw.com/cda/en/nato-steps-up-naval-presence-on-the-black-sea/a-47732883
Gotev, Georgi (19 March 2019), “Russia to deploy nuclear-capable strategic bombers to Crimea”, Euractiv, https://www.euractiv.com/section/defence-and-security/news/russia-to-deploy-nuclear-capable-strategic-bombers-to-crimea/
Hacıoğlu, Nerdun (17 Mart 2014), “Kırım bağımsızlık ilan edip, Rusya’ya başvurdu”, Hürriyet.
Kelkitli, Fatma Aslı (2017), Turkish-Russian Relations: Competition and Cooperation in Eurasia, London and New York, Routledge.
Manoli, Panagiota (2012), The Dynamics of Black Sea Subregionalism, Oxon, Routledge.
Mcgrath, Ciaran, Russia Warning: Kremlin lashes out at NATO over ‘aggravating’ Black Sea military build-up, The Express, https://www.express.co.uk/news/world/1087877/russia-news-world-war-3-black-sea-military-crimea-ukraine-nato
Najslova, Lucia (2010), The EU in the Wider Black Sea Region: Clumsy but Attractive?, Karen Handerson and Carol Weaver (eds.), The Black Sea Region and EU Policy: The Challenge of Divergent Agendas in (29-45), Surrey, Ashgate.
Oğuz, Şafak (2015), “NATOs Mistakes That Paved the Way for Russia-Ukraine Crisis,” Karadeniz Araştırmaları, 12 (45), 1-12.
Oğuz, Şafak (Güz 2016), “Ukrayna Krizi ve Yeni NATO”, Karadeniz Araştırmaları, 51, 201-221.
Polat, Doğan Şafak (Nisan 2017), “NATO ve Rusya Federasyonu’nun Yeni Mücadele Alanı: Karadeniz” Siyasal Bilimler Dergisi, 5, Özel Sayı, 51-66.
Rasmussen, Anders Fogh (18 March 2014), “NATO Secretary General condemns moves to incorporate Crimea into Russian Federation”, NATO Official Website, https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natolive/news_108100.htm
Rukhadze, Vasili (29 May 2013), “Russia Underscores its Military Presence in Georgia’s Breakaway Regions”, Eurasia Daily Monitor, 10 (101), www.jamestown.org/ single/?tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=40952&no_cache=1#.Vfa6dhGqqko
“Russia deploys Tu-22M3 bombers & Iskanders to Crimea in response to US missile launchers in Romania” (19 March 2019), Russia Today (RT), https://www.rt.com/russia/454153-crimea-strategic-bombers-iskander-romania/
Sharkov, Damien (12 September 2014), “Russian navy to focus strategy on Arctic Zone and Black Sea”, Newsweek.
Stoltenberg, Jens (04 April 2019), “Press Conference by NATO Secretary General Jens Stoltenberg following the last meeting of the North Atlantic Council in Foreign Ministers’ session”, NATO Official Website, https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/opinions_ 165235.htm? selectedLocale=en
Treisman, Daniel (May/June 2016), “Why Putin Took Crimea: The Gambler in the Kremlin”, Foreign Affairs, https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/ukraine/2016-04-18/why-russian-president-putin-took-crimea-from-ukraine
Vyaçeslav, Nikonov (11 Nisan 2011), “Medvedev’in 3 Yılı”, İzvestiya, https://iz.ru/news/372280
Walker, Shaun and Ian Traynor (19 March 2014), “Putin confirms Crimea annexation as Ukraine soldier becomes first casualty”, The Guardian.
Year 2019,
Volume: 5 Issue: 7, 1 - 10, 28.06.2019
Ahmet Nafiz Ünalmış
,
Şafak Oğuz
References
- Ayhan, İzzet Soner (2015), “Soğuk Savaş sonrası Rusya’nın Karadeniz Stratejileri”, Barış Araştırmaları ve Çatışma Çözümleri Dergisi, 3 (2), 1-21.
Berryman, John (2011), “New World Order” to “Resetting Relations”: Two Decades of US-Russia Relations, Roger E. Kanet (ed.), Russian Foreign Policy in the 21st Century, içinde (228-245) New York, Palgrave Macmillan.
Bucharest Summit Declaration, Issued by the Heads of State and Government participating in the meeting of the North Atlantic Council in Bucharest on 3 April 2008, NATO Official Website, https://www.nato.int/cps/us/natohq/official_texts_8443.htm
Carr, Fergus and Paul Flenley (2007), Region Building in the wider Black Sea Area: the Role of the EU and NATO, Peter M.E. Volten and Blagovest Tashev (eds.), Establishing Security and Stability in the Wider Black Sea Area: International Politics and the new and emerging Democracies in (29-57), IOS Press, Amsterdam.
DeYoung, Karen (19 March 2014), “Russia’s moves in Ukraine are ‘wake-up call,’ NATO’s Rasmussen says in speech”, The Washington Post.
Ergan, Uğur (21 Ağustos 2008), “ABD Montrö’ye uygun olarak Boğaz’ı geçecek”, Hürriyet.
Erol, Mehmet Seyfettin and Şafak Oğuz (2015), “Hybrid Warfare Studies and Russia’s Example in Crimea”, Gazi Akademik Bakış, 9 (17), 261-277.
Erol, Mehmet Seyfettin ve Sertif Demir (2012), “Amerika’nın Karadeniz Politikasını Yeniden Değerlendirmek”, Gazi Akademik Bakış, 6 (11), 17-33.
“General Staff: Russia-Turkey balance of force in Black Sea has changed over years”, (14 September 2016), TASS News Agency, http://tass.com/defense/899730
Goncharenko, Roman (28 February 2019), NATO steps up naval presence on the Black Sea, Deutsche Welle, https://www.dw.com/cda/en/nato-steps-up-naval-presence-on-the-black-sea/a-47732883
Gotev, Georgi (19 March 2019), “Russia to deploy nuclear-capable strategic bombers to Crimea”, Euractiv, https://www.euractiv.com/section/defence-and-security/news/russia-to-deploy-nuclear-capable-strategic-bombers-to-crimea/
Hacıoğlu, Nerdun (17 Mart 2014), “Kırım bağımsızlık ilan edip, Rusya’ya başvurdu”, Hürriyet.
Kelkitli, Fatma Aslı (2017), Turkish-Russian Relations: Competition and Cooperation in Eurasia, London and New York, Routledge.
Manoli, Panagiota (2012), The Dynamics of Black Sea Subregionalism, Oxon, Routledge.
Mcgrath, Ciaran, Russia Warning: Kremlin lashes out at NATO over ‘aggravating’ Black Sea military build-up, The Express, https://www.express.co.uk/news/world/1087877/russia-news-world-war-3-black-sea-military-crimea-ukraine-nato
Najslova, Lucia (2010), The EU in the Wider Black Sea Region: Clumsy but Attractive?, Karen Handerson and Carol Weaver (eds.), The Black Sea Region and EU Policy: The Challenge of Divergent Agendas in (29-45), Surrey, Ashgate.
Oğuz, Şafak (2015), “NATOs Mistakes That Paved the Way for Russia-Ukraine Crisis,” Karadeniz Araştırmaları, 12 (45), 1-12.
Oğuz, Şafak (Güz 2016), “Ukrayna Krizi ve Yeni NATO”, Karadeniz Araştırmaları, 51, 201-221.
Polat, Doğan Şafak (Nisan 2017), “NATO ve Rusya Federasyonu’nun Yeni Mücadele Alanı: Karadeniz” Siyasal Bilimler Dergisi, 5, Özel Sayı, 51-66.
Rasmussen, Anders Fogh (18 March 2014), “NATO Secretary General condemns moves to incorporate Crimea into Russian Federation”, NATO Official Website, https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natolive/news_108100.htm
Rukhadze, Vasili (29 May 2013), “Russia Underscores its Military Presence in Georgia’s Breakaway Regions”, Eurasia Daily Monitor, 10 (101), www.jamestown.org/ single/?tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=40952&no_cache=1#.Vfa6dhGqqko
“Russia deploys Tu-22M3 bombers & Iskanders to Crimea in response to US missile launchers in Romania” (19 March 2019), Russia Today (RT), https://www.rt.com/russia/454153-crimea-strategic-bombers-iskander-romania/
Sharkov, Damien (12 September 2014), “Russian navy to focus strategy on Arctic Zone and Black Sea”, Newsweek.
Stoltenberg, Jens (04 April 2019), “Press Conference by NATO Secretary General Jens Stoltenberg following the last meeting of the North Atlantic Council in Foreign Ministers’ session”, NATO Official Website, https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/opinions_ 165235.htm? selectedLocale=en
Treisman, Daniel (May/June 2016), “Why Putin Took Crimea: The Gambler in the Kremlin”, Foreign Affairs, https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/ukraine/2016-04-18/why-russian-president-putin-took-crimea-from-ukraine
Vyaçeslav, Nikonov (11 Nisan 2011), “Medvedev’in 3 Yılı”, İzvestiya, https://iz.ru/news/372280
Walker, Shaun and Ian Traynor (19 March 2014), “Putin confirms Crimea annexation as Ukraine soldier becomes first casualty”, The Guardian.