Genetic variations among and within the populations of Calabrian pine (Pinus brutia Ten.) in Turkey

Year 2017, Volume: 17 Issue: 4, 691 - 702, 20.12.2017

Osman Topacoglu , Hakan Şevik , Ahmet Sıvacıoglu , Ferhat Kara

https://doi.org/10.17475/kastorman.333492

Abstract

Aim of study: Generic variety is an important criterion for the
sustainability of economically important tree species. The aim of this study
was to determine the differences among registered seed stands of Calabrian pine
(Pinus brutia Ten.) based on some
morphological traits in Turkey

Material and
Methods: For this purpose, seed samples from 14 registered
seed stands dominated by the species were obtained from the Forest Tree Seed
and Tree Breeding Research Directorate of Turkey. Thirteen morphological traits
of the seedlings including the germination percentage, survival rate, survival
rate/germination percentage ratio, root-collar diameter (when seedlings were
40-45 days old), hypocotyl length, cotyledon number, cotyledon length,
cotyledon width, root-collar diameter (when seedlings were 1-year old),
epicotyl length, needle length, needle width, and branch number were monitored.

Main results: The obtained data was analyzed using the Cluster and
Penrose analysis. The Cluster and Penrose analysis showed that there were
significant differences among and within the Pinus brutia seed stands in terms
of the morphologic characteristics. Genetic variances among the populations
were much lower than those within the populations.

Research highlights: The
study suggested that high genetic variation within the population may be an
occasion for the genetic improvement in breeding programs

Keywords

Calabrian pine, Genetic variation, Heritability, Morphological traits

Türkiye’deki Kızılçam (Pinus brutia Ten.) Populasyonları arasında ve içindeki genetik varyasyon

Abstract

Çalışmanın amacı: Genetik varyasyon, ekonomik açıdan önemli ağaç türlerinin
sürdürülebilirliği için önemli bir kriterdir. Bu çalışmada, Türkiye’deki
Kızılçam (Pinus brutia Ten.) tohum
meşcerelerinde bazı morfolojik özelliklere bağlı olarak genetik farklılıkların
belirlenmesi amaçlanmıştır.

Materyal ve Yöntem: Bunun için; tohum örnekleri Orman Ağaçları ve Tohumları Islah Araştırma
Entitüsü Müdürlüğünde kayıtlı 14 adet kızılçam tohum meşcerelerinden elde
edilen tohumlar ile gerçekleştirilmiştir. Fideciklerden elde edilen13
morfolojik özellikte ( çimlenme yüzdesi,yaşama yüzdesi, yaşama yüzdesi/
çimlenme oranı, kökboğazı çapı (40-45 günlük fideciklerde), hipokotil uzunluğu,
kotiledon sayısı ,kotilodon uzunluğu, kotilodon 
cotyledon genişliği,  kök boğazı
çapı (1- yaşlı fideciklerde), epikotil uzunluğu, ibre uzunluğu, ibre genişliği
ve dal sayısı) ölçüm yapılmıştır.

Sonuçlar: Elde edilen veriler Cluster ve Penrose istatistiki analizlerle test
edilmiştir. Analizlerde Kızılçam tohum meşcerelerinde ve meşcere arasında
morfolojik özellikler bakımından önemli farklılıkların bulunduğu görülmektedir.
Genetik farklılıkların popülasyonlar arasında, popülasyonlar içindeki
farklılıklardan daha az olduğu tespit edilmiştir.

Araştırma vurguları: Bu
çalışma popülasyonlar içindeki yüksek genetik varyasyonun ıslah programlarında
genetik kazanç için bir fırsat olabileceğini göstermektedir

Keywords

Kızılçam, Genetik varyasyon, Heridabilite, Morfolojik karakterler

References

• Anon (2012). Forests of Turkey, General Directorate of Forestry, The Department of Foreign Relations, Training and Research, 219 p. Ankara.
• Anon (2013). Activity Plan of Industrial Plantations (2013-2023), Ministry of Forest and Water Affairs, General Directorate of Forestry, 100 p. Ankara (in Turkish).
• Anon (2016). Seed Stands, Research Directorate of the Forest Tree Seeds and Tree Breeding, http://ortohum.ogm.gov.tr/Sayfalar/Islah-Tesisleri.aspx#
• Bilgen B, Kaya BN (2007). Allozyme Variations in Six Natural Populations of Scots Pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) in Turkey. Biologia, 62, 697-703.
• Boydak M., Dirik H., Çalıkoğlu M (2006). Biology and Silviculture of Turkish Red Pine (Pinus brutia Ten.). OGEM Foundation Publication. Lazer Offset Press, 253 pp., Ankara (in Turkish)
• Boydak, M., (2004). Silvicultural characteristics and natural regeneration of Pinus brutia Ten. a review. Plant Ecology 171: 153-163.
• Clark, C.M., Wentworth, T.R., O'Malley, D.M. (2000). Genetic Discontinuity Revealed by Chloroplast Microsatellites in Eastern North American Abies (Pinaceae). American Journal of Botany 87:774-782.
• Erkan, N. (1996). Simulation of stand development in calabrian pine (Pinus brutia Ten.). Southeastern Anatolia Forestry Research Directorate Publication, Technical bulletin. No: 1, pp: 147. Elazığ (in Turkish).
• Glowacki, W., Stephan, B.R. (1994). Genetic variation of Pinus sylvestris from Spain in relation to other European populations, Silvae Genetica 43(1):7-14.
• Gülcü, S., Çelik, S. (2009). Genetic variation in Pinus brutia Ten. seed stands and seed orchards for growth, stem form and crown characteristics. African Journal of Biotechnology 8(18):4387-4394.
• Gülcü, S., Üçler, A.Ö. (2008). Genetic Variation of Anatolian Turkish pine (Pinus brutia Ten. subsp. pallasiana (Lamb.) Holmboe) in the Lakes District of Turkey, Silvae Genetica 57:1-5.
• Gülcür, M., Akkgül, E., Koç, M. (1993). Importance of P. brutia in watershed afforestations. Proceedings of the International Symposium on Pinus Brutia Ten. Marmaris, Turkey, October 18-23, 1993 Ministry of Forestry, pp.403-410 (in Turkish).
• IBM SPSS Statistics (2009). International Business Machines Corp. New York, USA.
• Işık, K. (1986). Altitudinal Variation in Pinus brutia Ten. Seed and Seedling Characteristics. Silvae Genetica 35(2-3):58-67.
• Işık, F., Kaya, Z. (1995). The Pattern of Genetic Variation in Pinus brutia Ten. Populations Sampled Along a South To North Transect In Taurus Mountains. Journal of Western Mediterranean Forestry Research Institute Number 1, Antalya.pp:20-54 (in Turkish).
• Işık, F., Kaya, Z. (1997). The Pattern of Genetic Variation in shoot growth of Pinus brutia Ten. Populations Sampled from the Toros Mountains in Turkey. Silvae Genetica 46:73-81.
• Küçük, Ö., Bilgili, E., Sağlam, B. (2008). Estimating crown fuel loading for calabrian pine and Anatolian black pine. International Journal of Wildland Fire 17:147-154.
• Kurt, Y., Bilgen, B.B., Kaya, N., Işık, K. (2011). Genetic Comparison of Pinus brutia Ten. Populations from Different Elevations by RAPD Markers. Notulae Botanicae Horti Agrobotanici Cluj-Napoca 39(2):299-304.
• Linhart, Y.B., Mitton, B.J., Sturgeon, K.B., Davis, M.L. (1981). Genetic variation in space and time in a population of ponderosa pine, Heredity 46:407–426.
• Matziris, D. (1984). Genetic variation in morphological and anatomical needle characteristics in the black pine of Peloponnesos. Silvae Genetica 33:164-169.
• Milberg, P., Pérez-Fernandez, M.A., Lamont, B.B. (1998). Seedling growth response to added nutrients depends on seed size in three woody genera. Journal of Ecology 86: 624–632.
• Millar, Constance, I. (1999). Genetic Diversity. Maintaining Biodiversity in Forest Ecosystems. Edited by Malcolm L. Hunter JR. 460-494.
• Muller-Starck, G., Baradat, Ph., Bergmann, F. (1992). Genetic variation within European tree species. New Forest 6:23-47.
• Neyişçi, T. (1987). The natural distribution of calabrian pine. In: Calabrian pine manual series. Forestry research institute publications. No 52, pp. 17-22 (in Turkish).
• Quencez, C., Bastien, C. (2001). Genetic variation within and between populations of Pinus sylvestris L. (Scots pine) for susceptibility to Melampsora pinitorqua Rostr. (pine twist rust), Heredity 86:36-44.
• Panetsos, K.P. (1981). Monograph of Pinus halepensis and Pinus brutia. Annales Forestales 9: 39 –77. Rao, C.R. (1971). Minimum variance quadratic unbiased estimation of variance components. Journal of Multivariate Analysis 1:445-456.
• Roach, D.A., Wulff, R.D. (1987). Maternal Effects in Plants. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 18: 209-235.
• Romero, C.S., Guzma´n-Reyna, R.R., Rehfeldt, G.E. (2006). Altitudinal genetic variation among Pinus oocarpa populations in Michoaca´n, Mexico Implications for seed zoning, conservation, tree breeding and global warming. Forest Ecology and Management 229:340-350.
• SAS Institute Inc.,(1987). Cary, NC, USA.
• Sıvacıoğlu, A., Ayan, S. (2010). Variation in cone and seed characteristics in a clonal seed orchard of Anatolian black pine (Pinus nigra Arnold subsp. pallasiana (Lamb.) Holmboe), Journal of Environmental Biology 31:119-123.
• Sıvacıoğlu, A. (2010). Genetic variation in seed and cone characteristics in a clonal seed orchard of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) grown in Kastamonu-Turkey, Romanian Biotechnological Letters 15(6):5695-5701.
• Sıvacıoğlu, A., Ayan, S., Çelik, D.A. (2009). Clonal variation in growth, flowering and cone production in a seed orchard of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) in Turkey”, African Journal of Biotechnology 8(17):4084-4093.
• Swallow, W.H., Monahan, J.F. (1984). Monte Carlo comparison of ANOVA, MIVQUE, REML, and ML estimators of variance components. Technometrics 26:47-57.
• Şevik, H. (2012). Variation in seedling morphology of Turkish fir (Abies nordmanniana subsp. bornmulleriana Mattf), African Journal of Biotechnology 11(23): 6389-6395.
• Şevik, H., Ayan, S., Turna, İ., Yahyaoğlu, Z. (2010). Genetic diversity among populations in Scotch pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) seed stands of Western Black Sea Region in Turkey, African Journal of Biotechnology 9(43):7266-7272.
• Şevik, H., Yahyaoğlu, Z., Turna, İ. (2012). Determination of Genetic Variation Between Populations of Abies nordmanniana subsp. bornmulleriana Mattf According to some Seed Characteristics, Genetic Diversity in Plants, InTech 12:231-248.
• Turna, İ. (2003). Variation of Morphological and Electrophoretic Characters of 11 Populations of Scots Pine in Turkey, Israel Journal of Plant Sciences 51(3):223-230.
• Waters, M.B., Reich, P.B. (2000). Seed size, nitrogen supply, and growth rate affect seedling survival in deep shade. Ecology 81: 1887–1901.
• Yahyaoğlu, Z., Demirci, A., Bilir, N., Genç, M. (2001). Comparison of 22 Taurus Cedar (Cedrus libani A. Rich.) Origins by Seedling Morphological Distance, Turkish Journal of Biology 25:221-224.
• Yıldırım, T. (1992). Genetic variation in shoot growth patterns in Pinus brutia Ten. M. Sci. Thesis, Middle East Technical University, Department of Biological Sciences, Ankara. 53 p ([in Turkish).
• Yücedağ, C., Gailing, O. (2013). Genetic variation and differentiation in Juniperus excels M. Bieb. populations in Turkey, Trees 27:547-554.
• Zas, R., Cenda´n, C., Sampedro, L. (2013). Mediation of seed provisioning in the transmission of environmental maternal effects in Pinus pinaster. Heredity 111: 248–255..