Kuraklık Stresine Maruz Bırakılan Bazı Doğu Kayını (Fagus orientalis L.) Orijinlerinde Toplam Klorofil İçeriği Değişimleri

Year 2024, Volume: 24 Issue: 2, 209 - 219, 03.10.2024

Sümeyra Işık Çakmakçı , Sinan Güner

https://doi.org/10.17475/kastorman.1557438

Abstract

Çalışmanın amacı: 4 farklı orijinli Doğu kayını (Fagus orientalis Lipsky.) fidanları 2. büyüme döneminde "günde 1 sulama (kontrol)”, "2 günde 1 sulama” ve "hiç sulamama” olarak farklı sulama rejimlerine ayrılmıştır. Hangi orijinin kuraklığa daha toleranslı olduğunun belirlenmesi bu çalışmanın ana amacıdır.
Çalışma alanı: Bolu, İstanbul, Zonguldak ve Giresun orijinli tohumlardan Artvin Çoruh Üniversitesi, Orman Fakültesi Serasında kayın fidanları yetiştirilmiştir.
Materyal ve yöntem: Araştırmada kullanılan kayın tohumları 2021 yılında ilgili Bölge Müdürlükleri tarafından toplanmıştır. Toplanan tohumlar Serada polietilen tüplere ekilmiştir. Temmuz 2023 itibariyle 2. büyüme dönemindeki Doğu kayını fidanları üç farklı sulama rejimine tabi tutulmuştur. Toplam klorofil içerikleri SPAD-502 Plus el tipi cihazı kullanılarak ölçülmüştür ve veriler istatistiksel olarak analiz edilmiştir.
Temel sonuçlar: Toplam klorofil içerikleri bakımından farklı sulama rejimlerine göre yapılan varyans analizlerinde orijinler arasında istatistiksel olarak anlamlı (p<0.05) farklılıklar olduğu, farklılıkların hangi gruplarda olduğunu belirlemek için yapılan Duncan testinde ise orijinlerin tamamının 12 ayrı gruplarda yer aldığı tespit edilmiştir. Orijinlerin klorofil içeriklerinin 2 günde 1 sulama ve hiç sulama yapılmayan rejimlerinde, günde 1 sulama (kontrol) yapılan rejimine kıyasla daha az olduğu anlaşılmıştır.
Araştırma vurguları: Toplam klorofil içerikleri kuraklık stresine maruz bırakılan rejimlerde, kontrol rejimine kıyasla, her orijinde azaldığı fakat İstanbul (180 m) orijininde diğer orijinlere göre bu değişimin daha az olduğu belirlenmiştir.

Keywords

Doğu Kayını, SPAD-502 Plus, Kuraklık Stresi, Toplam Klorofil İçeriği, Sulama

Total Chlorophyll Content Variations in Some Oriental Beech (Fagus orientalis L.) Origins Exposed to Drought Stress

Abstract

Aim of study: Oriental beech (Fagus orientalis Lipsky.) seedlings of 4 different origins were divided into different irrigation regimes as "irrigation once a day (control)", “irrigation once every 2 days" and "no irrigation at all" in the 2nd growth period. The main aim of this study was to determine which origin was more tolerant to drought.
Area of study: Beech seedlings were produced from seeds originating from Bolu, Istanbul, Zonguldak and Giresun in the Greenhouse of Artvin Coruh University, Faculty of Forestry.
Material and methods: The beech seeds used in the study were collected by the Regional Directorates in 2021. The seeds were planted in polyethylene tubes Greenhouse. As of July 2023, Oriental beech seedlings in their second growth period were subjected to three different irrigation, total chlorophyll contents were measured by using the hand-held SPAD-502 Plus device and the data were analyzed statistically.
Main results: In the variance analysis made according to different irrigation regimes in terms of total chlorophyll contents, statistically significant (p<0.05) differences were detected between the origins, and in the Duncan Test used to determine which groups the differences originated from, it was found that all the origins were in 12 separate groups. It was also understood that the chlorophyll content of the origins was less in the regimes of irrigation once every 2 days and no irrigation at all, compared to the regime of irrigation once a day (control).
Research highlights: It was determined that total chlorophyll contents decreased in all origins in regimes exposed to drought stress compared to the control regime, but this change was less in the Istanbul (180 m) origin than in the other origins.

Keywords

Oriental Beech, SPAD-502 Plus, Drought Stress, Total Chlorophyll Content, Irrigation

References

• Abd Elhamid, E. M. A., Sadak, M.S., Ezzo, M. I. & Abdalla, A.M. (2021). Impact of glycine betaine on drought tolerance of Moringa oleifera plant grown under sandy soil. Asian Journal of Plant Sciences, 20(4), 578-589.
• Abdalla, A., Sadak, M. S., Abd Elhamid, E. & Ezo, M. (2022). Amelioration of drought stress reduced effects by exogenous application of L-Phenylalanine on Moringa oleifera. Egyptian Journal of Chemistry, 65(8), 523-532.
• Akça, H. & Yazıcı, I. (1999). İzmir yöresinde yetiştirilen kızılçam (Pinus brutia Ten.) fidanlarında değişik sulama miktarlarında oluşan fizyolojik değişikler. Ege Ormancılık Araştırma Enstitüsü, Teknik Bülten, 13(41).
• Ali, Q. & Ashraf, M. (2011). Induction of drought tolerance in maize (Zea mays L.) due to exogenous application of trehalose: growth, photosynthesis, water relations and oxidative defence mechanism. Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science, 197(4), 258-271.
• Alizadeh, A., Alizade, V., Nassery, L. & Eivazi, A. (2011). Effect of drought stress on apple dwarf rootstocks. Technical Journal of Engineering and Applied Science, 1(3), 86-94.
• Anjum, S. A., Xie, X., Wang, L., Saleem, M. F., Man, C. & Lei, W. (2011a). Morphological, physiological and biochemical responses of plants to drought stress. African journal of agricultural research, 6(9), 2026-2032.
• Anjum, S. A., Xie, X., Farooq, M., Wang, L., Xue, L. I., Shahbaz, M. & Salhab, J. (2011b). Effect of exogenous methyl jasmonate on growth, gas exchange and chlorophyll contents of soybean subjected to drought. African Journal of Biotechnology, 10(47), 9640-9646.
• Anonymous, (1985). Kayın. Ormancılık Araştırma Enstitüsü Yayınları, Muhtelif Yayınlar Serisi, No: 42, Ankara, 88.
• Anonymous, (2022). Türkiye Tarımsal Kuraklıkla Mücadele Stratejisi ve Eylem Planı (2023-2027), Tarım ve Orman Bakanlığı, Ankara.
• Arbona, V., Manzi, M., de Ollas, C. & Gómez-Cadenas, A. (2013). Metabolomics as a tool to investigate abiotic stress tolerance in plants. International journal of molecular sciences, 14(3), 4885-4911.
• Arslan, M. (2017). Dar Yapraklı Dişbudak (Fraxinus angustifolia Vahl.) fidanlarının su eksikliğine tepkisi. Düzce Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Doktora Tezi, Düzce.
• Ashraf, M. (2003). Relationships between leaf gas exchange characteristics and growth of differently adapted populations of Blue panicgrass (Panicum antidotale Retz.) under salinity or waterlogging. Plant science, 165(1), 69-75.
• Ata, C. (1995). Silvikültürün Temel Prensipleri. Zonguldak Karaelmas Üniversitesi, Bartın Orman Fakültesi Ders Notları, Üniversite Yayın No: 1, Fakülte Yayın No: 1, Bartın, 85-86.
• Atar, E. (2021). Kuzey Anadolu Sapsız Meşesi (Quercus petraea subsp. iberica) Fidanlarında Kuraklık Stresinin Bazı Fizyolojik ve Biyokimyasal Parametreler Üzerine Etkisi ile Morfolojik Özellikler Arasındaki İlişkinin Analizi. Karadeniz Teknik Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Doktora Tezi, Trabzon.
• Bakhoum, G. S., Badr, E. A. E., Sadak, M. S., Kabesh, M. O. & Amin, G. A. (2019). Improving growth, some biochemical aspects and yield of three cultivars of soybean plant by methionine treatment under sandy soil condition. International Journal of Environmental Research, 13, 35-43.
• Bakhoum, G., Sadak, M. & Tawfic, M. (2022). Chitosan and chitosan nanoparticle effect on growth, productivity and some biochemical aspects of Lupinustermis L plant under drought conditions. Egyptian Journal of Chemistry, 65(5), 537-549.
• Bakhoum, G. S., Sadak, M. S. & Thabet, M. S. (2023). Induction of tolerance in groundnut plants against drought stress and Cercospora leaf spot disease with exogenous application of arginine and sodium nitroprusside under field conditions. Journal of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, 23(4), 6612-6631.
• Bakry, B. A., El-Hariri, D. M., Sadak, M. S. & El-Bassiouny, H. M. S. (2012). Drought stress mitigation by foliar application of salicylic acid in two linseed varieties grown under newly reclaimed sandy soil. J Appl Sci Res, 8(7), 3503-3514.
• Bakry, A. B., Sadak, M. S., El-Karamany, M. F. & Tawfik, M. M. (2019). Sustainable production of two wheat cultivars under water stress conditions. Plant Archives, 19(2), 2307-2315.
• Baquedano, F. J. & Castillo, F. J. (2007). Drought tolerance in the Mediterranean species Quercus coccifera, Quercus ilex, Pinus halepensis, and Juniperus phoenicea. Photosynthetica, 45, 229-238.
• Brett, W. J. & Singer, A. C. (1973). Chlorophyll concentration in leaves of Juniperus virginiana L., measured over a 2-year period. American Midland Naturalist, 194-200.
• Büyük, İ., Soydam-Aydın, S. & Aras, S. (2012). Molecular responses of plants to stress conditions. Turkish Bulletin of Hygiene & Experimental Biology/Türk Hijyen ve Deneysel Biyoloji, 69(2), 97-110.
• Chakraborty, K., Mahatma, M. K., Thawait, L. K., Bishi, S. K., Kalariya, K. A. & Singh, A. L. (2016). Water deficit stress affects photosynthesis and the sugar profile in source and sink tissues of groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) and impacts kernel quality. Journal of Applied Botany and Food Quality, 89, 98-104.
• Chaves, M. M., Maroco, J. P. & Pereira, J. S. (2003). Understanding plant responses to drought from genes to the whole plant. Functional plant biology, 30(3), 239-264.
• Chen, J., Li, Y., Luo, Y., Tu, W. & Wan, T. (2019). Drought differently affects growth properties, leaf ultrastructure, nitrogen absorption and metabolism of two dominant species of Hippophae in Tibet Plateau. Acta physiologiae plantarum, 41(1), 1.
• Damour, G., Vandame, M. & Urban, L. (2009). Long-term drought results in a reversible decline in photosynthetic capacity in mango leaves, not just a decrease in stomatal conductance. Tree Physiology, 29(5), 675-684.
• Dawood, M. G. & Sadak, M. S. (2014). Physiological role of glycinebetaine in alleviating the deleterious effects of drought stress on canola plants (Brassica napus L.). Middle East J. Agric. Res, 3(4), 943-954.
• El Atta, H. A., Aref, I. M., Ahmed, A. I. & Khan, P. R. (2012). Morphological and anatomical response of Acacia ehrenbergiana Hayne and Acacia tortilis (Forssk) Haynes subspp. Raddiana seedlings to induced water stress. African Journal of Biotechnology, 11(44), 10188-10199.
• Elewa, T. A., Sadak, M. S. & Saad, A. M. (2017a). Proline treatment improves physiological responses in quinoa plants under drought stress. Bioscience Research, 14(1), 21-33.
• Elewa, T. A., Sadak, M. S. & Dawood, M. G. (2017b). Improving drought tolerance of quinoa plant by foliar treatment of trehalose. Agricultural Engineering International Special Issue: 245-245.
• Ezzo, M., Ebtihal, M., Elhamid, A., Sadak, M. S. & Abdalla, A. M. (2018). Improving drought tolerance of moringa plants by using trehalose foliar treatments. Bioscience Research, 15(4), 4203-4214.
• Farquhar, G. D. & Richards, R. A. (1984). Isotopic composition of plant carbon correlates with water-use efficiency of wheat genotypes. Functional Plant Biology, 11(6), 539-552.
• Fini, A., Guidi, L., Ferrini, F., Brunetti, C., Di Ferdinando, M., Biricolti, S., Pollastri, S., Calamai, L. & Tattini, M. (2012). Drought stress has contrasting effects on antioxidant enzymes activity and phenylpropanoid biosynthesis in Fraxinus ornus leaves: an excess light stress affair?. Journal of Plant Physiology, 169(10), 929-939.
• Gallé, A. & Feller, U. (2007). Changes of photosynthetic traits in beech seedlings (Fagus sylvatica) under severe drought stress and during recovery. Physiologia plantarum, 131(3), 412-421.
• Geßler, A., Keitel, C., Kreuzwieser, J., Matyssek, R., Seiler, W. & Rennenberg, H. (2007). Potential risks for European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) in a changing climate. Trees, 21, 1-11.
• Guo, X., Luo, Y. J., Xu, Z. W., Li, M. Y. & Guo, W. H. (2019). Response strategies of Acer davidii to varying light regimes under different water conditions. Flora, 257, 151423.
• Hájíčková, M., Plichta, R., Volařík, D., Urban, J., Matoušková, M. & Gebauer, R. (2024). Xylem function and leaf physiology in European beech seedlings during and after moderate and severe drought stress. Forestry: An International Journal of Forest Research, 97(2), 213-222.
• Hasanuzzaman, M., Nahar, K., Gill, S. S. & Fujita, M. (2013). Drought stress responses in plants, oxidative stress, and antioxidant defense. Climate change and plant abiotic stress tolerance, 209-250.
• Hayatu, M. & Mukhtar, F. B. (2010). Physiological responses of some drought resistant cowpea genotypes (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp) to water stress. Bayero Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences, 3(2), 69-75.
• He, C. Y., Zhang, G. Y., Zhang, J. G., Duan, A. G. & Luo, H. M. (2016). Physiological, biochemical, and proteome profiling reveals key pathways underlying the drought stress responses of Hippophae rhamnoides. Proteomics, 16(20), 2688-2697.
• Kacar, B., Katkat, V. & Öztürk, S. (2002). Plant physiology. Uludag University empowerment foundation publication, 74, 563, Bursa.
• Kancheva, R., Borisova, D. & Georgiev, G. (2014). Chlorophyll assessment and stress detection from vegetation optical properties. Ecological Engineering and Environment Protection, 1, 34-43.
• Kandemir, G. & Kaya, Z. (2009). Oriental beech (Fagus orientalis). EUFORGEN Technical Guidelines for Genetic Conservation and Use.
• Kayacık, H. (1980). Orman ve Park Ağaçlarının Özel Sistematiği, Gymnospermae (Açık Tohumlular), L. cilt, 4. Baskı, İstanbul Üniversitesi Orman Fakültesi Yayım, İstanbul Üniversitesi Yayın No:2642, Orman Fakültesi Yayın No:281, Istanbul.
• Khajeh-Hosseini, M., Powell, A. A. & Bingham, I. J. (2003). The interaction between salinity stress and seed vigour during germination of soyabean seeds. Seed Science and technology, 31(3), 715-725.
• Khan, M. A. & Beena, N. (2002). Seasonal variation in water relations of desert shrubs from Karachi, Pakistan. Pakistan Journal of Botany, 34, 329-340.
• Kocaçınar, F., Abacı, A. A. & Kezik, U. (2010) Kurak ve çorak alanların rehabilitasyonunda kullanılabilecek c3 (Tamarix parviflora) ve c4 (Haloxylon persicum) bitkilerinde ekofizyolojik parametreler. lll. Ulusal Karadeniz Ormancılık Kongresi, Artvin, Türkiye, Cilt: lll, 1144-1156.
• Kulaç, Ş. (2010). Kuraklık Stresine Maruz Kalan Sarıçam (Pinus sylvestris L.) Fidanlarında Bazı Morfolojik, Fizyolojik ve Biyokimyasal Değişikliklerin Araştırılması, Karadeniz Teknik Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Doktora Tezi, Trabzon.
• Kulaç, Ş., Nzokou, P., Guney, D., Cregg, B. M. & Turna, I. (2012). Growth and physiological response of Fraser fir [Abies fraseri (Pursh) Poir.] seedlings to water stress: seasonal and diurnal variations in photosynthetic pigments and carbohydrate concentration. HortScience, 47(10), 1512-1519.
• Levitt, J. (1972). Responses of plants to environmental Stresses. New York, London, Academic Press, 697.
• Maatallah, S., Nasri, N., Hajlaoui, H., Albouchi, A. & Elaissi, A. (2016). Evaluation changing of essential oil of laurel (Laurus nobilis L.) under water deficit stress conditions. Industrial Crops and Products, 91, 170-178.
• Mafakheri, A., Siosemardeh, A. F., Bahramnejad, B., Struik, P. C. & Sohrabi, Y. (2010). Effect of drought stress on yield, proline and chlorophyll contents in three chickpea cultivars. Australian journal of crop science, 4(8), 580-585.
• Marcińska, I., Czyczyło-Mysza, I., Skrzypek, E., Filek, M., Grzesiak, S., Grzesiak, M. T., Janowiak, F., Hura, T., Dziurka, M., Dziurka, K., Nowakowska, A. & Quarrie, S. A. (2013). Impact of osmotic stress on physiological and biochemical characteristics in drought-susceptible and drought-resistant wheat genotypes. Acta physiologiae plantarum, 35, 451-461.
• Mishra, A. K. & Singh, V. P. (2011). Drought modeling–A review. Journal of Hydrology, 403(1-2), 157-175.
• Nan, M., Zhao, GQ., Li, J. & Chai, J.K. (2018) Correlation analysis and synthesize evaluation of yield and quality introduced oat varieties in the semiarid of Northwest. Acta Agrestia Sinica, 26(1), 125–133. Osakabe, Y., Osakabe, K., Shinozaki, K. & Tran, L. S. P. (2014). Response of plants to water stress. Frontiers in plant science, 5, 86.
• Özden, H. (2009). Kuraklık Stresinin Kasnak meşesi (Quercus vulcanica) [Boiss & Heldr. ex] Kotschy ve Boz pırnal meşesinde (Quercus aucheri) [Jaub. & Spach] Karşılaştırmalı Olarak İncelenmesi, İstanbul Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Doktora Tezi, İstanbul.
• Pšidová, E., Ditmarová, Ľ., Jamnická, G., Kurjak, D., Majerová, J., Czajkowski, T. & Bolte, A. (2015). Photosynthetic response of beech seedlings of different origin to water deficit. Photosynthetica, 53(2), 187-194.
• Ramanjulu, S., Sreenivasalu, N., Giridhara Kumar, S. & Sudhakar, C. (1998). Photosynthetic characteristics in mulberry during water stress and reirrigation. Photosynthetica, 35, 259-263.
• Rennenberg, H., Seiler, W., Matyssek, R., Gessler, A. & Kreuzwieser, J. (2004). Die Buche (Fagus sylvatica L.)–ein Waldbaum ohne Zukunft im südlichen Mitteleuropa. Allgemeine Forst-und Jagdzeitung, 175(10-11), 210-224.
• Saatçioğlu, F. (1969). Silvikültürün Biyolojik Esasları ve Prensipleri, İstanbul Üniversitesi Orman Fakültesi, İstanbul Üniversitesi, Yayın No: 1429, Orman Fakültesi, Yayın No: 138, 323, İstanbul.
• Saatçioğlu, F. (1976). Fidanlık Tekniği. İstanbul Üniversitesi Orman Fakültesi Yayınları, Üniversite Yayın No: 2188, Fakülte Yayın No: 223, İstanbul.
• Sadak, M. S. (2016). Mitigation of drought stress on fenugreek plant by foliar application of trehalose. International Journal of Chemistry Technology Research, 9, 147-155.
• Sadak, M. S. (2019). Physiological role of trehalose on enhancing salinity tolerance of wheat plant. Bulletin of the National Research Centre, 43(1), 1-10.
• Sadak, M. S., El-Enany, M. A. M., Bakry, B. A., Shater Abdallah, M. M. & El-Bassiouny, H. M. S. (2020a). Signal molecules improving growth, yield and biochemical aspects of wheat cultivars under water stress.
• Sadak, M. S. & Bakry, B. A. (2020b). Alleviation of drought stress by melatonin foliar treatment on two flax varieties under sandy soil. Physiology and molecular biology of plants, 26, 907-919.
• Sadak, M. S. & Ramadan, A. A. E. M. (2021). Impact of melatonin and tryptophan on water stress tolerance in white lupine (Lupinus termis L.). Physiology and Molecular Biology of Plants, 27(3), 469-481.
• Sadak, M. S. & Bakhoum, G. S. (2022). Selenium-induced modulations in growth, productivity and physiochemical responses to water deficiency in Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa) grown in sandy soil. Biocatalysis and Agricultural Biotechnology, 44, 102449.
• Sairam, R. K. & Saxena, D. C. (2000). Oxidative stress and antioxidants in wheat genotypes: possible mechanism of water stress tolerance. Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science, 184(1), 55-61.
• Sauceda, J. U., Rodriguez, H. G., Lozano, R. R., Silva, I. C., Meza, M. V. G. & Larga, L. (2008). Seasonal trends of chlorophylls a and b and carotenoids in native trees and shrubs of Northeastern Mexico. Journal of biological sciences, 8(2), 258-267.
• Singer, S. M., Helmy, Y. I., Karas, A. N. & Abou-Hadid, A. F. (2002). Influences of different water-stress treatments on growth, development and production of snap bean (Phaseolus vulgaris. L.). In VI International Symposium on Protected Cultivation in Mild Winter Climate: Product and Process Innovation 614, 605-611.
• Suner, A. (1982). Düzce, Cide ve Akkuş Mıntıkalarında Saf Doğu Kayını Meşcerelerinin Doğal Gençleştirme Sorunları Üzerine Araştırmalar. Ormancılık Araştırma Enstitüsü Yayınları Teknik Bülten Serisi No: 107, Ankara, 60.
• Tariq, A., Pan, K., Olatunji, O. A., Graciano, C., Li, Z., Sun, F., Zhang, L., Wu, X., Chen, W., Song, D., Huang, D., Xue, T. & Zhang, A. (2018). Phosphorous fertilization alleviates drought effects on Alnus cremastogyne by regulating its antioxidant and osmotic potential. Scientific reports, 8(1), 5644.
• Türkan, I., Bor, M., Özdemir, F. & Koca, H. (2005). Differential responses of lipid peroxidation and antioxidants in the leaves of drought-tolerant P. acutifolius Gray and drought-sensitive P. vulgaris L. subjected to polyethylene glycol mediated water stress. Plant science, 168(1), 223-231.
• URL-1 https://www.ogm.gov.tr/tr/ormanlarimiz/Turkiye-Orman-Varligi, accessed date 28th May 2024.
• URL-2 https://cevreselgostergeler.csb.gov.tr/orman-alanlarinin-agac-turlerine-gore-dagilimi-i-85785, accessed date 28th May 2024.
• Waseem, M., Ali, A., Tahir, M., Nadeem, M. A., Ayub, M., Tanveer, A., Ahmad, R. & Hussain, M. (2011). Mechanism of drought tolerance in plant and its management through different methods. Continental Journal of Agricultural Science, 5(1), 10-25.
• Wu, M., Zhang, W. H., Ma, C. & Zhou, J. Y. (2013). Changes in morphological, physiological, and biochemical responses to different levels of drought stress in Chinese cork oak (Quercus variabilis Bl.) seedlings. Russian journal of plant physiology, 60, 681-692.
• Yang, Y., Liu, Q., Han, C., Qiao, Y. Z., Yao, X. Q. & Yin, H. J. (2007). Influence of water stress and low irradiance on morphological and physiological characteristics of Picea asperata seedlings. Photosynthetica, 45, 613-619.
• Yavaş, I. & Unay, A. (2016). Effects of zinc and salicylic acid on wheat under drought stress. JAPS: Journal of Animal & Plant Sciences, 26(4), 1012-1018.
• Yılmaz, E., Tuna, L.A. & Bürün, B., (2011). Tolerance Strategies Developed by Plants Against the Effects of Salt Stress. Celal Bayar University Journal of Science, 7(1), 47–66.
• Yüksel, B. & Aksoy, Ö. (2017). Changes observed in plants under water stress conditions. Turkish Journal of Scientific Reviews, 10(2), 1-5.
• Zanjani, K. E., Rad, A. H. S., Naeemi, M. & Taherkhani, T. (2012). Effects of zeolite and selenium application on some physiological traits and oil yield of medicinal pumpkin (Cucurbita pepo L.) under drought stress. Current Research Journal of Biological Sciences, 4(4), 462-470.
• Zhu, J. K. (2016). Abiotic stress signaling and responses in plants. Cell, 167(2), 313-324.
• Zielewicz, W., Wróbel, B. & Niedbała, G. (2020). Quantification of chlorophyll and carotene pigments content in mountain melick (Melica nutans L.) in relation to edaphic variables. Forests, 11(11), 1197.
• Ziska, L. H., Seemann, J. R. & DeJong, T. M. (1990). Salinity induced limitations on photosynthesis in Prunus salicina, a deciduous tree species. Plant Physiology, 93(3), 864-870.