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SEÇİLİ G-20 ÜLKELERİNDE CARİ İŞLEMLER AÇIĞININ SÜRDÜRÜLEBİLİRLİĞİ: YAPISAL KIRILMALI BİR PANEL VERİ ANALİZİ (1990:Q1-2017:Q4)

Year 2019, Volume: 10 Issue: 20, 726 - 753, 31.12.2019
https://doi.org/10.36543/kauiibfd.2019.030

Abstract

Bu çalışmada, finansal açıdan dışa açılma sürecinin
hız kazandığı 1990’lardan itibaren cari işlemler açıklarıyla karşılaştığı
belirlenen seçili G-20 ülkelerinde cari işlemler açıklarının
sürdürülebilirliği, Hakkio ve Rush (1991) ve Husted (1992) tarafından
geliştirilen dönemlerarası model kapsamında incelenmektedir. Bu bağlamda
çalışmada, seçili G-20 ülkelerinde 1990:Q1-2017:Q4 dönemindeki cari işlemler
açıklarının sürdürülebilirlik düzeyinin, yatay kesit bağımlılığını ve yapısal
kırılmaları dikkate alan, ikinci nesil panel veri analizi metodolojisiyle
ampirik açıdan belirlenmesi amaçlanmaktadır. Çalışma sonucunda, seçili G-20
ülkelerinden; Kanada ve İngiltere’de inceleme dönemindeki cari işlemler
açıklarının güçlü bir formda sürdürülebilir olduğu belirlenirken, Fransa,
Hindistan, Meksika, Avusturalya, Türkiye, İtalya, Güney Afrika, ABD, Endonezya,
Arjantin ve Brezilya’da ise inceleme dönemindeki cari işlemler açıklarının
sürdürülemez veya zayıf bir formda sürdürülebilir olduğu tespit edilmektedir. Bu
sonuçlar, cari işlemler açıklarının sürdürülemez veya zayıf bir formda
sürdürülebilir olduğu seçili G-20 ülkelerinde, ihracat gelirleri ile ithalat
giderleri arasındaki farklılıkların giderilebilmesine ve cari işlemler
açıklarının azaltılabilmesine yönelik kısa ve uzun vadeli politika
tedbirlerinin geliştirilip uygulanmasının gerekliliğine işaret etmektedir.




References

  • Adedeji S. O. (2001). The Size and Sustainability Nigarian Current Account Deficit. IMF Working Paper, WP/01/87.
  • Akçayır, Ö. & Albeni, M. (2016). Türkiye’de Kronikleşen Cari Açıkların Sürdürülebilirlik Analizi. Siyaset, Ekonomi ve Yönetim Araştırmaları Dergisi. 4(3), 35-62.
  • Apergis, N., Katrakilidis, K. P., & Tabakis, N. M. (2000). Current Account Deficit Sustainability: The Case of Greece. Applied Economics Letters, 7, 599-603.
  • Baharumshah, A. Z., Lau, A., & Fountas, S. (2003). On the Sustainability of Current Account Deficits: Evidence from Four Asean Countries. Journal of Asian Economics, 14, 465-487.
  • Baltagi, B. H. (2008). Econometric Analysis of Panel Data. 4th Edition. West Sussex: John Wiley & Sons.
  • Basher, S. A. & Westerlund, J. (2009). Panel Cointegration and the Monetary Exchange Rate Model. Economic Modelling, 26, 506-513.
  • Bektaş, V. (2017). Gelişmekte Olan Ülkelerde Cari Açıkların Sürdürülebilirliği: Bir Panel Veri Analizi. AİBÜ Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 1(17):51-66.
  • Breuer, J. B., Mcnown, R., & Wallace, M. (2002). Series‐Specific Unit Root Tests with Panel Data. Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, 64(5): 527-546.
  • Carrion-i-Silvestre, J. L., Del-Barrio-Castro, T. D., & Lopez-Bazo, E. (2005). Breaking the Panels: An Application to the GDP Per Capita. Econometrics Journal, 8, 159-175.
  • Chen, S. W. (2011). Current Account Deficits and Sustainability: Evidence from the OECD Countries. Economic Modelling, 28, 1455-1464.
  • Dülger, F. (2016). The Sustainability of Current Account in the Presence of Endogenous Multiple Structural Breaks: Evidence from Developed and Developing Countries. Panoeconomicus, 63(3): 339-358.
  • Fountas, S., & Wu J. L. (1999). Are the US Current Account Deficits Really Sustainable?. International Economic Journal, 13(3): 51-58.
  • Gengenbach, C., Urbain, J., & Westerlund, J. (2016). Error correction testing in panels with common sthocastic trends. Journal of Applied Econometrics, 31, 982-1004.
  • Gnimassoun B., & Coulibaly, I. (2014). Current account sustainability in Sub-Saharan Africa: Does the Exchange rate regime matter?. Economic Modelling, 40, 208-226.
  • Göçer, İ., Mercan, M., & Hotunluoğlu, H. (2012). Seçilmiş OECD Ülkelerinde Cari İşlemler Açığının Sürdürülebilirliği: Yatay Kesit Bağımlılığı Altında Çoklu Yapısal Kırılmalı Panel Veri Analizi. Maliye Dergisi, 163, 449-467.
  • Greenidge, K., Holder C., & Moore A., (2011). Current Account Deficit Sustainability: The Case of Barbados. Applied Economics, 43, 973-984.
  • Hadri, K. (2000). Testing for Stationarity in Heterogeneous Panel Data. The Econometrics Journal, 3(2): 148-161.
  • Hadri, K., & Kurozumi, E. (2012). A Simple Panel Stationarity Test in The Presence of Serial Correlation and A Common Factor. Economics Letters, 115(1): 31-34.
  • Hakkio, C. S., & Rush, M. (1991). Is the budget deficit “too large?”. Economic Inquiry, 29(3): 429-445.
  • Holmes, M. J. (2006). How sustainable are OECD current account balances in the long run?. Manchester School, 74, 626–643.
  • Holmes, M. J., Panagiotidis T., & Sharma, A. (2011). The Sustainability of India’s Current Account. Applied Economics, 43, 219-229.
  • Husted, S. (1992). The emerging U.S. Current account deficit in the 1980s: A cointegration analysis. The Review of Economics & Statistics, 74, 159-166
  • Im, K. S., Pesaran, M. H., & Shin, Y. (2003). Testing for Unit Roots in Heterogeneous Panels. Journal of econometrics, 115(1): 53-74.
  • Im, K., Lee, J., & Tieslau, M. (2010). Panel LM Unit-root Tests with Level and Trend Shifts, Working Paper series, SSRN eLibrary.
  • Johansen, S. (1988). Statistical Analysis of Cointegration Vectors. Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control, 12(2): 231-254.
  • Kalkınma Bakanlığı. (2014). Onuncu Kalkınma Planı 2014-2018: Türkiye’de Cari İşlemler Açığı, Özel İhtisas Komisyonu Raporu, Ankara.
  • Kalyoncu, H. (2005). Sustainability of Current Account for Turkey: Intertemporal Solvency Approach. Praque Economic Papers, 1(14): 82-88.
  • Kao, C. (1999). Spurious Regression and Residual-Based Tests for Cointegration in Panel Data. Journal of Econometrics, 90(1): 1-44.
  • Karunaratne, N. D. (2010). The Sustainability of Australia’s Current Account Deficits-A Reappraisal After the Global Financial Crisis, Journal of Policy Modeling, 32, 81-97.
  • Kim, B. H., Min, H.G., Hwang, Y.S., & Mcdonald, J.A. (2009). Are Asian Countries’ Current Accounts Sustainable? Deficits, Even When Associated With High Investment, are not Costless. Journal of Policy Modeling, 31, 163-179.
  • Levin, A., Lin, C. F., & Chu, C. S. J. (2002). Unit Root Tests in Panel Data: Asymptotic and Finite-Sample Properties. Journal of Econometrics, 108(1): 1-24.
  • Maddala, G. S., & Wu, S. (1999). A Comparative Study of Unit Root Tests with Panel Data and A New Simple Test. Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, 631-52.
  • Matsubayashi, Y. (2005). Are US Current Account Deficits Unsustainable? Testing for the Private and Government Intertemporal Budget Constraints. Japan and the World Economy, 17, 223-237.
  • Menyah, K., Nazlioglu, S., & Wolde-Rufael, Y. (2014). Financial development, trade openness and economic growth in African countries: New insights from a panel causality approach. Economic Modelling, 37: 386-394.
  • Naqvi, K. H., & Morimune K. (2008). An Empirical Analysis of Sustainability of Trade Deficits. Interfaces for Advanced Economic Analysis. Kyoto University, Discussion Paper, No:72, 1-20.
  • Otto G., (2003). Can an Intertemporal Model Explain Australia’s Current Account Deficit?. Australia Economic Review, 36(3): 350-359.
  • Öz, S. (2011). Türkiye’nin Cari İşlemler Açığı ve Yurtiçi Tasarruflar, Ekonomik Araştırma Forumu Politika Notu: 11(10): 1-5.
  • Palm, F. C., Smeekes, S., & Urbain, J. P., (2011). Cross-Sectional Dependence Robust Block Bootstrap Panel Unit Root Tests. Journal of Econometrics, 163(1): 85-104.
  • Pedroni, P. (1999). Critical Values for Cointegration Tests in Heterogeneous Panels with Multiple Regressors. Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, 61(1): 653-670.
  • Peker, O. (2009). Turkiye’deki Cari Açık Sürdürülebilir mi? Ekonometrik Analiz. Kocaeli Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 17, 164-174.
  • Perera, N., & Verma, R. (2008). An Empirical Analysis of Sustainability of Trade Deficit: Evidence from Sri Lanka. International Journal of Applied Econometrics and Quantitative Studies, 5(1): 71-92.
  • Perron, P. (1989). The Great Crash, The Oil Price Shock, and The Unit Root Hypothesis. Econometrica, 57(6): 1361-1401.
  • Pesaran, M. H. (2006). Estimation and Inference in Large Heterogeneous Panels with a Multifactor Error Structure, Econometrica, 74(4): 967-1012.
  • Pesaran, M. H. (2007). A Simple Panel Unit Root Test in The Presence of Cross‐Section Dependence. Journal of Applied Econometrics, 22(2): 265-312.
  • Pesaran, M. H. (2007). A Simple Panel Unit Root Test in The Presence of Cross‐Section Dependence” Journal of Applied Econometrics, 22(2): 265-312.
  • Pesaran, M. H., & Yamagata, T. (2008). Testing Slope Homogeneity in Large Panels, Journal of Econometrics, 142(1): 50-93.
  • Pesaran, M. H., Smith, L. V., & Yamagata, T. (2013). Panel Unit Root Tests in The Presence of A Multifactor Error Structure. Journal of Econometrics, 175(2): 94-115.
  • Pesaran, M. H., Ullah, A., & Yamagata, T. (2008). A Bias‐Adjusted LM Test of Error Cross‐Section Independence. The Econometrics Journal, 11(1): 105-127.
  • Quintos, C. (1995). Sustainability of The Deficit Process with Structural Shifts. Journal of Business and Economic Statistics, 13, 409-417.
  • Rubio, O. B., Roldan, C. D., & Esteve, V. (2014). Sustainability of External Imbalances in the OECD Countries. Applied Economics, 46(4): 441-449.
  • Smith, V. L., Leybourne, S., Kim, T., & Newbold, P. (2004). More Powerful Panel Data Unit Root Tests with An Application to Mean Reversion in Real Exchange Rates. Journal of Applied Econometrics, 19(2): 147-170.
  • Tarı, R. (2010). Ekonometri. Kocaeli: Umuttepe Yayınları.
  • Tatoğlu, F. Y. (2013). İleri Panel Veri Analizi-Stata Uygulamalı. 2. Baskı. İstanbul: Beta.
  • Taylor, M. P., & Sarno, L. (1998). The Behavior of Real Exchange Rates During The Post-Bretton Woods Period. Journal of International Economics, 46(2): 281-312.
  • Westerlund, J. (2008). Panel Cointegration Tests of the Fisher Effect. Journal of Applied Econometrics, 23(2): 193-233.
  • Westerlund, J., & Edgerton, D. L. (2007). A Panel Bootstrap Cointegration Test. Economics Letters, 97(3): 185-190.
  • Wu, L., Chen, L., & Lee, H., (2001). Are Current Account Deficits Sustainable? Evidence From Panel Cointegration. Economic Letters, 72, 219-224.
  • Yalçınkaya, Ö., & Kaya, V. (2017). Ekonomik Büyümenin Sürdürülebilirliliği Üzerinde Tasarrufların Önemi: Türkiye Örneği (1985-2014). Akademik Bakış Dergisi, 61, 335-363.
  • Yılancı, V., & Öztürk, Z. A. (2011). Türkiye ile Beş Büyük Ticaret Ortağının Hisse Senedi Piyasaları Arasındaki Entegrasyon İlişkisinin Analizi: Yapısal Kırılmalı Birim Kök ve Eş-bütünleşme Analizi. Erciyes Üniversitesi İİBF Dergisi, 36, 261-279.
Year 2019, Volume: 10 Issue: 20, 726 - 753, 31.12.2019
https://doi.org/10.36543/kauiibfd.2019.030

Abstract

References

  • Adedeji S. O. (2001). The Size and Sustainability Nigarian Current Account Deficit. IMF Working Paper, WP/01/87.
  • Akçayır, Ö. & Albeni, M. (2016). Türkiye’de Kronikleşen Cari Açıkların Sürdürülebilirlik Analizi. Siyaset, Ekonomi ve Yönetim Araştırmaları Dergisi. 4(3), 35-62.
  • Apergis, N., Katrakilidis, K. P., & Tabakis, N. M. (2000). Current Account Deficit Sustainability: The Case of Greece. Applied Economics Letters, 7, 599-603.
  • Baharumshah, A. Z., Lau, A., & Fountas, S. (2003). On the Sustainability of Current Account Deficits: Evidence from Four Asean Countries. Journal of Asian Economics, 14, 465-487.
  • Baltagi, B. H. (2008). Econometric Analysis of Panel Data. 4th Edition. West Sussex: John Wiley & Sons.
  • Basher, S. A. & Westerlund, J. (2009). Panel Cointegration and the Monetary Exchange Rate Model. Economic Modelling, 26, 506-513.
  • Bektaş, V. (2017). Gelişmekte Olan Ülkelerde Cari Açıkların Sürdürülebilirliği: Bir Panel Veri Analizi. AİBÜ Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 1(17):51-66.
  • Breuer, J. B., Mcnown, R., & Wallace, M. (2002). Series‐Specific Unit Root Tests with Panel Data. Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, 64(5): 527-546.
  • Carrion-i-Silvestre, J. L., Del-Barrio-Castro, T. D., & Lopez-Bazo, E. (2005). Breaking the Panels: An Application to the GDP Per Capita. Econometrics Journal, 8, 159-175.
  • Chen, S. W. (2011). Current Account Deficits and Sustainability: Evidence from the OECD Countries. Economic Modelling, 28, 1455-1464.
  • Dülger, F. (2016). The Sustainability of Current Account in the Presence of Endogenous Multiple Structural Breaks: Evidence from Developed and Developing Countries. Panoeconomicus, 63(3): 339-358.
  • Fountas, S., & Wu J. L. (1999). Are the US Current Account Deficits Really Sustainable?. International Economic Journal, 13(3): 51-58.
  • Gengenbach, C., Urbain, J., & Westerlund, J. (2016). Error correction testing in panels with common sthocastic trends. Journal of Applied Econometrics, 31, 982-1004.
  • Gnimassoun B., & Coulibaly, I. (2014). Current account sustainability in Sub-Saharan Africa: Does the Exchange rate regime matter?. Economic Modelling, 40, 208-226.
  • Göçer, İ., Mercan, M., & Hotunluoğlu, H. (2012). Seçilmiş OECD Ülkelerinde Cari İşlemler Açığının Sürdürülebilirliği: Yatay Kesit Bağımlılığı Altında Çoklu Yapısal Kırılmalı Panel Veri Analizi. Maliye Dergisi, 163, 449-467.
  • Greenidge, K., Holder C., & Moore A., (2011). Current Account Deficit Sustainability: The Case of Barbados. Applied Economics, 43, 973-984.
  • Hadri, K. (2000). Testing for Stationarity in Heterogeneous Panel Data. The Econometrics Journal, 3(2): 148-161.
  • Hadri, K., & Kurozumi, E. (2012). A Simple Panel Stationarity Test in The Presence of Serial Correlation and A Common Factor. Economics Letters, 115(1): 31-34.
  • Hakkio, C. S., & Rush, M. (1991). Is the budget deficit “too large?”. Economic Inquiry, 29(3): 429-445.
  • Holmes, M. J. (2006). How sustainable are OECD current account balances in the long run?. Manchester School, 74, 626–643.
  • Holmes, M. J., Panagiotidis T., & Sharma, A. (2011). The Sustainability of India’s Current Account. Applied Economics, 43, 219-229.
  • Husted, S. (1992). The emerging U.S. Current account deficit in the 1980s: A cointegration analysis. The Review of Economics & Statistics, 74, 159-166
  • Im, K. S., Pesaran, M. H., & Shin, Y. (2003). Testing for Unit Roots in Heterogeneous Panels. Journal of econometrics, 115(1): 53-74.
  • Im, K., Lee, J., & Tieslau, M. (2010). Panel LM Unit-root Tests with Level and Trend Shifts, Working Paper series, SSRN eLibrary.
  • Johansen, S. (1988). Statistical Analysis of Cointegration Vectors. Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control, 12(2): 231-254.
  • Kalkınma Bakanlığı. (2014). Onuncu Kalkınma Planı 2014-2018: Türkiye’de Cari İşlemler Açığı, Özel İhtisas Komisyonu Raporu, Ankara.
  • Kalyoncu, H. (2005). Sustainability of Current Account for Turkey: Intertemporal Solvency Approach. Praque Economic Papers, 1(14): 82-88.
  • Kao, C. (1999). Spurious Regression and Residual-Based Tests for Cointegration in Panel Data. Journal of Econometrics, 90(1): 1-44.
  • Karunaratne, N. D. (2010). The Sustainability of Australia’s Current Account Deficits-A Reappraisal After the Global Financial Crisis, Journal of Policy Modeling, 32, 81-97.
  • Kim, B. H., Min, H.G., Hwang, Y.S., & Mcdonald, J.A. (2009). Are Asian Countries’ Current Accounts Sustainable? Deficits, Even When Associated With High Investment, are not Costless. Journal of Policy Modeling, 31, 163-179.
  • Levin, A., Lin, C. F., & Chu, C. S. J. (2002). Unit Root Tests in Panel Data: Asymptotic and Finite-Sample Properties. Journal of Econometrics, 108(1): 1-24.
  • Maddala, G. S., & Wu, S. (1999). A Comparative Study of Unit Root Tests with Panel Data and A New Simple Test. Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, 631-52.
  • Matsubayashi, Y. (2005). Are US Current Account Deficits Unsustainable? Testing for the Private and Government Intertemporal Budget Constraints. Japan and the World Economy, 17, 223-237.
  • Menyah, K., Nazlioglu, S., & Wolde-Rufael, Y. (2014). Financial development, trade openness and economic growth in African countries: New insights from a panel causality approach. Economic Modelling, 37: 386-394.
  • Naqvi, K. H., & Morimune K. (2008). An Empirical Analysis of Sustainability of Trade Deficits. Interfaces for Advanced Economic Analysis. Kyoto University, Discussion Paper, No:72, 1-20.
  • Otto G., (2003). Can an Intertemporal Model Explain Australia’s Current Account Deficit?. Australia Economic Review, 36(3): 350-359.
  • Öz, S. (2011). Türkiye’nin Cari İşlemler Açığı ve Yurtiçi Tasarruflar, Ekonomik Araştırma Forumu Politika Notu: 11(10): 1-5.
  • Palm, F. C., Smeekes, S., & Urbain, J. P., (2011). Cross-Sectional Dependence Robust Block Bootstrap Panel Unit Root Tests. Journal of Econometrics, 163(1): 85-104.
  • Pedroni, P. (1999). Critical Values for Cointegration Tests in Heterogeneous Panels with Multiple Regressors. Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, 61(1): 653-670.
  • Peker, O. (2009). Turkiye’deki Cari Açık Sürdürülebilir mi? Ekonometrik Analiz. Kocaeli Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 17, 164-174.
  • Perera, N., & Verma, R. (2008). An Empirical Analysis of Sustainability of Trade Deficit: Evidence from Sri Lanka. International Journal of Applied Econometrics and Quantitative Studies, 5(1): 71-92.
  • Perron, P. (1989). The Great Crash, The Oil Price Shock, and The Unit Root Hypothesis. Econometrica, 57(6): 1361-1401.
  • Pesaran, M. H. (2006). Estimation and Inference in Large Heterogeneous Panels with a Multifactor Error Structure, Econometrica, 74(4): 967-1012.
  • Pesaran, M. H. (2007). A Simple Panel Unit Root Test in The Presence of Cross‐Section Dependence. Journal of Applied Econometrics, 22(2): 265-312.
  • Pesaran, M. H. (2007). A Simple Panel Unit Root Test in The Presence of Cross‐Section Dependence” Journal of Applied Econometrics, 22(2): 265-312.
  • Pesaran, M. H., & Yamagata, T. (2008). Testing Slope Homogeneity in Large Panels, Journal of Econometrics, 142(1): 50-93.
  • Pesaran, M. H., Smith, L. V., & Yamagata, T. (2013). Panel Unit Root Tests in The Presence of A Multifactor Error Structure. Journal of Econometrics, 175(2): 94-115.
  • Pesaran, M. H., Ullah, A., & Yamagata, T. (2008). A Bias‐Adjusted LM Test of Error Cross‐Section Independence. The Econometrics Journal, 11(1): 105-127.
  • Quintos, C. (1995). Sustainability of The Deficit Process with Structural Shifts. Journal of Business and Economic Statistics, 13, 409-417.
  • Rubio, O. B., Roldan, C. D., & Esteve, V. (2014). Sustainability of External Imbalances in the OECD Countries. Applied Economics, 46(4): 441-449.
  • Smith, V. L., Leybourne, S., Kim, T., & Newbold, P. (2004). More Powerful Panel Data Unit Root Tests with An Application to Mean Reversion in Real Exchange Rates. Journal of Applied Econometrics, 19(2): 147-170.
  • Tarı, R. (2010). Ekonometri. Kocaeli: Umuttepe Yayınları.
  • Tatoğlu, F. Y. (2013). İleri Panel Veri Analizi-Stata Uygulamalı. 2. Baskı. İstanbul: Beta.
  • Taylor, M. P., & Sarno, L. (1998). The Behavior of Real Exchange Rates During The Post-Bretton Woods Period. Journal of International Economics, 46(2): 281-312.
  • Westerlund, J. (2008). Panel Cointegration Tests of the Fisher Effect. Journal of Applied Econometrics, 23(2): 193-233.
  • Westerlund, J., & Edgerton, D. L. (2007). A Panel Bootstrap Cointegration Test. Economics Letters, 97(3): 185-190.
  • Wu, L., Chen, L., & Lee, H., (2001). Are Current Account Deficits Sustainable? Evidence From Panel Cointegration. Economic Letters, 72, 219-224.
  • Yalçınkaya, Ö., & Kaya, V. (2017). Ekonomik Büyümenin Sürdürülebilirliliği Üzerinde Tasarrufların Önemi: Türkiye Örneği (1985-2014). Akademik Bakış Dergisi, 61, 335-363.
  • Yılancı, V., & Öztürk, Z. A. (2011). Türkiye ile Beş Büyük Ticaret Ortağının Hisse Senedi Piyasaları Arasındaki Entegrasyon İlişkisinin Analizi: Yapısal Kırılmalı Birim Kök ve Eş-bütünleşme Analizi. Erciyes Üniversitesi İİBF Dergisi, 36, 261-279.
There are 59 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Ömer Yalçınkaya 0000-0002-1210-2405

Publication Date December 31, 2019
Acceptance Date October 24, 2019
Published in Issue Year 2019 Volume: 10 Issue: 20

Cite

APA Yalçınkaya, Ö. (2019). SEÇİLİ G-20 ÜLKELERİNDE CARİ İŞLEMLER AÇIĞININ SÜRDÜRÜLEBİLİRLİĞİ: YAPISAL KIRILMALI BİR PANEL VERİ ANALİZİ (1990:Q1-2017:Q4). Kafkas Üniversitesi İktisadi Ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 10(20), 726-753. https://doi.org/10.36543/kauiibfd.2019.030

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