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THE MEDIATOR EFFECT OF CAREERISM ON THE RELATION BETWEEN TOXIC LEADERSHIP AND COUNTERPRODUCTIVE WORK BEHAVIOR

Year 2020, Volume: 11 Issue: 22, 743 - 765, 29.12.2020
https://doi.org/10.36543/kauiibfd.2020.032

Abstract

In the study, the mediating effect of careerism in the relationship between toxic leadership style and Counterproductive Work Behavior (CWB) was investigated. The banking sector was chosen as the sample. The data were collected face to face and via e-mail and questionnaire from the research sample. The research was conducted within the scope of a total of 413 bank employees, who represent the research sample. The data collected from the questionnaires were analyzed via SPSS 22.0 package program. Firstly, factor analysis was performed to verify the validity of the scales used in the research, and reliability analysis was performed in line with the Cronbachs' Alpha coefficient to verify their reliability. In the next step, correlation analysis was conducted for testing relationship between the research variables. Finally, linear and hierarchical regression analyzes were conducted to test the research hypotheses. According to the results of the analysis, toxic leadership has a positive effect on CWB. On the other hand careerism has a partial mediating effect on the relationship between toxic leadership and CWB. The findings of the study were discussed. in the context of the relevant literature.

References

  • Adams, J. W., Srivastava, A., Herriot, P., & Patterson, F. (2013). Careerist orientation and organizational citizenship behavior in expatriates and non-expatriates. Journal of Career Development, 40(6), 469-489.
  • Akgemci, T., Makharadze, I., & Kiziloglu, E. (2019, September). The Effect of Careerism Orientation on Organizational Justice Perception and Job Stress: An Application on Academic Staff. In Rsep Conferences.
  • Arslan, A. (2009). Kriz yönetiminde liderlik. Akademik Bakış Uluslararası Hakemli Sosyal Bilimler Elektronik Dergisi, 18(1), 1-12.
  • Aryee, S., & Chen, Z. X. (2004). Countering the trend towards careerist orientation in the age of downsizing: Test of a social exchange model. Journal of Business Research, 57(4), 321-328.
  • Baron, R. M., & Kenny, D. A. (1986). The moderator–mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. Journal of personality and social psychology, 51(6), 1173.
  • Bayın, G. ve Yeşilaydın, T. G. (2014). Hemşirelerde Örgütsel Sapma Davranışının Analizi: Bir Üniversite Hastanesi Örneği. İşletme Araştırmaları Dergisi, 6 (3), 81-107.
  • Behery, M., Al-Nasser, A. D., Jabeen, F., & El Rawas, A. S. (2018). Toxic Leadership and Organizational Citizenship Behavior: A Mediation Effect Of Followers'trust And Commitment in The Middle East. International Journal of Business & Society, 19(3).
  • Bennett, R. J., & Robinson, S. L. (2000). Development of a measure of workplace deviance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 85, 349–360.
  • Blau, P. M. (1964). Exchange and power in social life. New York: Wiley
  • Bruursema, K. (2004). Leadership style and the link with counterproductive work behavior (CWB): An investigation using the job-stress/CWB model. Master Thesis. University of South Florida.
  • Calışkan, A., & Pekkan, N. U. (2019). Sağlık sektörü çalışanlarında tükenmişlik duygusunun işten ayrılma niyetine etkisi: Kişi-Örgüt uyumunun aracılık rolü. Business and Economics Research Journal, 10(2), 469-482.
  • Cheang, H. S., & Appelbaum, S. H. (2015). Corporate psychopathy: deviant workplace behaviour and toxic leaders–part one. Industrial and Commercial Training.
  • Chiaburu, D. S., Muñoz, G. J., & Gardner, R. G. (2013). How to spot a careerist early on: Psychopathy and exchange ideology as predictors of careerism. Journal of business ethics, 118(3), 473-486.
  • Corley, K. G., & Gioia, D. A. (2011). Building theory about theory building: what constitutes a theoretical contribution?. Academy of management review, 36(1), 12-32.
  • Crawshaw, J., & Brodbeck, F. (2011). Justice and trust as antecedents of careerist orientation. Personnel Review.
  • Çelebi, N., Güner, H., & Yıldız, V. (2015). Toksik liderlik ölçeğinin geliştirilmesi. Bartın Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 4(1), 249-268.
  • Doğan, E. (2019). İstismarcı yönetim algısının zorunlu vatandaşlık davranışlarına etkisinde kariyerizmin moderatör etkisi. Yayımlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi, Gebze Teknik Üniversitesi SBE, Gebze- Kocaeli.
  • Farr, J. L., Tippins, N. T. (Ed.) (2010). Handbook of Employee Selection. New York: Routledge Taylor & Francis Group.
  • Feldman, D. C., & Weitz, B. A. (1991). From the invisible hand to the gladhand: Understanding a careerist orientation to work. Human Resource Management, 30(2), 237-257.
  • Field, A. (2009). Discovering statistics using SPSS. Sage publications.
  • Fox, S., Spector, P. E., & Miles, D. (2001). Counterproductive work behavior (CWB) in response to job stressors and organizational justice: Some mediator and moderator tests for autonomy and emotions. Journal of vocational behavior, 59(3), 291-309.
  • Gürbüz, S., & Şahin, F. (2016). Sosyal bilimlerde araştırma yöntemleri. Ankara: Seçkin Yayıncılık.
  • Hair, J. F. J., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., & Anderson, R. E. (2010). Multivariate Data Analysis, Seventh Edition Prentice Hall.
  • Hambrick, D. C., & Mason, P. A. (1984). Upper echelons: The organization as a reflection of its top managers. Academy of Management Review, 9, 193–206
  • Hepworth, W., & Towler, A. (2004). The effects of individual differences and charismatic leadership on workplace aggression. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 9(2), 176.
  • Herrick, R., & Thomas, S. (2005). Do term limits make a difference? Ambition and motivations among US state legislators. American Politics Research, 33(5), 726-747.
  • Jain, A. K., & Sullivan, S. (2019). An examination of the relationship between careerism and organizational commitment, satisfaction, and performance. Personnel Review.
  • Jakovljević, M. (2011). Hubris syndrome and a new perspective on political psychiatry: need to protect prosocial behavior, public benefit and safety of our civilisation. Psychiatria Danubina, 23(2.), 136-138.
  • Kessler, S. R., Bruursema, K., Rodopman, B., & Spector, P. E. (2013). Leadership, interpersonal conflict, and counterproductive work behavior: An examination of the stressor–strain process. Negotiation and Conflict Management Research, 6(3), 180-190.
  • Krischer, M. M., Penney, L. M., & Hunter, E. M. (2010). Can counterproductive work behaviors be productive? CWB as emotion-focused coping. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 15(2), 154–166.
  • Lipman‐Blumen, J. (2005a), Toxic leadership: When grand illusions masquerade as noble visions. Leader to Leader, 2005: 29-36.
  • Lipman-Blumen, J. (2005b). The Allure of Toxic Leaders: Why We Follow Destructive Bosses and Corrupt Politicians – and How We Can Survive Them. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Qazi, S., Naseer, S., & Syed, F. (2019). Can emotional bonding be a liability? Status striving as an intervening mechanism in affective commitment and negative work behaviors relationship. European Review of Applied Psychology, 69(4), 1-11.
  • Ok, Sibel (2004). Banka Çalışanlarının Tükenmişlik Düzeylerinin İş Doyumu, Rol Çatışması, Rol Belirsizliği ve Bazı Bireysel Özelliklere Göre İncelenmesi, Türk Psikolojik Danışma ve Rehberlik Dergisi, III, 21,57-68.
  • Owen, D. (2008). Hubris syndrome. Clinical Medicine, 8(4), 428.
  • Özüren, Ü. (2017). Tekstil işletmelerinde nepotizm uygulamalarına bağlı olarak üretkenlik karşıtı davranışlar ve sonuçları. Yayınlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi, İstanbul Kültür Üniversitesi, İstanbul.
  • Padilla, A., Hogan, R., & Kaiser, R. B. (2007). The toxic triangle: Destructive leaders, susceptible followers, and conducive environments. Leadership Quarterly, 18(3), 176-194.
  • Pelletier, K. L. (2010). Leader toxicity: An empirical investigation of toxic behavior and rhetoric. Leadership, 6(4), 373-389.
  • Protsiuk, O. (2019). The Relationships Between Psychological Contract Expectations and Counterproductive Work Behaviors: Employer Perception, Journal of Management and Business Administration. Central Europe, 27(3), 85-106.
  • Reed, G.E. (2004). Toxic leadership. Military Review, JUL-AUG, 67-71.
  • Reed, G.E. (2015). Tarnished: Toxic Leadership in the U.S. Military. Potomac Books.
  • Rousseau, D. M. (1990). New hire perceptions of their own and their employer's obligations: A study of psychological contracts. Journal of organizational behavior, 11(5), 389-400.
  • Sackett, P. R., & DeVore, C. J. (2002). Counterproductive behaviors at work. In N. Anderson, D. S. Ones, H. K. Sinangil, & C. Viswesvaran (Eds.), Handbook of industrial, work and organizational psychology, Vol. 1. Personnel psychology (p. 145–164). Sage Publications Ltd.
  • Schmidt, A., A. (2008). Development and Validation of the Toxic Leadership Scale. Unpublished Master Thesis. University of Maryland, College Park. LLC: Proquest.
  • Smith, N., & Fredricks-Lowman, I. (2019). Conflict in the workplace: a 10-year review of toxic leadership in higher education. International Journal of Leadership in Education, 1-14.
  • Spector, P. E. (2011). The relationship of personality to counterproductive work behavior (CWB): An integration of perspectives. Human Resource Management Review, 21(4), 342-352.
  • Spector, P. E., & Fox, S. (2002). An emotion-centered model of voluntary work behavior: Some parallels between counterproductive work behavior and organizational citizenship behavior. Human resource management review, 12(2), 269-292.
  • TBB (2020). “Banka Şube Çalışan Sayıları”, Türkiye Bankalar Birliği https://www.tbb.org.tr/tr/bankacilik/banka-ve-sektor-bilgileri/istatistiki-raporlar/59 (08.05.2020).
  • Uysal, H. T. (2019). The Mediation Role of Toxic Leadership in the Effect of Job Stress on Job Satisfaction. International Journal of Business, 24(1), 55-73.
  • Vardi, Y., & Weitz, E. (2004). Misbehavior in organizations: Theory, research, and management. Lawrence Erlbaum Assocıates, Publıshers, New Jersey.
  • Wu, L. Z., Kwan, H. K., Yim, F. H. K., Chiu, R. K., & He, X. (2015). CEO ethical leadership and corporate social responsibility: A moderated mediation model. Journal of Business Ethics, 130(4), 819-831.
  • Yeniçeri, T., Kurt, P., & Akgül, V. (2020). İçsel Pazarlama Uygulamalarının Örgütsel Bağlılığa Etkisinde İş Tatmininin Aracı Rolü: Bankacılık Sektöründe Bir Araştırma. Business & Management Studies: An International Journal, 8(1), 476-501.
  • Yıldız, B. (2015). The Antecedents of Constructive and Destructive Deviant Workplace Behaviors. Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation, Kocaeli: Gebze Technical University.
  • Yıldız, B., Yıldız, H., & Alpkan, L. (2015). Olağandışı İşyeri Davranışlarının Bir Öncülü Olarak Kariyerizm. 3. Örgütsel Davranış Kongresi, 6-7 Kasım 2015, Tokat, s. 684-689.

TOKSİK LİDERLİK VE ÜRETKENLİK KARŞITI İŞ DAVRANIŞLARI İLİŞKİSİNDE KARİYERİZMİN ARACI ETKİSİ

Year 2020, Volume: 11 Issue: 22, 743 - 765, 29.12.2020
https://doi.org/10.36543/kauiibfd.2020.032

Abstract

Araştırmada toksik liderlik tarzı ile üretkenlik karşıtı iş davranışları (ÜKİD) ilişkisinde kariyerizmin aracı (mediatör) etkisi incelenmiştir. Araştırma evreni olarak bankacılık sektörü seçilmiştir. Araştırma evreninden elde edilen katılımcılardan veriler yüz yüze ve e-posta yoluyla anket vasıtasıyla toplanmıştır. Araştırma, evreni temsil gücü olan toplam 413 banka çalışanı kapsamında yapılmıştır. Anketlerden elde edilen veriler SPSS 22.0 paket programı yardımıyla analiz edilmiştir. Öncelikle, araştırmada kullanılan ölçeklerin geçerliliklerini doğrulamak için faktör analizi, güvenirliklerini doğrulamak için ise Cronbachs’ Alpha katsayısı doğrultusunda güvenilirlik analizi yapılmıştır. Sonraki adımda ise araştırma değişkenlerin aralarındaki ilişkileri test etmek için korelasyon analizi yapılmış, son olarak ise araştırma hipotezlerini test etmek adına doğrusal ve hiyerarşik regresyon analizleri yapılmıştır. Analiz sonuçlarına göre toksik liderlik, ÜKİD’i istatistiksel ve anlamlı olarak pozitif yönde etkilemiştir. Kariyerizm ise toksik liderlik ile ÜKİD arasındaki ilişkide kısmi aracılık (mediatör) etkisine sahiptir. Elde edilen bulgular ilgili literatür bağlamında tartışılmıştır.

References

  • Adams, J. W., Srivastava, A., Herriot, P., & Patterson, F. (2013). Careerist orientation and organizational citizenship behavior in expatriates and non-expatriates. Journal of Career Development, 40(6), 469-489.
  • Akgemci, T., Makharadze, I., & Kiziloglu, E. (2019, September). The Effect of Careerism Orientation on Organizational Justice Perception and Job Stress: An Application on Academic Staff. In Rsep Conferences.
  • Arslan, A. (2009). Kriz yönetiminde liderlik. Akademik Bakış Uluslararası Hakemli Sosyal Bilimler Elektronik Dergisi, 18(1), 1-12.
  • Aryee, S., & Chen, Z. X. (2004). Countering the trend towards careerist orientation in the age of downsizing: Test of a social exchange model. Journal of Business Research, 57(4), 321-328.
  • Baron, R. M., & Kenny, D. A. (1986). The moderator–mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. Journal of personality and social psychology, 51(6), 1173.
  • Bayın, G. ve Yeşilaydın, T. G. (2014). Hemşirelerde Örgütsel Sapma Davranışının Analizi: Bir Üniversite Hastanesi Örneği. İşletme Araştırmaları Dergisi, 6 (3), 81-107.
  • Behery, M., Al-Nasser, A. D., Jabeen, F., & El Rawas, A. S. (2018). Toxic Leadership and Organizational Citizenship Behavior: A Mediation Effect Of Followers'trust And Commitment in The Middle East. International Journal of Business & Society, 19(3).
  • Bennett, R. J., & Robinson, S. L. (2000). Development of a measure of workplace deviance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 85, 349–360.
  • Blau, P. M. (1964). Exchange and power in social life. New York: Wiley
  • Bruursema, K. (2004). Leadership style and the link with counterproductive work behavior (CWB): An investigation using the job-stress/CWB model. Master Thesis. University of South Florida.
  • Calışkan, A., & Pekkan, N. U. (2019). Sağlık sektörü çalışanlarında tükenmişlik duygusunun işten ayrılma niyetine etkisi: Kişi-Örgüt uyumunun aracılık rolü. Business and Economics Research Journal, 10(2), 469-482.
  • Cheang, H. S., & Appelbaum, S. H. (2015). Corporate psychopathy: deviant workplace behaviour and toxic leaders–part one. Industrial and Commercial Training.
  • Chiaburu, D. S., Muñoz, G. J., & Gardner, R. G. (2013). How to spot a careerist early on: Psychopathy and exchange ideology as predictors of careerism. Journal of business ethics, 118(3), 473-486.
  • Corley, K. G., & Gioia, D. A. (2011). Building theory about theory building: what constitutes a theoretical contribution?. Academy of management review, 36(1), 12-32.
  • Crawshaw, J., & Brodbeck, F. (2011). Justice and trust as antecedents of careerist orientation. Personnel Review.
  • Çelebi, N., Güner, H., & Yıldız, V. (2015). Toksik liderlik ölçeğinin geliştirilmesi. Bartın Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 4(1), 249-268.
  • Doğan, E. (2019). İstismarcı yönetim algısının zorunlu vatandaşlık davranışlarına etkisinde kariyerizmin moderatör etkisi. Yayımlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi, Gebze Teknik Üniversitesi SBE, Gebze- Kocaeli.
  • Farr, J. L., Tippins, N. T. (Ed.) (2010). Handbook of Employee Selection. New York: Routledge Taylor & Francis Group.
  • Feldman, D. C., & Weitz, B. A. (1991). From the invisible hand to the gladhand: Understanding a careerist orientation to work. Human Resource Management, 30(2), 237-257.
  • Field, A. (2009). Discovering statistics using SPSS. Sage publications.
  • Fox, S., Spector, P. E., & Miles, D. (2001). Counterproductive work behavior (CWB) in response to job stressors and organizational justice: Some mediator and moderator tests for autonomy and emotions. Journal of vocational behavior, 59(3), 291-309.
  • Gürbüz, S., & Şahin, F. (2016). Sosyal bilimlerde araştırma yöntemleri. Ankara: Seçkin Yayıncılık.
  • Hair, J. F. J., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., & Anderson, R. E. (2010). Multivariate Data Analysis, Seventh Edition Prentice Hall.
  • Hambrick, D. C., & Mason, P. A. (1984). Upper echelons: The organization as a reflection of its top managers. Academy of Management Review, 9, 193–206
  • Hepworth, W., & Towler, A. (2004). The effects of individual differences and charismatic leadership on workplace aggression. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 9(2), 176.
  • Herrick, R., & Thomas, S. (2005). Do term limits make a difference? Ambition and motivations among US state legislators. American Politics Research, 33(5), 726-747.
  • Jain, A. K., & Sullivan, S. (2019). An examination of the relationship between careerism and organizational commitment, satisfaction, and performance. Personnel Review.
  • Jakovljević, M. (2011). Hubris syndrome and a new perspective on political psychiatry: need to protect prosocial behavior, public benefit and safety of our civilisation. Psychiatria Danubina, 23(2.), 136-138.
  • Kessler, S. R., Bruursema, K., Rodopman, B., & Spector, P. E. (2013). Leadership, interpersonal conflict, and counterproductive work behavior: An examination of the stressor–strain process. Negotiation and Conflict Management Research, 6(3), 180-190.
  • Krischer, M. M., Penney, L. M., & Hunter, E. M. (2010). Can counterproductive work behaviors be productive? CWB as emotion-focused coping. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 15(2), 154–166.
  • Lipman‐Blumen, J. (2005a), Toxic leadership: When grand illusions masquerade as noble visions. Leader to Leader, 2005: 29-36.
  • Lipman-Blumen, J. (2005b). The Allure of Toxic Leaders: Why We Follow Destructive Bosses and Corrupt Politicians – and How We Can Survive Them. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Qazi, S., Naseer, S., & Syed, F. (2019). Can emotional bonding be a liability? Status striving as an intervening mechanism in affective commitment and negative work behaviors relationship. European Review of Applied Psychology, 69(4), 1-11.
  • Ok, Sibel (2004). Banka Çalışanlarının Tükenmişlik Düzeylerinin İş Doyumu, Rol Çatışması, Rol Belirsizliği ve Bazı Bireysel Özelliklere Göre İncelenmesi, Türk Psikolojik Danışma ve Rehberlik Dergisi, III, 21,57-68.
  • Owen, D. (2008). Hubris syndrome. Clinical Medicine, 8(4), 428.
  • Özüren, Ü. (2017). Tekstil işletmelerinde nepotizm uygulamalarına bağlı olarak üretkenlik karşıtı davranışlar ve sonuçları. Yayınlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi, İstanbul Kültür Üniversitesi, İstanbul.
  • Padilla, A., Hogan, R., & Kaiser, R. B. (2007). The toxic triangle: Destructive leaders, susceptible followers, and conducive environments. Leadership Quarterly, 18(3), 176-194.
  • Pelletier, K. L. (2010). Leader toxicity: An empirical investigation of toxic behavior and rhetoric. Leadership, 6(4), 373-389.
  • Protsiuk, O. (2019). The Relationships Between Psychological Contract Expectations and Counterproductive Work Behaviors: Employer Perception, Journal of Management and Business Administration. Central Europe, 27(3), 85-106.
  • Reed, G.E. (2004). Toxic leadership. Military Review, JUL-AUG, 67-71.
  • Reed, G.E. (2015). Tarnished: Toxic Leadership in the U.S. Military. Potomac Books.
  • Rousseau, D. M. (1990). New hire perceptions of their own and their employer's obligations: A study of psychological contracts. Journal of organizational behavior, 11(5), 389-400.
  • Sackett, P. R., & DeVore, C. J. (2002). Counterproductive behaviors at work. In N. Anderson, D. S. Ones, H. K. Sinangil, & C. Viswesvaran (Eds.), Handbook of industrial, work and organizational psychology, Vol. 1. Personnel psychology (p. 145–164). Sage Publications Ltd.
  • Schmidt, A., A. (2008). Development and Validation of the Toxic Leadership Scale. Unpublished Master Thesis. University of Maryland, College Park. LLC: Proquest.
  • Smith, N., & Fredricks-Lowman, I. (2019). Conflict in the workplace: a 10-year review of toxic leadership in higher education. International Journal of Leadership in Education, 1-14.
  • Spector, P. E. (2011). The relationship of personality to counterproductive work behavior (CWB): An integration of perspectives. Human Resource Management Review, 21(4), 342-352.
  • Spector, P. E., & Fox, S. (2002). An emotion-centered model of voluntary work behavior: Some parallels between counterproductive work behavior and organizational citizenship behavior. Human resource management review, 12(2), 269-292.
  • TBB (2020). “Banka Şube Çalışan Sayıları”, Türkiye Bankalar Birliği https://www.tbb.org.tr/tr/bankacilik/banka-ve-sektor-bilgileri/istatistiki-raporlar/59 (08.05.2020).
  • Uysal, H. T. (2019). The Mediation Role of Toxic Leadership in the Effect of Job Stress on Job Satisfaction. International Journal of Business, 24(1), 55-73.
  • Vardi, Y., & Weitz, E. (2004). Misbehavior in organizations: Theory, research, and management. Lawrence Erlbaum Assocıates, Publıshers, New Jersey.
  • Wu, L. Z., Kwan, H. K., Yim, F. H. K., Chiu, R. K., & He, X. (2015). CEO ethical leadership and corporate social responsibility: A moderated mediation model. Journal of Business Ethics, 130(4), 819-831.
  • Yeniçeri, T., Kurt, P., & Akgül, V. (2020). İçsel Pazarlama Uygulamalarının Örgütsel Bağlılığa Etkisinde İş Tatmininin Aracı Rolü: Bankacılık Sektöründe Bir Araştırma. Business & Management Studies: An International Journal, 8(1), 476-501.
  • Yıldız, B. (2015). The Antecedents of Constructive and Destructive Deviant Workplace Behaviors. Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation, Kocaeli: Gebze Technical University.
  • Yıldız, B., Yıldız, H., & Alpkan, L. (2015). Olağandışı İşyeri Davranışlarının Bir Öncülü Olarak Kariyerizm. 3. Örgütsel Davranış Kongresi, 6-7 Kasım 2015, Tokat, s. 684-689.
There are 54 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Muhammet Fatih Şengüllendi 0000-0002-6807-6947

Yasin Şehitoğlu 0000-0003-0074-6446

Enes Kurt 0000-0003-1385-6943

Publication Date December 29, 2020
Acceptance Date November 1, 2020
Published in Issue Year 2020 Volume: 11 Issue: 22

Cite

APA Şengüllendi, M. F., Şehitoğlu, Y., & Kurt, E. (2020). TOKSİK LİDERLİK VE ÜRETKENLİK KARŞITI İŞ DAVRANIŞLARI İLİŞKİSİNDE KARİYERİZMİN ARACI ETKİSİ. Kafkas Üniversitesi İktisadi Ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 11(22), 743-765. https://doi.org/10.36543/kauiibfd.2020.032

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