Linking Human Development Index, Urbanization, Economic Growth and the Ecological Footprint: The Case of MINT Countries

Year 2024, Volume: 17 Issue: Sürdürülebilir İnsani Kalkınma ve Kent, 301 - 318, 27.10.2024

Esra Cebeci Mazlum

https://doi.org/10.35674/kent.1516464

Abstract

The main purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between human development index, urbanization, economic growth and ecological footprint in MINT countries (Mexico, Indonesia, Nigeria and Turkiye) for the years 2003-2022. First of all, the cointegration relationship between human development index, urbanization, economic growth and ecological footprint was examined with Gengenbach, Urbain and Westerlund (2016) panel cointegration. As a result of the cointegration analysis, it was concluded that the variables were cointegrated. The long-term relationship was estimated by the DOLSMG method. According to the DOLSMG estimator, it was determined that a 1% increase in the human development index in MINT countries reduced the ecological footprint by 1.89%, a 1% increase in urbanization increased the ecological footprint by 0.22%, and a 1% increase in economic growth increased the ecological footprint insignificantly. Secondly, the relationship between human development index, urbanization, economic growth and ecological footprint was examined with Dumitrescu and Hurlin (2012) panel causality analysis. According to the findings, there is a bidirectional causality relationship between ecological footprint and urbanization in MINT countries. Additionally, the findings of the study show that there is a unidirectional causality relationship from ecological footprint to human development index and a unidirectional causality relationship from economic growth to ecological footprint.

Keywords

Human Development Index, Urbanization, Economic Growth, Ecological Footprint

İnsani Kalkınma Endeksi, Kentleşme, Ekonomik Büyüme ve Ekolojik Ayak İzi İlişkisi: MINT Ülkeleri Örneği

Abstract

Bu çalışmanın temel amacı insani kalkınma endeksi, kentleşme, ekonomik büyüme ve ekolojik ayak izi ilişkisini MINT ülkelerinde (Meksika, Hindistan, Nijerya ve Türkiye) 2003-2022 yılları için araştırmaktır. Öncelikle insani kalkınma endeksi, kentleşme, ekonomik büyüme ve ekolojik ayak izi arasındaki eşbütünleşme ilişkisi Gengenbach, Urbain ve Westerlund (2016) panel eşbütünleşme ile incelenmiştir. Eşbütünleşme analizi neticesinde değişkenlerin eşbütünleşik olduğu sonucuna varılmıştır. Uzun dönemli ilişki DOLSMG yöntemi ile tahmin edilmiştir. DOLSMG tahmincisine göre MINT ülkelerinde insani kalkınma endeksindeki % 1’lik artışın ekolojik ayak izini % 1.89 azalttığı belirlenmiştir, kentleşmedeki % 1’lik artış ekolojik ayak izini % 0.22 arttırmıştır ve ekonomik büyümedeki % 1’lik artış ise ekolojik ayak izini önemsiz derecede arttırmıştır. İkinci olarak insani kalkınma endeksi, kentleşme, ekonomik büyüme ve ekolojik ayak izi arasındaki ilişki Dumitrescu ve Hurlin (2012) panel nedensellik analizi ile incelenmiştir. Elde edilen bulgulara göre MINT ülkelerinde ekolojik ayak izi ile kentleşme arasında çift yönlü nedensellik ilişkisi vardır. Ayrıca, çalışmanın bulguları ekolojik ayak izinden insani kalkınma endeksine doğru tek yönlü nedensellik ilişkisi olduğunu ve ekonomik büyümeden ekolojik ayak izine doğru tek yönlü nedensellik ilişkisi olduğunu göstermektedir.

Keywords

İnsani Kalkınma Endeksi, Kentleşme, Ekonomik Büyüme, Ekolojik Ayak İzi

References

• Ahmed, Z., & Wang, Z. (2019). Investigating the impact of human capital on the ecological footprint in India: An empirical analysis. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 1-15, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-019-05911-7
• Ahmad, M., Jiang, P., Murshed, M., Shehzad, K., Akram, R., Cui, L., & Khan, Z. (2021). Modelling the dynamic linkages between eco-innovation, urbanization, economic growth and ecological footprints for G7 countries: does financial globalization matter?. Sustainable Cities and Society, 70, 102881. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2021.102881
• Ahmed, Z., Zafar, M. W., & Ali, S. (2020). Linking urbanization, human capital, and the ecological footprint in G7 countries: an empirical analysis. Sustainable cities and society, 55, 102064.
• Al-Mulali, U., Weng-Wai, C., Sheau-Ting, L., & Mohammed, A. H. (2015). Investigating the environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) hypothesis by utilizing the ecological footprint as an indicator of environmental degradation. Ecological indicators, 48, 315-323. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2014.08.029.
• Arif, M., Gill, A. R. & Ali, M. (2023). Analyzing the non-linear association between urbanization and ecological footprint: an empirical analysis. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 30(50), 109063-109076. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-30012-x
• Bagliani, M., Bravo, G., & Dalmazzone, S. (2008). A consumption-based approach to environmental Kuznets curves using the ecological footprint indicator. Ecological Economics, 65(3), 650-661. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2008.01.010
• Baloch, M. A., Mahmood, N. & Zhang, J. W. (2019). Effect of natural resources, renewable energy and economic development on CO2 emissions in BRICS countries. Science of the Total Environment, 678, 632-638. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.05.028
• Caviglia-Harris, J. L., Chambers, D., & Kahn, J. R. (2009). Taking the “U” out of Kuznets: A comprehensive analysis of the EKC and environmental degradation. Ecological Economics, 68(4), 1149-1159. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2008.08.006
• Cebeci Mazlum, E. (2023). Ekonomik büyüme ve ekolojik ayak izi ilişkisi: E7 ülkeleri örneği. Uluslararası Anadolu Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 7(1), 123-135. https://doi.org/10.47525/ulasbid.1235614
• Charfeddine, L. (2017). The impact of energy consumption and economic development on ecological footprint and CO2 emissions: evidence from a Markov switching equilibrium correction model. Energy Economics, 65, 355-374. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2017.05.009
• Charfeddine, L., & Mrabet, Z. (2017). The impact of economic development and social-political factors on ecological footprint: A panel data analysis for 15 MENA countries. Renewable and sustainable energy reviews, 76, 138-154. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2017.03.031
• Chen, Y., Lee, C.-C. & Chen, M. (2022). Ecological footprint, human capital, and urbanization. Energy & Environment, 33(3), 487- 510. https://doi.org/10.1177/0958305X211008610
• Chowdhury, M. A. F., Shanto, P. A., Ahmed, A., & Rumana, R. H. (2021). Does foreign direct investments impair the ecological footprint? New evidence from the panel quantile regression. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 28(12), 14372-14385. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-11518-0
• Danish, K., Hassan S. T., Baloch M. A., Mahmood, N. & Zang. J. (2019). Linking economic growth and ecological footprint through human capital and biocapacity. Sustain Cities Soc 47:101516. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2019.101516
• Destek, M. A., & Sarkodie, S. A. (2019). Investigation of environmental Kuznets curve for ecological footprint: the role of energy and financial development. Science of the Total Environment, 650, 2483-2489. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.10.017
• Dong, K., Hochman, G., Zhang, Y., Sun, R., Li, H., & Liao, H. (2018). CO2 emissions, economic and population growth, and renewable energy: empirical evidence across regions. Energy Economics, 75, 180-192. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2018.08.017
• Dumitrescu, E. & Hurlin, C. (2012). Testing for Granger non-causality in heterogeneous panels. Economic Modelling, 29(4), 1450–1460.
• Ghita, S. I., Saseanu, A. S., Gogonea, R. M., & Huidumac-Petrescu, C. E. (2018). Perspectives of ecological footprint in European context under the impact of information society and sustainable development. Sustainability, 10 (9), 3224.
• Gülmez, A., Ozdilek, E., & Türkseven, D. N. (2021). Ekonomik Büyüme, Ticari Açıklık ve Enerji Tüketiminin Ekolojik Ayak İzine Etkileri: G7 Ülkeleri İçin Panel Eşbütünleşme Analizi. Econder International Academic Journal, 5(2), 329-342. https://doi.org/10.35342/econder.969114
• Hassan, S.T., Xia, E., Khan, N.H. et al. (2019). Economic growth, natural resources, and ecological footprints: evidence from Pakistan. Environ Sci Pollut Res 26, 2929–2938. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-018-3803-3
• Ikram, M., Xia, W., Fareed, Z., Shahzad, U., & Rafique, M. Z. (2021). Exploring the nexus between economic complexity, economic growth and ecological footprint: contextual evidences from Japan. Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments, 47, 101460. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seta.2021.101460
• Kassouri, Y., & Altıntas, H. (2020). Human well-being versus ecological footprint in MENA countries: A trade-off? Journal of Environmental Management, 263, 110405. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.110405
• Khan, Y., Khan, M. A. & Zafar, S. (2023). Dynamic linkages among energy consumption, urbanization and ecological footprint: empirical evidence from NARDL approach. Management of Environmental Quality: An International Journal, 34(6), 1534-1554. https://doi.org/10.1108/MEQ-10-2022-0278
• Mrabet, Z., & Alsamara, M. (2017). Testing the Kuznets Curve hypothesis for Qatar: A comparison between carbon dioxide and ecological footprint. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 70, 1366-1375. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2016.12.039
• Nathaniel, S., Nwodo, O., Adediran, A., Sharma, G., Shah, M., & Adeleye, N. (2019). Ecological footprint, urbanization, and energy consumption in South Africa: including the excluded. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 26, 27168-27179. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-019-05924-2
• Nathaniel, S. P. (2021). Ecological footprint, energy use, trade, and urbanization linkage in Indonesia. GeoJournal, 86, 2057-2070. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10708-020-10175-7
• Ozkan, O. & Coban, M. N. (2022). Türkiye’de Kirlilik hale hipotezi ve ekonomik büyüme, ekonomik küreselleşme ve ekolojik ayak izi bağlantısı: KRLS’den kanıtlar. Uluslararası Yönetim İktisat ve İşletme Dergisi, 18(4), 1049-1068. https://doi.org/10.17130/ijmeb.1143139
• Pata, U. K., Aydin, M., & Haouas, I. (2021). Are natural resources abundance and human development a solution for environmental pressure? Evidence from top ten countries with The largest ecological footprint. Resources Policy, 70, 101923. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resourpol.2020.101923
• Pesaran, H. M., & Yamagata, T. (2008). Testing SlopeHomogeneity in Large Panels. Journal of Econometrics, 142, 50-93. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeconom.2007.05.010
• Pesaran, M. H. (2007). A simple panel unit root test in the presence of cross‐section dependence. Journal of Applied Econometrics, 22(2), 265-312.
• Sarkodie, S. A., & Strezov, V. (2018). Empirical study of the environmental Kuznets curve and environmental sustainability curve hypothesis for Australia, China, Ghana and USA. Journal of cleaner production, 201, 98-110. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.08.039
• Tosunoglu, B. (2014). Sürdürülebilir küresel refah göstergesi olarak ekolojik ayak izi. Hak İş Uluslararası Emek ve Toplum Dergisi, 3(5), 132-149.
• Uddin, G.A., Salahuddin, M., Alam, K., & Gow, J. (2017). Ecological footprint and real ıncome: Panel data evidence from the 27 highest emitting countries. Ecological Indicators, (77), 166- 175. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2017.01.003
• Ullah, A., Tekbas, M., & Dogan, M. (2023). The impact of economic growth, natural resources, urbanization and biocapacity on the ecological footprint: The case of Turkey. Sustainability, 15(17), 12855. https://doi.org/10.3390/su151712855
• Ulucak, R. & Kocak, E. (2018). Economic growth and environment: Econometric analysis for OECD countries. Dünya Enerji Kongresi 2018. Amsterdam, Hollanda
• Ulucak, R., & Bilgili, F. (2018). A reinvestigation of EKC model by ecological footprint measurement for high, middle and low income countries. Journal of cleaner production, 188, 144-157. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.03.191.
• Ulucak, R. & Khan, S. U.-D. (2020). Determinants of the ecological footprint: role of renewable energy, natural resources, and urbanization. Sustainable Cities and Society, 54, 101996. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2019.101996
• Ulger, M., Ucar, M., Atamer, M. A. & Apaydın, S. (2024). Kentleşme, Yenilenebilir Enerji ve İnovasyon ile Ekonomik Büyüme ve Ekolojik Ayak İzi Arasındaki Nedensellik İlişkileri: Çok Yüksek İnsani Gelişme Düzeyindeki Ülkeler Örneği. Politik Ekonomik Kuram, 8(2), 449-462. https://doi.org/10.30586/pek.1485357
• UNDP, (2005), Human Development Report, 2005, New York.
• Yıldırım, D. C., Yıldırım, S., Bostancı, S. H., & Turan, T. (2022). The nexus between human development and fishing footprint among mediterranean countries. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 176, 113426. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2022.113426
• Wang, Y., Kang, L., Wu, X., & Xiao, Y. (2013). Estimating the environmental Kuznets curve for ecological footprint at the global level: A spatial econometric approach. Ecological Indicators, 34, 15-21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2013.03.021
• Zadgaonkar, L. A., & Mandavgane, S. A. (2020). Framework for calculating ecological footprint of process industries in local hectares using emergy and LCA approach. Clean Technologies and Environmental Policy, 22, 2207-2221. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10098-020-01970-4