ULUSLARARASI VE ULUSAL YÖNÜYLE ORGAN TİCARETİ SUÇU

Year 2025, Volume: 5 Issue: 1, 131 - 175

Gülen Soyaslan Akdemir

https://doi.org/10.59909/khm.05.01.006

Abstract

Global bir halk sağlığı sorunu olan organ ticareti, organ bağışının yetersiz olması ve gelir adaletsizliğinden kaynaklanmaktadır. Organının işlevini yitirmesi sonucu ölüm ile yaşam arasında olan hasta, kendisine uygun donör bulamadığında para karşılığı organ bulmanın yollarını aramakta, borçları sebebiyle organını para karşılığı bağışlamaya razı olan bir başkasının zor durumundan yararlanarak sağlığına kavuşmaya çalışmaktadır. Bazen de organ bağışı için kanunun öngördüğü kurucu şartlar olmaksızın, genellikle kişilerin rızaları sakatlanmak suretiyle, hukuka aykırı surette organ bağışı gerçekleştirilmektedir. Her iki durumda da insan bedeni nesne konumuna indirgendiğinden, hukukun korumayı amaçladığı temel değerler olan insan onuru ve irade hürriyetine zarar verilmektedir.
Bu makalenin amacı, organ ticaretine hem kriminolojik hem de ceza hukuku perspektifinden bakarak, uluslararası ve ulusal arenada suçun nasıl işlendiği yönünde okuyucuyu aydınlatmak, organ ticareti ile mücadele amacıyla getirilen uluslararası ve ulusal düzenlemeleri inceleyerek ortak yönleri ile farklılıklarını tespit etmek ve Türk mevzuatında geliştirilmesi gereken yönleri ortaya koymaktır. Bu bağlamda özellikle Organ Kaçakçılığına Karşı Avrupa Konseyi Sözleşmesi ile İstanbul Deklarasyonundaki organ ticaretine ilişkin hükümler detaylı surette incelenerek, Türk Ceza Kanunundaki organ ticareti suçu ile benzerlik ve farklılıkları saptanmaya çalışılmıştır. Ayrıca organ ticaretinin başka ülkelerde işleniş şekli ile Türkiye’deki işlenme şekli arasındaki farklılıklar da ortaya konmuştur.
Türk Hukukunda organ ticareti ile ilgili daha önce yapılan çalışmalardan farklı olarak, bu makale suçun unsurlarının ve özel görünüş şekillerinin kategorik ve soyut şekilde incelenmesi yerine, özellikle suç teşkil eden fiillerin kapsamına ve somut olaylardaki işlenme şekillerine değinerek, bunların organ ticareti ile mücadelede yerine getirdikleri fonksiyon konusunda okuyucuyu aydınlatmayı hedeflemiştir.

Keywords

organ ticareti, organ kaçakçılığı, İstanbul Deklarasyonu, organ nakli, insan onuru, Organ Kaçakçılığına Karşı Avrupa Konseyi Sözleşmesi

The Crime of Organ Trafficking in National and International Contexts

Abstract

Organ trafficking, a global public health issue, stems from insufficient organ donations and income inequality. Patients facing life-threatening conditions due to organ failure, unable to find suitable donors, seek organs in exchange for monetary compensation. They exploit the dire circumstances of indebted individuals willing to donate their organs for financial reasons. In some cases, organ donations occur unlawfully, without the foundational legal requirements, often compromising individuals' consent. Both scenarios reduce the human body to an object, undermining fundamental values protected by law, such as human dignity and freedom of will.
This article aims to examine organ trafficking from both criminological and criminal law perspectives, enlightening readers on how the crime is perpetrated internationally and nationally. By analyzing international and national regulations introduced to combat organ trafficking, it seeks to identify commonalities and differences, highlighting areas for improvement in Turkish legislation. In this context, the provisions related to organ trafficking in the Council of Europe's Convention against Trafficking in Human Organs and the Istanbul Declaration are scrutinized in detail, comparing their similarities and differences with the organ trafficking offense in the Turkish Penal Code. Additionally, the article outlines the differences between the methods of committing organ trafficking in other countries and in Turkey.
Unlike previous studies on organ trafficking in Turkish law, this article does not examine the elements and specific forms of the crime in a categorical and abstract manner. Instead, it focuses on the scope of acts constituting the offense and their manifestation in concrete cases, aiming to inform readers about their function in combating organ trafficking.

Keywords

organ trafficking, organ trade, Istanbul Declaration, Council of Europe Convention against Trafficking in Human Organs, organ transplantation, human dignity

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