Examination of the Environmental Kuznets Curve Hypothesis for Countries with Different Income Levels: Findings from the STIRPAT Model

Year 2022, Volume: 14 Issue: 26, 16 - 34, 25.05.2022

Murat Tekbaş

https://doi.org/10.20990/kilisiibfakademik.1094474

Abstract

Purpose: In this study, it is aimed to test the Environmental Kuznets Curve hypothesis within the scope of the STIRPAT environmental model for countries with different income levels.
Design/Methodology: In the study, the relationship between carbon emissions (CO2), real GDP, urbanization and energy intensity was examined by panel analysis methods for 27 high, 24 upper-middle and 21 low middle-income countries between 1990 and 2014. FMOLS and DOLS methods and Dumitrescu Hurlin Panel causality method were used in the analyzes made in the study.
Findings: According to the results of FMOLS and DOLS methods, it is seen that the Environmental Kuznets Curve hypothesis is valid in high and high middle-income countries, but not in low middle-income countries. In the other results obtained, it has been determined that urbanization is an important factor in environmental pollution. According to the results of the Dumitrescu-Hurlin causality test, it is seen that there is a unidirectional causality relationship from carbon emissions to economic growth in high-income countries and bidirectional causality in high-middle and low-middle income countries.
Limitations: n the study, within the scope of the classification made by the United Nations, a total of 72 countries (27 high-income, 24 upper-middle and 21 low-middle income countries are included in Annex 1).
Originality/Value: The study differs from other studies in terms of evaluating the countries in different income groups together and evaluating the impact of the difference in income level on the environment.

Keywords

STIRPAT Model, Environmental Kuznets Hypothesis, Panel Data Analysis

Çevresel Kuznets Eğrisi Hipotezinin Farklı Gelir Düzeylerindeki Ülkeler için İncelenmesi: STIRPAT Modelinden Bulgular

Abstract

Amaç: Bu çalışmada farklı gelir düzeylerine sahip ülkeler için STIRPAT çevre modeli kapsamında Çevresel Kuznets Eğrisi hipotezinin test edilmesi amaçlanmaktadır.
Tasarım/Yöntem: Çalışmada, karbon emisyonu (CO2), reel GSYİH, kentleşme ve enerji yoğunluğu arasındaki ilişki 1990-2014 yılları arasındaki dönemde 27 yüksek, 24 üst orta ve 21 düşük orta gelirli ülke için panel analiz yöntemleriyle incelemiştir. Çalışmada yapılan analizlerde FMOLS ve DOLS yöntemleri ile Dumitrescu Hurlin Panel nedensellik yöntemi kullanılmıştır.
Bulgular: FMOLS ve DOLS yöntemleri sonuçlarına göre yüksek ve yüksek orta gelirli ülkelerde Çevresel Kuznets Eğrisi hipotezinin geçerli olduğu, düşük orta gelirli ülkelerde ise geçerli olmadığı görülmektedir. Elde edilen diğer sonuçlarda çevre kirliliği üzerinde kentleşmenin önemli bir etken olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Dumitrescu-Hurlin nedensellik testi sonuçlarına göre ise yüksek gelirli ülkelerde karbon salınımından ekonomik büyüme doğru tek yönlü, yüksek orta ve düşük orta gelirli ülkelerde ise çift yönlü nedensellik ilişkisi olduğu görülmektedir.
Sınırlılıklar: Çalışmada, Birleşmiş Milletler tarafından yapılan sınıflandırma kapsamında 27 yüksek gelirli, 24 üst orta ve 21 düşük orta gelirli olmak üzere toplam 72 ülke de (ülke listesi EK 1’de yer almaktadır).
Özgünlük/Değer: Çalışma farklı gelir gruplarında bulunan ülkelerin birlikte değerlendirilmesi ve gelir düzeyindeki farklılığın çevre üzerindeki etkisinin değerlendirilmesi açısından diğer çalışmalardan farklılaşmaktadır.

Keywords

STIRPAT Model, Çevresel Kuznets Hipotezi, Panel Veri Analizi

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