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Covid 19 Pandemisi Sonrası Parkların Kullanıcı Memnuniyeti Açısından Değerlendirilmesi: Bursa / Nilüfer Örneği

Year 2023, Volume: 2 Issue: 1, 1 - 16, 05.07.2023

Abstract

Yeşil alanlar ve parklar, farklı sosyo-ekonomik ve kültür sınıflarındaki insanların bir araya gelmesine olanak tanıyan, kentin kalabalığından ve trafiğinden uzaklaşma, doğayla iç içe olma amaçlarıyla çeşitli aktivite ve etkinliklere imkân sağlayan alanlardır. Aynı zamanda, parklar sağlıklı mekanlar, sosyal yaşam ve toplulukların oluşturulmasında önemli bir role sahip olup sağlık krizi ve küresel salgın sırasında toplumun fiziksel, zihinsel ve sosyal sağlığına katkı sağlamıştır. 2020 yılından itibaren tüm dünya gündemine yerleşen COVID-19 pandemisinin getirdiği önlemler ve kısıtlamalar nedeniyle parkların, eskiye oranla kullanıcılar için daha önemli bir rekreasyon alanı haline geldiği açıkça görülmektedir. Bu çıkış noktası dikkate alınarak, bu çalışmada, COVID-19 pandemisi sonrasında parkların kullanıcı memnuniyetinin incelenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Bu amaçla seçilen park alanlarında kullanım sonrası değerlendirme yapılmıştır. Açık alanlarda vakit geçirmek ve fizyolojik ve psikolojik açıdan gelişime destek olmak açısından oldukça önemli bir yere sahip olan bu parklarda, eksikliklerin ve ihtiyaçların belirlenmesi ve yeni yapılacak olan tasarımlarda bu noktalara dikkat edilmesi, bu çalışmanın önemini oluşturmaktadır. Çalışma kapsamında COVID-19 pandemisi sonrasında Bursa Nilüfer İlçesi’nde bulunan 14 parkta anket çalışması gerçekleştirilmiştir. Anket, 5’li Likert ölçeğinde hazırlanmış olup 40 sorudan oluşmaktadır. Ankette yer alan sorular güvenlik, ergonomi, işitsel konfor, görsel konfor, temiz çevre, ısıl konfor, işlevsellik ve yeterlilik, yeşil doku, malzeme ve pandemi sonrası ihtiyaçlar olmak üzere on ana başlık altında değerlendirilmiştir.

References

  • Akpinar, A. (2017). Urban green spaces for children: a cross-sectional study of associations with distance, physical activity, screen time, general health, and overweight. Urban For. Urban Green. 25, 66–73. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. ufug.2017.05.006.
  • Asımgil, B. (2012). Sustainable Planning of Urban Parks – The Case of Balıkesir Turkey. Megaron, 7(1), 1-14.
  • Aydoğdu, H. (2017). Parklar (Mahalle, Semt, Kent). Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Selçuk Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimler Enstitüsü Peyzaj Mimarlığı Anabilim Dalı, Konya.
  • Ayoğlu, B. O. (2010). Zafer Anıtı-Güvenpark-Tbmm Kent Aksının Varolann Durumunun İrdelenmesi Ve Cumhuriyet Aksı Olarak Yeniden Tasarımı. Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Ankara Üniversitesi Fen Bilimler Enstitüsü Peyzaj Mimarlığı Anabilim Dalı, Ankara.
  • Chen, Y., Liu, X., Gao, W., Wang, R. Y., Li, Y., & Tu, W. (2018). Emerging social media data on measuring urban park use. Urban forestry & urban greening, 31, 130-141. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2018.02.005
  • Chiesura, A. (2004) “The role of urban parks for the sustainable city” Landscape and Urban Planning, 68(1), pp. 129–138. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2003.08.003
  • Coldwell, D.F., Evans, K.L. (2018). Visits to urban green-space and the countryside associate with different components of mental well-being and are better predictors than perceived or actual local urbanisation intensity. Landsc. Urban Plan. 175, 114–122.
  • Corley, J., Okely, J.A., Taylor, A.M., Page, D., Welstead, M., Skarabela, B., Russ, T.C. (2021). Home garden use during COVID-19: Associations with physical and mental wellbeing in older adults. J. Environ. Psychol. 73, 101545.
  • Elinç, H. (2011). Görsel Kalite Değerlendirmesi Yöntemi İle Antalya İli Alanya İlçesindeki Abdurrahman Alaettinoğlu Ve Alanya Belediye Başkanları Kent Parklarının İrdelenmesi. Yüksek Lisan Tezi, Selçuk Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Peyzaj Mimarlığı Anabilim Dalı, Konya.
  • Ertekin, N. (1992). Yeşil Alan Olarak İzmir İçin Önemi Olan Kültürparkın Bitki Varlığının Saptanması, Korunması ve Geliştirilmesi Üzerine Araştırmalar. Doktora Tezi, Ege Üniversitesi Peyzaj Mimarlığı Anabilim Dalı, İzmir.
  • Eşbah, H. (2006). Aydın’da Kent Parklarının Bazı Ekolojik Kalite Kriterleri Yönünden İrdelenmesi. Ekoloji Dergisi, 15(58), 42-48.
  • Eyüboğlu, Z. (2008). Kentsel Mekânların Bedensel Engelliler Tarafından Kullanılması. Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Ege Üniversitesi / Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü / Peyzaj Mimarlığı Ana Bilim Dalı İzmir.
  • Fagerholm, N., Eilola, S., Arki, V. (2021). Outdoor recreation and nature’s contribution to well-being in a pandemic situation-Case Turku. Finl. Urban For. Urban Green. 64. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2021.127257.
  • Geerts, P., Raeyenmaekers, K. (2013) “Park for the future. A best practice guide for the 21st century. http://issuu.com/lucifer/docs/parkvoordetoekomst_eng (Erişim Tarihi: 05.01.2023).
  • Gürer, N., Uğurlar, A. (2017). Kent Parklarında Kullanıcı Memnuniyeti: Ankara Kuğulu Park Örneği. Megaron, 12(3).
  • He, D., Miao, J., Lu, Y., Song, Y., Chen, L., Liu, Y. (2022). Urban greenery mitigates the negative effect of urban density on older adults’ life satisfaction: Evidence from Shanghai, China. Cities 124, 103607.
  • Heckert, M., Bristowe, A. (2021). Parks and the pandemic: a scoping review of research on green infrastructure use and health outcomes during COVID-19. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 18 (24). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182413096.
  • Holland, W.H., Powell R.B, Thomsen, J.M., Monz, C. A., (2018). A systematic review of the psychological, social, and educational outcomes associated with participation in wildland recreational activities. Journal of Outdoor Recreation, Education, and Leadership, 10(3) pp.197–225. https://doi.org/10.18666/JOREL-2018-V10-I3-8382
  • Honey-Rosés, J., Anguelovski, I., Chireh, V. K., Daher, C., Konijnendijk van den Bosch, C., Litt, J. S., & Nieuwenhuijsen, M. J. (2021). The impact of COVID-19 on public space: an early review of the emerging questions–design, perceptions and inequities. Cities & health, 5(1), 263-279.
  • Jamil A. B. (2002) A Design Guide for Public Parks in Malaysia, Skudai: Penerbit Universiti Teknologi, Malaysia.
  • Jaung, W., Carrasco, L.R., Shaikh, S.F.E.A., Tan, P.Y., Richards, D.R. (2020). Temperature and air pollution reductions by urban green spaces are highly valued in a tropical city-state. Urban For. Urban Green. 55, 126827. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. ufug.2020.126827.
  • Karlıer, G. (2017). Kent Parkları Kavramı ve Bursa Kent Parklarında Kullanıcı Memnuniyetinin İrdelenmesi. Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Bursa Uludağ Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Peyzaj Mimarlığı Anabilim Dalı, Bursa.
  • Lehberger, M., Kleih, A.-K., Sparke, K. (2021). Self-reported well-being and the importance of green spaces-a comparison of garden owners and non-garden owners in times of COVID-19. Landsc. Urban Plan. 212. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. lurbplan.2021.104108.
  • Neal, P. (2013). Rethinking Parks Exploring New Business Models For Parks In The 21 Century. https://www.nesta.org.uk/report/rethinking-parks-new-business-models-for-parks/ (Erişim Tarihi: 11.10.2022).
  • Orban, E., Sutcliffe, R., Dragano, N., Joeckel, K.-H., Moebus, S. (2017). Residential Surrounding Greenness, Self-Rated Health and Interrelations with Aspects of Neighborhood Environment and Social Relations. J. Urban Health-Bull. N. Y. Acad. Med. 94 (2), 158–169. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11524–016–0112–3.
  • Özdemir, A. (2009). Katılımcı Kentli Kimliğinin Oluşumunda Kamusal Yeşil Alanların Rolü; Ankara Kent Parkları Örneği. SDÜ Orman Fakültesi Dergisi, 1, 144-153.
  • Özkır, A. (2007). Kent Parkları Yönetim Modelinin Geliştirilmesi. Doktora Tezi, Ankara Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Peyzaj Mimarlığı Ana Bilim Dalı, Ankara.
  • Poortinga, W., Bird, N., Hallingberg, B., Phillips, R., Williams, D. (2021). The role of perceived public and private green space in subjective health and wellbeing during and after the first peak of the COVID-19 outbreak. Landsc. Urban Plan. 211. https:// doi.org/10.1016/j.lurbplan.2021.104092.
  • Pouso, S., Borja, A., Fleming, L.E., Gomez-Baggethun, E., White, M.P., Uyarra, M.C. (2021). Contact with blue-green spaces during the COVID-19 pandemic lockdown beneficial for mental health. Sci. Total Environ. 756. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. scitotenv.2020.143984.
  • Rajoo, K.S., Karam, D.S., Abdu, A., Rosli, Z., Gerusu, G.J. (2021). Addressing psychosocial issues caused by the COVID-19 lockdown: can urban greeneries help. Urban For. Urban Green. 65. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2021.127340.
  • Rice W. L, Pan B. (2020). Understanding drivers of change in park visita- tion during the COVID-19 pandemic: a spatial application of Big data. SocArXiv. https ://doi.org/10.31235 /osf.io/97qa4
  • Ritchie H, Ortiz-Ospina, E., Beltekian, D., Mathieu, E., Hasell, J., Mac- donald, B., Giattino, C., Roser, M. (2020). Policy Responses to the Coronavirus Pandemic. https ://ourwo rldin data.org/polic y-respo nses-covid (Erişim Tarihi: 15.12.2022).
  • Rung A. L., Mowen, A. J., Broyles, S. T., Gustat, J. (2011). The role of park conditions and features on park visitation and physical activity. J Phys Activ Health, 8(2), pp. 178-187. https ://doi.org/10.1123/jpah.8.s2.s178
  • Saeedi, I., Dabbagh, E. (2021). Modeling the relationships between hardscape color and user satisfaction in urban parks. Environment, Development and Sustainability, 23(4), pp. 6535-6552. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-020-00866-z
  • Samuelsson, K., Barthel, S., Colding, J., Macassa, G., Giusti, M. (2020). Urban nature as a source of resilience during social distancing amidst the coronavirus pandemic. OSF Preprints. https: //doi. org/10.31219 /osf.io/3wx5a
  • Samuelsson, K., Barthel, S., Giusti, M., Hartig, T. (2021). Visiting nearby natural settings supported wellbeing during Sweden’s "soft-touch" pandemic restrictions. Landsc. Urban Plan. 214. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lurbplan.2021.104176
  • Thomsen, J. M., Powell, R. B., Allen, D. (2013). Park health resources: Benefits, values, and implications. Park Science, 30(2), pp. 30–36.
  • TKGM (2022). Turkish Land Registry and Cadastre. https://parselsorgu.tkgm.gov.tr/#ara/cografi/40.23185567472554/28.977223634719852 (Erişim Tarihi: 02.10.2022).
  • Twohig-Bennett, C., Jones, A. (2018). The health benefits of the great outdoors: a systematic review and meta-analysis of greenspace exposure and health outcomes. Environmental Research, 166, pp. 628–637.
  • Endeksa, 2022. Nilüfer bölgesinin demografik özellikleri. (Erişim Tarihi: 01.07.2022). https://www.endeksa.com/tr/analiz/bursa/nilufer/demografi
  • Wolch, J.R., Byrne, J., Newell, J.P. (2014). Urban green space, public health, and environmental justice: the challenge of making cities ’just green enough’. Landsc. Urban Plan. 125, 234–244.
  • World Health Organization (WHO) (2020).WHO Director-General’s opening remarks at the media briefing on COVID-19. https://www.who.int/director-general/speeches/detail (Erişim Tarihi: 12.11.2022).

Evaluation of Parks in Terms of User Satisfaction After Covid 19 Pandemic: Bursa / Nilufer Example

Year 2023, Volume: 2 Issue: 1, 1 - 16, 05.07.2023

Abstract

Green spaces and parks are areas that provide various activities and events that enable people from different socio-economic and cultural groups to get together, to get away from the city's crowds and traffic, and to be in contact with nature. At the same time, parks have an important role in providing healthy spaces, social life, and communities, and have contributed to the physical, mental, and social health of society throughout the health crisis and the pandemic. Since 2020, parks have clearly become more important recreational areas due to the precautions and limitations brought by the COVID-19 pandemic, which has been on the worldwide agenda. Accordingly, this study aims to examine the user satisfaction of parks after COVID-19 pandemic. For this purpose, post-use evaluation was carried out at the selected park areas. The importance of this study is to determine the necessities and deficiencies in these parks, which are significant in terms of spending time in the outdoor and supporting physiological and psychological improvement, and for the consideration these points for new designs. Within the scope of the study, a survey was conducted in 14 park areas in Bursa Nilüfer District after the COVID-19 pandemic. The questionnaire was prepared on a 5-point Likert scale, and it consists of 40 questions. These questions were evaluated under ten main headings: safety, ergonomics, auditory comfort, visual comfort, clean environment, thermal comfort, functionality and adequacy, green tissue, materials, and post-pandemic requirements.

References

  • Akpinar, A. (2017). Urban green spaces for children: a cross-sectional study of associations with distance, physical activity, screen time, general health, and overweight. Urban For. Urban Green. 25, 66–73. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. ufug.2017.05.006.
  • Asımgil, B. (2012). Sustainable Planning of Urban Parks – The Case of Balıkesir Turkey. Megaron, 7(1), 1-14.
  • Aydoğdu, H. (2017). Parklar (Mahalle, Semt, Kent). Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Selçuk Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimler Enstitüsü Peyzaj Mimarlığı Anabilim Dalı, Konya.
  • Ayoğlu, B. O. (2010). Zafer Anıtı-Güvenpark-Tbmm Kent Aksının Varolann Durumunun İrdelenmesi Ve Cumhuriyet Aksı Olarak Yeniden Tasarımı. Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Ankara Üniversitesi Fen Bilimler Enstitüsü Peyzaj Mimarlığı Anabilim Dalı, Ankara.
  • Chen, Y., Liu, X., Gao, W., Wang, R. Y., Li, Y., & Tu, W. (2018). Emerging social media data on measuring urban park use. Urban forestry & urban greening, 31, 130-141. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2018.02.005
  • Chiesura, A. (2004) “The role of urban parks for the sustainable city” Landscape and Urban Planning, 68(1), pp. 129–138. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2003.08.003
  • Coldwell, D.F., Evans, K.L. (2018). Visits to urban green-space and the countryside associate with different components of mental well-being and are better predictors than perceived or actual local urbanisation intensity. Landsc. Urban Plan. 175, 114–122.
  • Corley, J., Okely, J.A., Taylor, A.M., Page, D., Welstead, M., Skarabela, B., Russ, T.C. (2021). Home garden use during COVID-19: Associations with physical and mental wellbeing in older adults. J. Environ. Psychol. 73, 101545.
  • Elinç, H. (2011). Görsel Kalite Değerlendirmesi Yöntemi İle Antalya İli Alanya İlçesindeki Abdurrahman Alaettinoğlu Ve Alanya Belediye Başkanları Kent Parklarının İrdelenmesi. Yüksek Lisan Tezi, Selçuk Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Peyzaj Mimarlığı Anabilim Dalı, Konya.
  • Ertekin, N. (1992). Yeşil Alan Olarak İzmir İçin Önemi Olan Kültürparkın Bitki Varlığının Saptanması, Korunması ve Geliştirilmesi Üzerine Araştırmalar. Doktora Tezi, Ege Üniversitesi Peyzaj Mimarlığı Anabilim Dalı, İzmir.
  • Eşbah, H. (2006). Aydın’da Kent Parklarının Bazı Ekolojik Kalite Kriterleri Yönünden İrdelenmesi. Ekoloji Dergisi, 15(58), 42-48.
  • Eyüboğlu, Z. (2008). Kentsel Mekânların Bedensel Engelliler Tarafından Kullanılması. Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Ege Üniversitesi / Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü / Peyzaj Mimarlığı Ana Bilim Dalı İzmir.
  • Fagerholm, N., Eilola, S., Arki, V. (2021). Outdoor recreation and nature’s contribution to well-being in a pandemic situation-Case Turku. Finl. Urban For. Urban Green. 64. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2021.127257.
  • Geerts, P., Raeyenmaekers, K. (2013) “Park for the future. A best practice guide for the 21st century. http://issuu.com/lucifer/docs/parkvoordetoekomst_eng (Erişim Tarihi: 05.01.2023).
  • Gürer, N., Uğurlar, A. (2017). Kent Parklarında Kullanıcı Memnuniyeti: Ankara Kuğulu Park Örneği. Megaron, 12(3).
  • He, D., Miao, J., Lu, Y., Song, Y., Chen, L., Liu, Y. (2022). Urban greenery mitigates the negative effect of urban density on older adults’ life satisfaction: Evidence from Shanghai, China. Cities 124, 103607.
  • Heckert, M., Bristowe, A. (2021). Parks and the pandemic: a scoping review of research on green infrastructure use and health outcomes during COVID-19. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 18 (24). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182413096.
  • Holland, W.H., Powell R.B, Thomsen, J.M., Monz, C. A., (2018). A systematic review of the psychological, social, and educational outcomes associated with participation in wildland recreational activities. Journal of Outdoor Recreation, Education, and Leadership, 10(3) pp.197–225. https://doi.org/10.18666/JOREL-2018-V10-I3-8382
  • Honey-Rosés, J., Anguelovski, I., Chireh, V. K., Daher, C., Konijnendijk van den Bosch, C., Litt, J. S., & Nieuwenhuijsen, M. J. (2021). The impact of COVID-19 on public space: an early review of the emerging questions–design, perceptions and inequities. Cities & health, 5(1), 263-279.
  • Jamil A. B. (2002) A Design Guide for Public Parks in Malaysia, Skudai: Penerbit Universiti Teknologi, Malaysia.
  • Jaung, W., Carrasco, L.R., Shaikh, S.F.E.A., Tan, P.Y., Richards, D.R. (2020). Temperature and air pollution reductions by urban green spaces are highly valued in a tropical city-state. Urban For. Urban Green. 55, 126827. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. ufug.2020.126827.
  • Karlıer, G. (2017). Kent Parkları Kavramı ve Bursa Kent Parklarında Kullanıcı Memnuniyetinin İrdelenmesi. Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Bursa Uludağ Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Peyzaj Mimarlığı Anabilim Dalı, Bursa.
  • Lehberger, M., Kleih, A.-K., Sparke, K. (2021). Self-reported well-being and the importance of green spaces-a comparison of garden owners and non-garden owners in times of COVID-19. Landsc. Urban Plan. 212. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. lurbplan.2021.104108.
  • Neal, P. (2013). Rethinking Parks Exploring New Business Models For Parks In The 21 Century. https://www.nesta.org.uk/report/rethinking-parks-new-business-models-for-parks/ (Erişim Tarihi: 11.10.2022).
  • Orban, E., Sutcliffe, R., Dragano, N., Joeckel, K.-H., Moebus, S. (2017). Residential Surrounding Greenness, Self-Rated Health and Interrelations with Aspects of Neighborhood Environment and Social Relations. J. Urban Health-Bull. N. Y. Acad. Med. 94 (2), 158–169. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11524–016–0112–3.
  • Özdemir, A. (2009). Katılımcı Kentli Kimliğinin Oluşumunda Kamusal Yeşil Alanların Rolü; Ankara Kent Parkları Örneği. SDÜ Orman Fakültesi Dergisi, 1, 144-153.
  • Özkır, A. (2007). Kent Parkları Yönetim Modelinin Geliştirilmesi. Doktora Tezi, Ankara Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Peyzaj Mimarlığı Ana Bilim Dalı, Ankara.
  • Poortinga, W., Bird, N., Hallingberg, B., Phillips, R., Williams, D. (2021). The role of perceived public and private green space in subjective health and wellbeing during and after the first peak of the COVID-19 outbreak. Landsc. Urban Plan. 211. https:// doi.org/10.1016/j.lurbplan.2021.104092.
  • Pouso, S., Borja, A., Fleming, L.E., Gomez-Baggethun, E., White, M.P., Uyarra, M.C. (2021). Contact with blue-green spaces during the COVID-19 pandemic lockdown beneficial for mental health. Sci. Total Environ. 756. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. scitotenv.2020.143984.
  • Rajoo, K.S., Karam, D.S., Abdu, A., Rosli, Z., Gerusu, G.J. (2021). Addressing psychosocial issues caused by the COVID-19 lockdown: can urban greeneries help. Urban For. Urban Green. 65. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2021.127340.
  • Rice W. L, Pan B. (2020). Understanding drivers of change in park visita- tion during the COVID-19 pandemic: a spatial application of Big data. SocArXiv. https ://doi.org/10.31235 /osf.io/97qa4
  • Ritchie H, Ortiz-Ospina, E., Beltekian, D., Mathieu, E., Hasell, J., Mac- donald, B., Giattino, C., Roser, M. (2020). Policy Responses to the Coronavirus Pandemic. https ://ourwo rldin data.org/polic y-respo nses-covid (Erişim Tarihi: 15.12.2022).
  • Rung A. L., Mowen, A. J., Broyles, S. T., Gustat, J. (2011). The role of park conditions and features on park visitation and physical activity. J Phys Activ Health, 8(2), pp. 178-187. https ://doi.org/10.1123/jpah.8.s2.s178
  • Saeedi, I., Dabbagh, E. (2021). Modeling the relationships between hardscape color and user satisfaction in urban parks. Environment, Development and Sustainability, 23(4), pp. 6535-6552. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-020-00866-z
  • Samuelsson, K., Barthel, S., Colding, J., Macassa, G., Giusti, M. (2020). Urban nature as a source of resilience during social distancing amidst the coronavirus pandemic. OSF Preprints. https: //doi. org/10.31219 /osf.io/3wx5a
  • Samuelsson, K., Barthel, S., Giusti, M., Hartig, T. (2021). Visiting nearby natural settings supported wellbeing during Sweden’s "soft-touch" pandemic restrictions. Landsc. Urban Plan. 214. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lurbplan.2021.104176
  • Thomsen, J. M., Powell, R. B., Allen, D. (2013). Park health resources: Benefits, values, and implications. Park Science, 30(2), pp. 30–36.
  • TKGM (2022). Turkish Land Registry and Cadastre. https://parselsorgu.tkgm.gov.tr/#ara/cografi/40.23185567472554/28.977223634719852 (Erişim Tarihi: 02.10.2022).
  • Twohig-Bennett, C., Jones, A. (2018). The health benefits of the great outdoors: a systematic review and meta-analysis of greenspace exposure and health outcomes. Environmental Research, 166, pp. 628–637.
  • Endeksa, 2022. Nilüfer bölgesinin demografik özellikleri. (Erişim Tarihi: 01.07.2022). https://www.endeksa.com/tr/analiz/bursa/nilufer/demografi
  • Wolch, J.R., Byrne, J., Newell, J.P. (2014). Urban green space, public health, and environmental justice: the challenge of making cities ’just green enough’. Landsc. Urban Plan. 125, 234–244.
  • World Health Organization (WHO) (2020).WHO Director-General’s opening remarks at the media briefing on COVID-19. https://www.who.int/director-general/speeches/detail (Erişim Tarihi: 12.11.2022).
There are 42 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Architecture (Other)
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Dilara Dindar This is me 0000-0001-8955-543X

Yiğit Yardımcı 0000-0002-3785-4195

Filiz Şenkal Sezer This is me 0000-0002-8376-5177

Publication Date July 5, 2023
Submission Date November 25, 2022
Published in Issue Year 2023 Volume: 2 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Dindar, D., Yardımcı, Y., & Şenkal Sezer, F. (2023). Covid 19 Pandemisi Sonrası Parkların Kullanıcı Memnuniyeti Açısından Değerlendirilmesi: Bursa / Nilüfer Örneği. Karesi Journal of Architecture, 2(1), 1-16.

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