THE EFFECT OF GLOBAL WARMING ON FUNGAL INFECTIONS

Year 2021, Volume: 22 Issue: 4, 304 - 308, 01.07.2021

Nurnehir Baltacı , Ayşe Kalkancı

https://doi.org/10.18229/kocatepetip.677398

Cited By: 1

Abstract

Global warming is a threatening process with significant consequences over time, including increased sea levels, food insufficiency and famine, changes in global precipitation patterns, changes in plant and animal populations, and serious health impacts. We are expected to experience the hottest period of 40 million years due to anthropogenic greenhouse gas production in this century. Since global warming is predicted to have significant effects on infectious diseases, research on vector-borne diseases, food and waterborne diseases, bacterial and viral infections have increased. However, there are few studies on fungal infections. Thermophilic and thermotolerant saprophyte fungus species can turn into potential pathogens for each 1°C gained in order for the global average temperature to approach body temperature due to global warming. Therefore, global warming is likely to increase the prevalence of fungal diseases. In this review, we aimed to draw attention to the increase in the prevalence of yeast infections as a result of global warming.

Keywords

Global warming, climate change, fungal infections, Candida auris

KÜRESEL ISINMANIN MANTAR ENFEKSİYONLARINA ETKİSİ

Abstract

Küresel ısınma, artan deniz seviyeleri, gıda yetmezliği ve açlık, küresel yağış düzenindeki değişiklikler, bitki ve hayvan popülasyonlarındaki değişiklikler ve ciddi sağlık etkileri de dahil olmak üzere zaman içinde önemli sonuçlara yol açan tehditli bir süreçtir. Yaşadığımız yüzyılda antropojenik sera gazı üretimine bağlı olarak, 40 milyon yılın en sıcak periyodunu yaşamamız beklenmektedir. Küresel ısınmanın enfeksiyon hastalıklarında önemli etkiler oluşturacağı ön görüldüğünden, özellikle vektör kaynaklı hastalıklar, gıda ve su kaynaklı hastalıklar, bakteriyel ve viral enfeksiyonlar üzerine araştırmalar yoğunlaşmıştır. Ancak mantar enfeksiyonları ile ilgili çalışmalar oldukça azdır. Küresel ısınmaya bağlı olarak küresel ortalama sıcaklığın, vücut sıcaklığına yaklaşmasını adına kazanılan her 1° C için, termofilik ve termotolerant saprofit mantar türleri potansiyel patojenlere dönüşebilmektedir. Dolayısıyla mevcut küresel ısınma ile mantar hastalıklarının prevalansının artma ihtimali oldukça yüksektir. Bu derlemede küresel ısınma sonucunda mantar enfeksiyonların prevalansında oluşabilecek artışa dikkat çekmek amaçlanmıştır.

Keywords

Küserel ısınma, iklim değişikliği, mantar enfeksiyonları, Candida auris

References

• 1. Garcia-Solache MA, Casadevall A. Global warming will bring new fungal diseases for mammals. mBio 2010;1(1):e00061-10.
• 2. Mirski T, Bielawska-Drózd A, Bartoszcze M. Impact of Climate Change on Infectious Diseases. Pol J Environ Stud 2012;21(3).
• 3. Gallana M, Ryser-Degiorgis M-P, Wahli T, et al. Climate change and infectious diseases of wildlife: altered interactions between pathogens, vectors and hosts. Curr Zool 2013;59(3):427-437.
• 4. Yu FL, Kwan D (Editors). Contemporary Issues in International Political Economy. In: Tang EC, Global Warming, Climate Change and World Environmental Degradation. Palgrave Macmillan, Singapore: Springer, 2019;307-329.
• 5. Nedkov S, Zhelezov G, Ilieva N (Editors). Smart Geography. In: Mateeva Z, Climate Change: Human Health-Related Risks and Vulnerability—Some Global and Local (Bulgarian) Pictures. Switzerland: Springer, 2020; 75-89.
• 6. Khasnis AA, Nettleman MD. Global warming and infectious disease. Arch Med Res 2005;36(6):689-696.
• 7. Hatipoğlu R, Avcı M, Çınar S. Effects of Climate Change on the Grasslands. Turkish JAF Sci Tech 2019;7(12):2282-2290.
• 8. Letcher TM (Editor). Managing Global Warming. In: House L, Why do we have global warming? New York: Elsevier; 2019; 3-15.
• 9. Olaniyi O, Olutimehin I, Funmilayo OA. Review of climate change and its effect on Nigeria ecosystem. Int J Environ Heal R 2019;3(3).
• 10. Tong S, Ebi K. Preventing and mitigating health risks of climate change. Environ Res 2019; (174):9-13.
• 11. Arnason RJO, Global warming: New challenges for the common fisheries policy? Ocean Coast Manag 2012;70:4-9.
• 12. Dumont B, Andueza D, Niderkorn V, et al. A meta‐analysis of climate change effects on forage quality in grasslands: specificities of mountain and Mediterranean areas. Grass Forage Sci 2015;70(2):239-254.
• 13. Semenza JC, Menne BJTLid. Climate change and infectious diseases in Europe. Lancet Infect Dis 2009;9(6):365-375.
• 14. Watts N, Amann M, Ayeb-Karlsson S, et al. The Lancet Countdown on health and climate change: from 25 years of inaction to a global transformation for public health. The Lancet 2018;391(10120):581-630.
• 15. Bein T, Karagiannidis C, Quintel M, Climate change, global warming, and intensive care. Intensive Care Med 2019;1-3.
• 16. Harsha MV, Venkatachalam S, Pooja M, et al. Emerging Fungal Pathogens-A Major Threat To Human Life. Int J Pharm Sci 2017;8(5):1923.
• 17. Budowle B, Schutzer S, Morse S (Editors). Microbial Forensics. In: Engelthaler DM, Litvintseva AP. Genomic epidemiology and forensics of fungal pathogens. Third Edition, United Kingdom: Elsevier, 2020; 141-54.
• 18. Casadevall A, Fungal diseases in the 21st Century: the near and far horizons. Pathog Immun 2018;3(2):183.
• 19. Meng H-H, Zhou S-S, Jiang X-L, et al. Are mountaintops climate refugia for plants under global warming? A lesson from high-mountain oaks in tropical rainforest. Alp Bot 2019;129(2):175-183.
• 20. De S Araújo GR, Souza Wd, Frases S. The hidden pathogenic potential of environmental fungi. Future Microbiol 2017;12(16):1533-1540.
• 21. Kidd SE, Hagen F, Tscharke R, Huynh M et al. A rare genotype of Cryptococcus gattii caused the cryptococcosis outbreak on Vancouver Island (British Columbia, Canada). Proc Natl Acad Sci 2004;101(49):17258-63.
• 22. Chakrabarti, A (Editor). Rare Fungal Infections in Asia. In: Chindamporn, A, Worasichai N, Clinical Practice of Medical Mycology in Asia. Singapore :Springer Nature, 2019;293-316.
• 23. Eyre DW, Sheppard AE, Madder H, et al. A Candida auris outbreak and its control in an intensive care setting. N Engl J Med 2018;379(14):1322-1331.
• 24. Misseri G, Ippolito M, Cortegiani A. Global warming “heating up” the ICU through Candida auris infections: the climate changes theory. Crit Care 2019;23(1):1-2.
• 25. Casadevall A, Kontoyiannis DP, Robert V. On the emergence of Candida auris: climate change, azoles, swamps and birds. mBio 2019;657-635.
• 26. Inokuma D, Shibaki A, Shimizu H, et al. Two cases of cutaneous sporotrichosis in continental/microthermal climate zone: global warming alert? Clin Exp Dermatol 2010;35(6):668-669.
• 27. Goud KY, Reddy KK, Satyanarayana M, et al. A review on recent developments in optical and electrochemical aptamer-based assays for mycotoxins using advanced nanomaterials. Microchim Acta 2020;187(1):29.
• 28. Paterson R, Lima, Thermophilic fungi to dominate aflatoxigenic/mycotoxigenic fungi on food under global warming. Int J Environ Res 2017;14(2):