AN ECONOMIC AND TECHNICAL REVIEW FOR THE UTILIZATION OF HVDC IN TURKEY AND IN THE WORLD

Year 2021, Volume: 9 Issue: 3, 809 - 835, 01.09.2021

Hakan Acaroğlu , Atabak Najafı , Ömer Kara , Burcu Yürük

https://doi.org/10.36306/konjes.907309

Cited By: 3

Abstract

In recent years, it is seen that High Voltage Direct Current (HVDC) transmission line systems have come to the fore in the field of energy efficiency in the world. Therefore, it is predicted that analyzing the technological and economic advantages of HVDC transmission line systems will make an important contribution to energy efficiency policies. In this regard, this study aims to examine the technological and economic advantages of HVDC transmission systems through the historical development with applications in Turkey and in the world. In addition to this, it is expected that the evaluation of the effects of energy efficiency on the economy will bring a different perspective to the energy and economic literature. Therefore, it is thought that energy and economic policies for the spread of HVDC transmission line systems worldwide will be essential. The asymmetric distribution of natural energy sources in the world causes energy supply security problems in the countries such as Turkey in terms of high foreign dependence on energy. For this reason, it is necessary to meet the increasing energy demand and increase the existing capacity day by day. Besides, it is important to develop policies for efficient use of energy.
HVDC technology is extremely important for a developing country like Turkey. Moreover, it is known that this energy transmission technology has become widespread in developed countries. Thereby, a technical comparison is done for investment costs of the transmission system in Germany. As a result, other than bringing economic benefits with the energy transmission of Turkey through HVDC, it has important potential for making energy transmission possible with her neighbors and European Union countries.

Keywords

High voltage direct current, Transmission line system, Energy, Turkey

Yüksek Gerilim Doğru Akım (YGDA) İletim Hatlarının Türkiye ve Dünyada Kullanımına İlişkin Ekonomik ve Teknik Bir İnceleme

Abstract

Son yıllarda dünyada enerji verimliliği alanında Yüksek Gerilim Doğru Akım (YGDA) iletim hattı sistemlerinin ön plana çıktığı görülmektedir. Bu nedenle, YGDA iletim hattı sistemlerinin teknolojik ve ekonomik üstünlüklerinin analiz edilmesinin enerji verimliliği politikalarına önemli bir katkı sağlayacağı öngörülmektedir. Bu bağlamda bu çalışma, YGDA iletim hattı sistemlerinin, Türkiye’de ve dünyada tarihsel gelişimi ile uygulama örnekleri üzerinden teknolojik ve ekonomik avantajlarının incelenmesini amaçlamaktadır. Buna ek olarak, çalışmada enerji verimliliğinin ekonomi üzerindeki etkilerinin değerlendirilmesinin, enerji ve ekonomi literatürüne farklı bir bakış açısı getireceği beklenmektedir.
Böylece, YGDA iletim hattı sistemlerinin dünya genelinde yaygınlaşmasına yönelik enerji ve ekonomi politikalarının önem kazanacağı düşünülmektedir. Dünyada doğal enerji kaynaklarının asimetrik dağılımı, Türkiye gibi enerjide dışa bağımlılığı yüksek olan ülkeler açısından enerji arz güvenliği sorununa neden olmaktadır. Bu sebeple her geçen gün artan enerji talebinin karşılanması ve mevcut kapasitenin artırılması gerekmektedir. Ayrıca, enerjinin verimli kullanılmasına yönelik politikaların geliştirilmesi de önem taşımaktadır. YGDA teknolojisi Türkiye gibi gelişmekte olan bir ülke için son derece önemlidir. Ayrıca gelişmiş ülkelerde bu enerji iletim teknolojisinin yaygınlaştığı bilinmektedir. Bu nedenle, Almanya’daki bir iletim sisteminin yatırım maliyetleri için teknik bir karşılaştırma yapılmıştır.
Sonuç olarak, Türkiye’nin enerji iletimini YGDA ile sağlaması ekonomik getirilerinin yanı sıra, komşu ve Avrupa Birliği ülkeleriyle enerji iletimini mümkün kılması açısından ekonomik bir potansiyel de taşımaktadır.

Keywords

Yüksek gerilim doğru akım, İletim hattı sistemi, Enerji, Türkiye

References

• ABB, 2014, Review Special Report 60 Years of HVDC, https://searchext.abb.com/library/Download.aspx?DocumentID=9AKK106103A8195&Languag eCode=en&DocumentPartId=&Action=Launch , Access Date: 12.04.2020.
• Ackerman, T., 2005, Wind Power in Power System, 2nd Ed. UK, John Wiley & Sons.
• Ai, P., Tin, T., 2014, “Design Implementation of 250kV HVDC Overhead Transmission System”, International Journal of Scientific Engineering and Technology Research, Vol.3, No.15, pp. 3223- 3227.
• Akbal, B., 2017, “Forecasting Applications of the Sheath Current of High Voltage Cable with Artificial Neural Network Based Hybrid Methods”, Pamukkale University Journal of Engineering Sciences, Vol.23, No.2, pp. 119-125.
• Alassi, A., Banales ,S., Ellabban, O., Adam, G., Maclver, C., 2019, "HVDC Transmission: Technology Review, Market Trends and Future Outlook", Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, vol. 112, pp. 530-554.
• Almgren, B., Urban, A., Dong, W.,"A Survey of the Flashover Performance of HVDC Converter Station Insulators", IEEE 1998 International Conference on Power System Technology, Beijing, China, 516-519, 18-21 Auqust 1998.
• Azimoh, L.,C., 2010, Investigation Into Voltage and Angle Stability of A Hybrid HVAC-HVDC Power Network, Master Thesis, University of Cape Town, South Africa.
• Bahrman, MP., “Overview of HVDC Transmission”, 2006 IEEE PES Power Systems Conference and Exposition, Atlanta, USA, 29 Oct-1 Nov 2006.
• Bancal, S., 2015, Basic Design of An HVDC Interconnection in Brazil, Master Thesis, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden.
• Barthold, L.,O., “Technical and Economic Aspects of Tripole HVDC”, 2006 International Conference on Power System Technology, Chongqing, China, 22-26 October 2006.
• Beerten, J., Gomis-Bellmunt, O., Guillaud, X., Rimez, J., Van Der Meer, A., Van Hertem, D., “Modeling and Control of HVDC grids: A Key Challenge for the Future Power System”, IEEE 2014 Power Systems Computation Conference, Wroclow, Poland, 18-22 Auqust 2014.
• Bergelin, P., Jeroense, M., Quist, T., Rapp, H., 2017, “640 kV Extruded HVDC Cable System”. Technical Report, NKT Group GmbH.
• Bertling, L., Pramod, B., "On the Use of Reliability Test Systems: A Literature Survey", 2011 IEEE Power and Energy Society General Meeting, Michigan, USA, 1-9, 24-28 July 2011.
• Brask, M., 2008, Modelling of The Power System of Gotland Inpss/E With Focus on HVDC Light, Master Thesis, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden.
• Brenna M, Foiadelli F, Longo M. “Fault Detection HVDC Systems Applied to Renewable Sources”. 17th International Conference on Electronic. Belo Horizonte, Brazil, 16-19 Oct 2016.
• Burger, N., Tuson, P., 2005, “Loadflow Modelling of a 400 km 2000 MW HVDC Link", Energize, pp. 28-34. Cao, J., Cai JY., “HVDC in China”, EPRI 2013 HVDC&FACTS Conference, Palo Alto, CA, USA, 28-29 August 2013.
• Chen, G., Hao, M., Xu, Z., Vaughan, A., Cao, J., Wang, H., 2015, “Review of High Voltage Direct Current Cables”, CSEE Journal of Power and Energy Systems, Vol.1, No.2, pp. 9-21.
• Cotts, BR., Prigmore, II. JR., Graf, KL., 2017, “HVDC Transmission for Renewable Energy Integration”, in The Power Grid, Academic Press, 171-196.
• EEP, 2014, Electrical Engineering Portal, https://electrical-engineering-portal.com/analysing-the-costs-of- high-voltage-direct-current-hvdc-transmission, Access Date: 15.03.2020.
• Elliott, D., Bell, KR., Finney, S., J., Adapa, R., Brozio, C., Yu, J., Hussain, K., 2015, “A Comparison of AC and HVDC Options for the Connection of Offshore Wind Generation in Great Britain”, IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, Vol.31, No.2, pp. 798-809.
• El-Saady, G., Ibrahim, EA., Okilly, A., H., "Analysis and Control of HVDC Transmission Power System", 2016 Eighteenth International Middle East Power Systems Conference (MEPCON). Cairo, Egypt, 27-29 December 2016.
• Eltamaly, AM., Sayed, Y., Elghaffar, ANA., 2017, "A Survey: HVDC System Operation and Fault Analysis", Annals of the Faculty of Engineering Hunedoara-International Journal of Engineering, Vol. 15, No.4, pp. 25-30.
• Figueroa-Acevedo, AL., Czahor, M., Jahn, DE., 2015, “A Comparison of the Technological, Economic, Public Policy, and Environmental Factors of HVDC and HVAC Interregional Transmission”, AIMS Energy, Vol. 3, No. 1, pp. 1-18.
• Francos, PL., Verdugo, SS., Álvarez, HF., Guyomarch, S., Loncle, J., “INELFE — Europe's First Integrated Onshore HVDC Interconnection”, 2012 IEEE Power and Energy Society General Meeting, San Diego, California, 23-26 July 2012.
• Gamit, P., Shah, N., Wani ,U., Patel, P., Mali, U., Chaudhari, A., 2015, "Comparative Analysis of HVDC and EHVAC", International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET), Vol. 2, No. 9, pp. 1165-1171.
• Giraneza, M., 2013, High Voltage Direct Current (HVDC) in Applications for Distributed Independent Power Providers (IPP), Master Thesis, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, Cape Town, South Africa.
• Gu, X., He, S., Xu, Y., Yan, Y., Hou, S., Fu, M., 2018, “Partial Discharge Detection on 320 kV VSCHVDC XLPE Cable with Artificial Defects Under DC Voltage”, IEEE Trans Dielectr Electr Insul, Vol.25, No. 3, pp. 939–946.
• Haugland, P., 2008, “It’s Time to Connect: Technical Description of HVDC Light® Technology”, ABB Techincal Report, Ludvika, Sweden.
• Hausler, M., “Multiterminal HVDC for High Power Transmission in Europe”, CEPEX99 Conference, Poznan, Poland, March 1999.
• Hur, D., 2012, “Economic Considerations Underlying the Adoption of HVDC and HVAC for the Connection of an Offshore Wind Farm in Korea”, Journal of Electrical Engineering & Technology, Vol.7, No.2, pp. 157-162.
• IEEE, 2006, DC and Flexible AC Transmission Subcommittee of the IEEE Transmission and Distribution Committee by the Working Group on HVDC and FACTS Bibliography and Records, http://www.ece.uidaho.edu/hvdcfacts/Projects/HVDCProjectsListingDec2006.pdf Access Date: 15.04.2020.
• Kalair, A., Abas, N., Khan, N., 2016, “Comparative Study of HVAC and HVDC Transmission Systems”, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Vol.59, pp. 1653-1675.
• Kamalapur, GD., Sheelavant, VR., Pujar, A., Baksi, S., Patil, A., 2014, "HVDC Transmission in India", IEEE Potentials, Vol.33, No.1, pp. 22-27.
• Kharade, JM., Savagave, DNG., 2017, "A Review of HVDC Converter Topologies", International Journal of Innovative Research in Science, Engineering and Technology , Vol. 6, No.2, pp. 1822-1830.
• Kotb, O., 2018, On Stability Enhancement in AC/DC Power Systems through Multi-Terminal HVDC Controllers, Doctoral Thesis, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden.
• Kumru, CF., Arıkan, O., 2020, “Investigation of Line Displacement in Terms of Electrical Field Distribution and Safe Right of Way Distance in Energy Transmission Systems”, Pamukkale University Journal of Engineering Sciences, Vol.26, No.2, pp. 279-285.
• Kundur, P., 1994, Power System Stability and Control, McGraw-Hill.
• L'Abbate, A., Careri, F., Calisti, R., Rossi, S., Fulli, G., “Long-term HVDC Developments in the European Power System: The Baltic Case in GridTech Analysis”, 2015 IEEE 5th International Conference on Power Engineering, Energy and Electrical Drives (POWERENG), Riga, Latvia, 11-13 May 2015.
• Li, W., Shi, L., Yao, L., Zhao, Y., Jian, Z., Ni, Y., “Comparison of HVAC and HVDC Based Grid Integration on Wind Farm”, 2014 International Conference on Power System Technology, Chengdu, China, 20-22 October 2014.
• Liu Z., 2014, Ultra-High Voltage AC/DC Grids, 1st ed., Waltham, USA, Academic Press.
• Liu, Z., Zhang, F., Yu, J., Gao, K., Ma, W., 2018, “Research on Key Technologies in±1100 kV Ultra-High Voltage DC Transmission”, High Voltage, Vol. 3, No.4, pp. 279–88.
• Long, W., Nilsson, S., 2007, "HVDC Transmission: Yesterday and Today", IEEE Power and Energy Magazine, vol. 5, No. 2, pp. 22-31.
• Machado, J., Neves, MV., Santos, PJ., "Economic Limitations of the HVAC Transmission System When Applied to Offshore Wind Farms", 2015 9th International Conference on Compatibility and Power Electronics (CPE), Lisbon, Portugal, 24-26 June 2015.
• MacLeod, NM., Barker, CD., Kirby, NM., “Connection of Renewable Energy Sources through Grid Constraint Points Using HVDC Power Transmission Systems”, IEEE PES T&D 2010, Sao Paulo, Brazil, 8-10 Nov 2010.
• May, TW., Yeap, YM., Ukil, A., "Comparative Evaluation of Power Loss in HVAC and HVDC Transmission Systems", 2016 IEEE Region 10 Conference (TENCON), Singapore, 22-25 November 2016.
• Mazzanti, G., Marzinotto, M., 2013, Extruded Cables for High-Voltage Direct-Current Transmission: Advances in Research and Development, Hoboken, New Jersey, JohnWiley & Sons, Inc.
• Meah, K., Ula, S., 2006, “Comparative Evaluation of HVDC and HVAC Transmission Systems”, IEEE Power and Energy Magazine, Vol. 4, No.6, pp. 1-5.
• Mircea, A., Philip, M., 2017, “A China-EU Electricity Transmission Link”, Assessment of Potential Connecting Countries and Routes, EUR 29098 EN, Publications Office of the European Union, Luxembourg.
• Mirebeau, P., Syrtveit, V., "Review of HVDC Insulated Transmission Cables Technologies", Jicable 2015, 9th International Conference on Insulated Power Cables, Versailles, France, 21-26 June 2015.
• Mokhberdoran, A., Carvalho, A., Silva, N., Leite, H., Carrapatoso, A., 2017, “Application Study of Superconducting Fault Current Limiters in Meshed HVDC Grids Protected by Fast Protection Relays”, Electric Power Systems Research, Vol. 143, pp. 292-302.
• Murata, Y., Sakamaki, M., Abe, K., Inoue, Y., Mashi, S., Kashiyama, S., Katakai, S., 2013, “Development of High Voltage DC-XLPE Cable System”, SEI Tech. Rev, Vol, 76, No. 1, pp. 55-62.
• Normark, B., Nielsen, EK., “Advanced Power Electronics for Cable Connection of Offshore Wind”, Offshore Wind Conference, Copenhagen, Denmark. 26-28 October 2005.
• Okba, MH., Saied, MH., Mostafa, MZ., Abdel-Moneim, TM., “High Voltage Direct Current Transmission- A Review”, Part I, in Proc. EnergyTech., IEEE, Cleveland, OH, U.S. 29-31 May 2012.
• Özcan, H., 2018, “Thermodynamic Analysis of an Ice Slurry Thermal Energy Storage System for Decreased Size and Cost of HVAC Systems”, Pamukkale University Journal of Engineering Sciences, Vol. 24, No.1, pp. 25-29.
• Pipelzadeh, Y., Chaudhuri, B., Green, TC., Adapa, R., “Role of Western HVDC Link in Stability of Future Great Britain (GB) Transmission System”, 2015 IEEE Power & Energy Society General Meeting, Colorado, 26-30 July 2015.
• Pletka, R., Khangura, J., Rawlins, A., Waldren, E., Wilson, D., “Capital Costs for Transmission and Substations: Updated Recommendations for WECC Transmission Expansion Planning”, Western Elect. Coordinating Council, Black and Veatch Project, Overland Park, KS, USA, Tech. Rep. Project 181374, 2014.
• Pudney, D., 2012, “A Review of HVDC in China”, Energize, Vol.54, pp. 31-4.
• Raza, A., Shakeel, A., Tahzeeb, H., Hassan, M., 2017, “Economic Analysis for HVDC Transmission System in Pakistan”, International Journal of Control and Automation, Vol.10, No.11, pp. 29-38.
• Rudervall, R., Charpentier, J. P., Sharma, R., "High Voltage Direct Current (HVDC) Transmission Systems Technology Review Paper", Presented at Energy Week 2000, Washington, D.C, USA, 1-17, 7-8 March 2000.
• Shuai, J., 2012, Placing of VSC-HVDC Lines in a Meshed AC-Network, Master Thesis, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Zürich, Switzerland.
• Sood, VK., 2004, HVDC and FACTS Controllers: Applications of Static Converters in Power Systems, Boston, USA, Kluwer Academic Publishers.
• Stenberg, N., 2013, The Impact of HVDC Innovations on The Power Industry, Master Thesis, Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden.
• TEİAŞ, Türkiye Elektrik İletim A.Ş. 2016 Faaliyet Raporu, https://www.teias.gov.tr/tr-TR/faaliyet- raporlari Access Date: 15.03.2020.
• TEİAŞ, Türkiye Elektrik İletim A.Ş. 2018 Faaliyet Raporu, https://www.teias.gov.tr/tr-TR/faaliyet- raporlari Access Date: 15.03.2020.
• The Crown Estate, East Coast Transmission Network Technical Feasibility Study (2008), https://archive.uea.ac.uk/~e680/energy/energy_links/transmission/east_coast_transmission_network_technical_feasibility_study.pdf , Access Date: 25.03.2020.
• Tiku, D., 2014, “DC Power Transmission: Mercury-Arc to Thyristor YGDA Valves [History]”, IEEE Power Energy Magazine, Vol.12, No.6, pp. 76–96.
• Träff , V., Lennerhag, O., 2013, Modelling of VSC-HVDC for Slow Dynamic Studies, Master Thesis, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden.
• Ukil, A., 2015, "Theoretical Analysis of Tuned HVAC Line for Low Loss Long Distance Bulk Power Transmission", International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems, Vol.73, pp. 433-437.
• Van Eeckhout, B., Van Hertem, D., Reza, M., Srivastava, K., Belmans, R. 2010. “Economic Comparison of VSC HVDC and HVAC as Transmission System for a 300 MW Offshore Wind Farm”, European Transactions on Electrical Power, Vol.20, No.5, pp. 661-671.
• Van Hertem, D., Ghandhari, M., 2010, “Multi-terminal VSC HVDC for the European Supergrid: Obstacles”, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Vol.14, No. 9, pp. 3156–3163.
• Vrana, TK., Energi, S., “Review of HVDC Component Ratings: XLPE Cables and VSC Converters”, 2016 IEEE International Energy Conference (ENERGYCON), Leuven, Belgium. 4-8 April 2016.
• Xiong, J., Guo, J., Liu, Q., "The Application of HVDC Transmission in Shore Power Supply", 2017 International Conference on Industrial Informatics-Computing Technology, Intelligent Technology, Industrial Information Integration (ICIICII), Wuhan, China, 2-3 December 2017.
• Ye, H., Fechner, T., Lei, X., Luo, Y., Zhou, M., Han, Z., Li, D., 2018, "Review on HVDC Cable Terminations", High Voltage, Vol.3, No.2, pp. 79-89.
• Yidong, H., Yu, T., 2013, “Reliability Improvement Strategies for HVDC Transmission System”, Energy and Power Engineering, Vol.5, No.3B, pp. 52-56.
• Zangana, S., Ercelebi, E., 2016, “Enhance Power Quality by HVDC System, Comparison Technique between HVDC and HVAC Transmission Systems”, World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology International Journal of Electrical, Computer, Energetic, Electronic and Communication Engineering, Vol.10, No. 2, pp. 271-279.
• Zeng, H., Gao, K., Zhu, Z., Li, D., Yang, R., Yang, L., "Research on Difference between HVDC and HVAC Cable Shielding Materials", 2018 Condition Monitoring and Diagnosis (CMD), IEEE, Perth, Australia, 23-26 September 2018.