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Yabancı Dil Olarak Türkçe Öğretimi Ders Kitaplarındaki Selamla(ş)ma İfadelerinin Toplum-Edim Bilimsel İşlevleri

Year 2023, Issue: 13, 1534 - 1560, 31.12.2023
https://doi.org/10.51531/korkutataturkiyat.1396128

Abstract

Selamla(ş)ma, insan iletişiminin temel bir unsurudur ve sosyal ilişkilerin kurulmasında ve sürdürülmesinde önemli bir rol oynar. Bu makale, Yabancı Dil Olarak Türkçe (YADOT) ders kitaplarında yansıtılan selamla(ş)maların toplum-edim bilimsel işlevlerini inceleyerek dil, kültür ve sosyal etkileşim arasındaki karmaşık etkileşimin öğretim materyallerine nasıl yansıdığına ışık tutmayı amaçlamaktadır. Bu amaçla beş farklı YADOT ders kitabı serisinden selamla(ş)malar derlenmiş ve incelenmiştir. Niceliksel incelemelerde, mevcut verideki her bir selamla(ş)ma biçiminin ve yönteminin sıklığı belirlenmiştir. Nitel incelemelerde ise, konuşmacıların cinsiyeti, zaman ilişkileri, konuşmacılar arasındaki aşinalık, resmiyet/konuşmacı rolleri, konuşma bağlamı ve selamla(ş)malara eşlik eden görsel detaylar gibi farklı değişkenler incelenerek selamla(ş)maların sınıflandırılması ve edim bilimsel işlevleri araştırılmıştır. Veriler aynı zamanda Ebsworth ve diğerlerinin (1995) Amerikan selamla(ş)malarına ilişkin sınıflandırmasına göre de incelenmiştir. Odaklanılan ders kitaplarının Avrupa Ortak Öneriler Çerçevesi (AOÖÇ) seviyeleri incelemelerde dikkate alınmıştır. Bulgular, AOÖÇ ölçütlerine göre selamla(ş)ma biçimlerinin çoğunlukla A1 düzeyinde yansıtıldığını ve mevcut verilerde Türkçede en sık yansıtılan selamla(ş)ma biçiminin merhaba (Ar. marhaba/İng. hello) olduğunu göstermiştir. Ayrıca, YADOT ders kitaplarında selamla(ş)manın toplum-dilbilimsel/edim bilimsel ve sözel olmayan yönleri ve sınıflandırılması ile selamla(ş)manın toplum-edim bilimsel işlevleri kapsamında Türk kültüründe selamla(ş)manın sosyal etkileşimi şekillendirmedeki rolünün çeşitli yansımaları da ortaya konmuştur.

References

  • Akalın, Ş. H. (2008). Binyıl Önce Binyıl Sonra Kâşgarlı Mahmud ve Dîvânu Lugâti’t-Türk. Ankara: TDK Yayınları.
  • Aksan, Y. & Demirhan, U. U. (2015). Expressions of Gratitude in the Turkish National Corpus. Şükriye Ruhi & Yeşim Aksan (Eds.), in Exploring (Im)Politeness in Specialized and General Corpora: Converging Methodologies and Analytic Procedures (pp. 121-172.) Newcastle: Cambridge Scholars Publishing.
  • Austin J. L. (1962). How to Do Things with Words. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Brown, P. & Levinson; S. C. (1987). Universals in Language Usage: Politeness Phenomena. Esther N. Goody (Ed.), in Questions and Politeness: Strategies in Social Interaction (pp. 56-310). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Clark, H. H. & Bangerter, A. (2004). Changing Ideas about Reference. Ira A. Noveck & Dan Sperber (Eds.), in Experimental Pragmatics: Palgrave Studies in Pragmatics, Language and Cognition (pp. 25–49). London: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Çetin, S. (2022). The Socio-Pragmatics of Greetings in Turkish Folktales. Fabula, 63(3-4), 309-342. Ebsworth M. E., Bodman, J. W. & Carpenter, M. (1995). Cross-Cultural Realization of Greetings in American English. Susan Gass & Joyce Neu (Eds.), in Speech Acts Across Cultures: Challenges to Communication in a Second Language (pp. 89-107). New York: De Gruyter Mouton.
  • Ellis, R. (1994). The Study of Second Language Acquisition. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
  • Goffman, E. (1971). Relations in Public: Microstudies of the Public Order. New York: Basic Books. Gökdayı, H. (2008). Türkçede Kalıp Sözler. Bilig, 44, 89-110.
  • Greere, A. (2005). Politeness as Communicative Strategy: (1) Greetings. Studia Universitatis Babes-Bolyai-Philologia, 50(4), 11-22.
  • Halliday, M. A. K (1975). Learning How to Mean: Explorations in the Development of Language. London: Edward Arnold.
  • Inawati, I. (2016). The Pragmatics of Greetings Reflected in the Textbooks for Teaching English as a Foreign Language in Indonesia. Ahmad Dahlan Journal of English Studies (ADJES), 3(2), 1-10.
  • Ishihara, C. (2010). Adapting Textbooks for Teaching Pragmatics. Noriko Ishihara & Andrew D. Cohen (Eds.), in Teaching and Learning Pragmatics: Where Language and Culture Meet (pp. 145-165). London: Routledge.
  • Jucker, A. H. (2009). Speech Act Research between Armchair, Field and Laboratory: The Case of Compliments. Journal of Pragmatics, 41(8), 1611-1635.
  • Kakiuchi, Y. (2005). Greetings in English: Naturalistic Speech Versus Textbook Speech. Donna Tatsuki (Ed.), in Pragmatics in Language Learning, Theory, and Practice (pp. 61-86). Tokyo: JALT Pragmatics SIG.
  • Kendon, A. (1990). Conducting Interaction: Patterns of Behavior in Focused Encounters. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Keskin, A. (2017). Türk Kültüründe Selamla(ş)ma ve Vedalaşma Hakkında Genel Bir Değerlendirme (A General Assessment about “Greeting” and “Saying Good Bye” in Turkish Culture). Türk Dünyası, Dil ve Edebiyat Dergisi/Turkish World, Journal of Language and Literature, 43, 125-146.
  • Küçükbasmacı (2015). Selamla(ş)ma Sözleri Açısından Manas Destanı. Turkish Studies, 10(8), 1677-1696. Leech, G. & Svartvik, J. (2002). A Communicative Grammar of English. London: Routledge.
  • Ögel, B. (2001). Türk Kültürünün Gelişme Çağları. İstanbul: Türk Dünyası Araştırmaları Vakfı.
  • Schegloff, E. A. (1986). The Routine as Achievement. Human Studies, 9, 111–151.
  • Schleicher, A. F. (1997). Using Greetings to Teach Cultural Understanding. The Modern Language Journal, 81(3), 334-343.
  • Shleykina, G. (2019). The Interlanguage Pragmatics of Greetings. Beyond Words, 7(1), 43-60.
  • Sümer, F. (1980). Oğuzlar (Türkmenler): Tarihleri- Boy Teşkilatı- Destanları, 3rd edition. İstanbul: Ana Yayınları. Wei, L. (2010). The Functions and Use of Greetings. Canadian Social Science, 6(4), 56-62.
  • Williams, K. E. (2001). An Evaluation of Greeting Exchanges in Textbooks and Real-Life Settings. Sophia University Junior College Division Faculty Bulletin, 21, 49-64.
  • Yüceol Özezen, M. (2017). Greetings Acts in Turkish (Türkiye Türkçesinde Selamla(ş)ma Kalıpları). International Journal of Language Academy, 5(7), 266-299.
  • Zeff, B. B. (2016). The Pragmatics of Greetings: Teaching Speech Acts in the EFL Classroom. English Teaching Forum, 54(1), 2-11.
  • Zeff, B. B. (2020). Teaching the Speech Act of Greetings in Japan. Hokkai-Gakuen University, 181, 85-103.

Socio-Pragmatic Functions of Greeting Expressions in Teaching Turkish as a Foreign Language Textbooks

Year 2023, Issue: 13, 1534 - 1560, 31.12.2023
https://doi.org/10.51531/korkutataturkiyat.1396128

Abstract

Greetings serve as a fundamental aspect of human communication, playing a pivotal role in establishing and maintaining social relationships. This research investigates the socio-pragmatic functions of greetings reflected in teaching Turkish as a Foreign Language (TFL) textbooks, aiming to shed light on how the intricate interplay between language, culture, and social interaction is reflected in teaching materials. With this aim, greeting exchanges from five different series of TFL textbooks were collected and analyzed. In the quantitative analyses, the frequency of each form and strategy of greetings were determined in the data. In the qualitative analyses, the classification and pragmatic functions of the greetings were investigated by analyzing different variables such as the gender of the speakers, time relations, familiarity between the speakers, formality/speaker roles, the speech context, and the photographic details accompanying greetings. The data was also analyzed according to Ebsworth et al.’s (1995) categorization of American greetings. The Common European Framework of Reference for Languages (CEFR) levels of the textbooks under focus were considered in the analyses. The findings showed that greeting forms have mostly been reflected in the A1 level according to the CEFR criteria and the most frequently reflected form of greeting in Turkish is merhaba (Ar. marhaba/Eng. hello) in the current data. In terms of the socio-linguistic/pragmatic and non-verbal aspects regarding greetings and the classification and the socio-pragmatic functions of greetings in TFL textbooks, various reflections of the role of greetings in shaping social interaction in Turkish culture were also displayed.

References

  • Akalın, Ş. H. (2008). Binyıl Önce Binyıl Sonra Kâşgarlı Mahmud ve Dîvânu Lugâti’t-Türk. Ankara: TDK Yayınları.
  • Aksan, Y. & Demirhan, U. U. (2015). Expressions of Gratitude in the Turkish National Corpus. Şükriye Ruhi & Yeşim Aksan (Eds.), in Exploring (Im)Politeness in Specialized and General Corpora: Converging Methodologies and Analytic Procedures (pp. 121-172.) Newcastle: Cambridge Scholars Publishing.
  • Austin J. L. (1962). How to Do Things with Words. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Brown, P. & Levinson; S. C. (1987). Universals in Language Usage: Politeness Phenomena. Esther N. Goody (Ed.), in Questions and Politeness: Strategies in Social Interaction (pp. 56-310). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Clark, H. H. & Bangerter, A. (2004). Changing Ideas about Reference. Ira A. Noveck & Dan Sperber (Eds.), in Experimental Pragmatics: Palgrave Studies in Pragmatics, Language and Cognition (pp. 25–49). London: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Çetin, S. (2022). The Socio-Pragmatics of Greetings in Turkish Folktales. Fabula, 63(3-4), 309-342. Ebsworth M. E., Bodman, J. W. & Carpenter, M. (1995). Cross-Cultural Realization of Greetings in American English. Susan Gass & Joyce Neu (Eds.), in Speech Acts Across Cultures: Challenges to Communication in a Second Language (pp. 89-107). New York: De Gruyter Mouton.
  • Ellis, R. (1994). The Study of Second Language Acquisition. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
  • Goffman, E. (1971). Relations in Public: Microstudies of the Public Order. New York: Basic Books. Gökdayı, H. (2008). Türkçede Kalıp Sözler. Bilig, 44, 89-110.
  • Greere, A. (2005). Politeness as Communicative Strategy: (1) Greetings. Studia Universitatis Babes-Bolyai-Philologia, 50(4), 11-22.
  • Halliday, M. A. K (1975). Learning How to Mean: Explorations in the Development of Language. London: Edward Arnold.
  • Inawati, I. (2016). The Pragmatics of Greetings Reflected in the Textbooks for Teaching English as a Foreign Language in Indonesia. Ahmad Dahlan Journal of English Studies (ADJES), 3(2), 1-10.
  • Ishihara, C. (2010). Adapting Textbooks for Teaching Pragmatics. Noriko Ishihara & Andrew D. Cohen (Eds.), in Teaching and Learning Pragmatics: Where Language and Culture Meet (pp. 145-165). London: Routledge.
  • Jucker, A. H. (2009). Speech Act Research between Armchair, Field and Laboratory: The Case of Compliments. Journal of Pragmatics, 41(8), 1611-1635.
  • Kakiuchi, Y. (2005). Greetings in English: Naturalistic Speech Versus Textbook Speech. Donna Tatsuki (Ed.), in Pragmatics in Language Learning, Theory, and Practice (pp. 61-86). Tokyo: JALT Pragmatics SIG.
  • Kendon, A. (1990). Conducting Interaction: Patterns of Behavior in Focused Encounters. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Keskin, A. (2017). Türk Kültüründe Selamla(ş)ma ve Vedalaşma Hakkında Genel Bir Değerlendirme (A General Assessment about “Greeting” and “Saying Good Bye” in Turkish Culture). Türk Dünyası, Dil ve Edebiyat Dergisi/Turkish World, Journal of Language and Literature, 43, 125-146.
  • Küçükbasmacı (2015). Selamla(ş)ma Sözleri Açısından Manas Destanı. Turkish Studies, 10(8), 1677-1696. Leech, G. & Svartvik, J. (2002). A Communicative Grammar of English. London: Routledge.
  • Ögel, B. (2001). Türk Kültürünün Gelişme Çağları. İstanbul: Türk Dünyası Araştırmaları Vakfı.
  • Schegloff, E. A. (1986). The Routine as Achievement. Human Studies, 9, 111–151.
  • Schleicher, A. F. (1997). Using Greetings to Teach Cultural Understanding. The Modern Language Journal, 81(3), 334-343.
  • Shleykina, G. (2019). The Interlanguage Pragmatics of Greetings. Beyond Words, 7(1), 43-60.
  • Sümer, F. (1980). Oğuzlar (Türkmenler): Tarihleri- Boy Teşkilatı- Destanları, 3rd edition. İstanbul: Ana Yayınları. Wei, L. (2010). The Functions and Use of Greetings. Canadian Social Science, 6(4), 56-62.
  • Williams, K. E. (2001). An Evaluation of Greeting Exchanges in Textbooks and Real-Life Settings. Sophia University Junior College Division Faculty Bulletin, 21, 49-64.
  • Yüceol Özezen, M. (2017). Greetings Acts in Turkish (Türkiye Türkçesinde Selamla(ş)ma Kalıpları). International Journal of Language Academy, 5(7), 266-299.
  • Zeff, B. B. (2016). The Pragmatics of Greetings: Teaching Speech Acts in the EFL Classroom. English Teaching Forum, 54(1), 2-11.
  • Zeff, B. B. (2020). Teaching the Speech Act of Greetings in Japan. Hokkai-Gakuen University, 181, 85-103.
There are 26 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Communication Studies, Environment and Culture, New Turkish Language (Turkish of Old Anatolia, Ottoman, Turkiye)
Journal Section Araştırma Makaleleri
Authors

Ayşe Altıparmak 0000-0002-1803-292X

Publication Date December 31, 2023
Submission Date November 26, 2023
Acceptance Date December 26, 2023
Published in Issue Year 2023 Issue: 13

Cite

APA Altıparmak, A. (2023). Socio-Pragmatic Functions of Greeting Expressions in Teaching Turkish as a Foreign Language Textbooks. Korkut Ata Türkiyat Araştırmaları Dergisi(13), 1534-1560. https://doi.org/10.51531/korkutataturkiyat.1396128