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THE ROLE OF THE FAMILY FACTOR IN THE IMPACT OF INTRINSIC MOTIVATION ON JOB PERFORMANCE

Year 2022, Volume: 12 Issue: 1, 1 - 15, 16.08.2022
https://doi.org/10.47147/ksuiibf.1132267

Abstract

The main purpose of the research is that the family factor should be taken into account in intrinsic motivation compared to other external factors. When it is foreseen, that intrinsic motivation can increase job performance, the family can play an active role in intrinsic motivation. In this study, the effect of family on intrinsic motivation was evaluated with a qualitative study in order to increase job performance. In this study, interviews lasting 1-2 hours were conducted for each person from 42 people. According to the results of the study, while intrinsic motivation affects job performance, family plays a mediating role in this factor. In other words, an increase in intrinsic motivation increases job performance. When family is added to the effect between these two variables, the effect increases even more. In this context, the results of the study emphasize that the family institution of the individual should be taken into account during the recruitment of the personnel and the working period of the employee at the workplace.

References

  • Amabile, Teresa M. (1993), “Motivational Synergy: Toward New Conceptualizations of Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivation in The Workplace”, Human Resource Management Review, Volume: 3, Issue: 3, pp: 185-201.
  • Aryee, Smaul, Walumbwa Fred. O., Mondejar Reuben and Chu Chris W.L. (2013), “Accounting for The Influence of Overall Justice on Job Performance: Integrating Self‐Determination and Social Exchange Theories”, Journal of Management Studies, Volume: 52, Issue: 2, pp: 231-252.
  • Brian, J.Collins (2010), “Invited Reaction: Investigating The Influences of Core Self‐Evaluations, Job Autonomy, and Intrinsic Motivation on In‐Role Job Performance”, Human Resource Development Quarterly, Volume: 21, Issue: 4, pp: 373-379.
  • Castanheira, Fillipa (2016), “Perceived Social Impact, Social Worth, and Job Performance: Mediation by Motivation”, Journal of Organizational Behavior, Volume: 37, Issue: 6, pp: 789-803.
  • Chung, Kae Hoon (1968), “Developing a Comprehensive Model of Motivation and Performance. Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College”, Ph.D., Business Administration, University Microfilms, Inc., Ann Arbor, Michigan.
  • Deal, Jennifer J., Stawiski, Sarah, Graves, Laura, Gentry, William. A., Weber, Todd J. and Ruderman, Marian (2013), “Motivation at Work: Which Matters More, Generation or Managerial Level?” Consulting Psychology Journal: Practice and Research, Volume: 65, Issue: 1, pp: 1–16.
  • Frese, Michael and Fay, Doris (2001), “Personal Initiative (PI): An Active Performance Concept for Work in The 21st Century”, In B. M. Staw and R. M. Sutton (Eds.), Research in organizational behavior, Volume: 23, pp: 133–187. Amsterdam, The Netherlands: Elsevier Science.
  • Goronzy, Friedhelm (2017), “Developing a Comprehensive Model of Motivation and Performance: A Methodological Comment”, Academy of Management Journal, Volume: 11, Issue: 1, pp: 63-73.
  • Grant, Adam M. (2008), “Does Intrinsic Motivation Fuel The Prosocial Fire? Motivational Synergy in Predicting Persistence, Performance, and Productivity”, The Journal of Applied Psychology, Volume: 93, Issue: 1, pp: 48– 58.
  • Greenhaus, Jeffrey H. and Beutell, Nicholas J. (1985), “Sources of Conflict Between Work and Family Roles”, Academy of Management Review, Volume: 10, Issue: 1, pp: 76–88.
  • Hennessey, Beth, Moran, Seana, Altringer, Beth and Amabile, Teresa M. (2015), “Extrinsic and Intrinsic Motivation”, Wiley Encyclopedia of Management, Volume: 11, Issue: 1, pp: 1-4.
  • Joo, Baek-Kyoo(Brain), Jeung, Chong-Wook and Yoon Hea Jun (2010), “Investigating The Influences of Core Self‐Evaluations, Job Autonomy, and Intrinsic Motivation on In‐Role Job Performance”, Human Resource Development Quarterly, Volume: 21, Issue: 4, pp: 353-371.
  • Jungert, Tomas, Schattke, Kasper, Proulx, Félix Alexandre, Taylor, Geneviève and Koestner, Richard (2021), “Whose Autonomy Support is More Effective? Managers' or Co-Workers’? An Experimental Comparison of Source and Occupational Context on Intrinsic Motivation”, Canadian Journal of Administrative Sciences, Volume: 38, Issue: 2, pp: 209-223.
  • Lapierre, Lapierre M., Li, Yanhong, Kwan, Ho Kwang, Greenhaus, Jeffrey, Direnzo, Marco and Shao, Poing (2018), “A Meta-Analysis of The Antecedents of Work–Family Enrichment”, Journal of Organization Behavior, Volume: 39, Issue: 4, pp: 385-401.
  • Liu, Yuan, Hau, Kit-Tai, Liu, Hongyun, Wu, Jing, Wang, Xiaofang and Zheng, Xin (2020), “Multiplicative Effect of Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivation on Academic Performance: A Longitudinal Study of Chinese Students”, Journal of Personality, Volume: 88, Issue: 3, pp: 584-595.
  • Liu, Yuan, Hau, Kit-Tai and Zheng, Xin (2020), “Does Instrumental Motivation Help Students with Low Intrinsic Motivation? Comparison Between Western and Confucian Students”, International Journal of Psychology, Volume: 55, Issue: 2, pp: 182-191.
  • Liu, Zhaopeng, Liao, Huiyao and Liu, Yamei (2020), “For The Sake of My Family: Understanding Unethical Pro‐Family Behavior in The Workplace”, Journal of Organizational Behavior, Volume: 41, Issue: 7, pp: 638–662.
  • Menges, Jochen I., Tussing, Danielle V., Wihler, Andreas and Grant, Adaam M. (2017), “When Job Performance is All Relative How Family Motivation Energizes Effort and Compensates for Intrinsic Motivation”. Academy of Management Journal, Volume: 60, Issue: 2, pp: 695-719.
  • Motowidlo, Stephan J., Borman, Walter C. and Schmit, Mark J. (1997), “A Theory of Individual Differences in Task and Contextual Performance”, Human Performance, Volume: 10, Issue: 2, pp: 71-83.
  • Murnieks, Charles Y., Klotz, Anthony C. and Shepherd, Dean A. (2020), “Entrepreneurial Motivation: A Review of the Literature and An Agenda for Future Research”, Journal of Organization Behavior, Volume: 41, Issue: 2, pp: 115-143.
  • Nohe, Christoph, Michel, Alexandra and Sonntag, Karlheinz (2014), “Family–Work Conflict and Job Performance: A Diary Study of Boundary Conditions and Mechanisms”, Journal of Organizational Behavior, Volume: 35, Issue: 3, pp: 339–357.
  • Pak, Sunjin, Kramer, Amit, Lee, Yin and Kim, Ki-Jung (2022), “The Impact of Work Hours on Work-to-Family Enrichment and Conflict Through Energy Processes: A Meta-Analysis”, Journal of Organization Behavior, Volume: 43, Issue: 4, pp: 709-743.
  • Paşamehmetoğlu, Ayşın. and Yeloğlu, Hakkı Okan (2017), “Motivasyon” Ed. Sığrı, Ünsal, Gürbüz, Sait, Örgütsel Davranış içinde, 4. baskı. Beta Yayın. İstanbul.
  • Ryan, Richard M and Deci, Edward L. (2000), “Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivations: Classic Definitions and New Directions”. Contemporary Educational Psychology, Volume: 25, Issue: 1, pp: 54–67.
  • Ryan, Richard. M. and Deci, Edward L. (2001), “On Happiness and Human Potentials: A Review of Research on Hedonic and Eudemonic Well-Being”, Annual Review of Psychology, Volume: 52, Issue: 1, pp: 141–166.
  • Shin, Yun-Jeong and Kelly, Kevin R. (2013), “Cross-Cultural Comparison of The Effects of Optimism, Intrinsic Motivation, and Family Relations on Vocational Identity”, The Career Development Quarterly, Volume: 61, Issue: 2, pp: 141-160.
  • Turner, Ashley R and Reed, Sean M. (2021), “Intrinsic Motivation in Exercise: A Concept Analysis”, Nursing Forum, Volume: 57, Issue: 1, pp: 136-143.
  • Vallerand, Robert J. (1997), “Toward A Hierarchical Model of Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivation”, Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, Volume: 29, Issue: 1, pp: 271–360.
  • Vallerand, Robert J. (2001), “Deci and Ryan’s Self-Determination Theory: A View from The Hierarchical Model of Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivation”, Psychological Inquiry, Volume: 11, Issue: 4, pp: 312–318.
  • Wang, Mo, Liu, Songqi, Zhan, Yujie. and Shi, Junqi (2010), “Daily Work–Family Conflict and Alcohol Use: Testing The Cross-Level Moderation Effects of Peer Drinking Norms and Social Support”, Journal of Applied Psychology, Volume: 95, Issue: 2, pp: 377–386.
  • Wehrt, Wilken, Casper, Anne and Sonnentag, Sabine (2022), “More Than A Muscle: How Self-Control Motivation, Depletion, and Self-Regulation Strategies Impact Task Performance” Journal of Organization Behavior, Early View, Volume: 1-19.
  • Xu, Yan, Liu, Dun and Tang, Dai-Sheng (2022), “Decent Work and Innovative Work Behaviour: Mediating Roles of Work Engagement, Intrinsic Motivation and Job Self-Efficacy”, Creativity and Innovation Management, Volume: 31, Issue: 1, pp: 49-63.
  • Zhang Yong, Long Lirong, Wu Tsung-Yu. and Huang Xu (2015), “When is Pay for Performance Related to Employee Creativity in The Chinese Context? The Role of Guanxi HRM Practice, Trust in Management, and Intrinsic Motivation”, Journal of Organization Behavior, Volume: 36, Issue: 5, pp: 698-719.
  • Zhang, Xinru, Pi, Zhongling, Li, Chenyu and Hu, Weiping (2021), “Intrinsic Motivation Enhances Online Group Creativity Via Promoting Members’ Effort, Not Interaction”, British Journal of Educational Technology, Volume: 52, Issue: 2, pp: 606-618.

İÇSEL MOTİVASYONUN İŞ PERFORMANSI ÜZERİNDEKİ ETKİSİNDE AİLE FAKTÖRÜNÜN ROLÜ

Year 2022, Volume: 12 Issue: 1, 1 - 15, 16.08.2022
https://doi.org/10.47147/ksuiibf.1132267

Abstract

Araştırmanın temel amacı, aile faktörünün diğer dışsal faktörlere göre içsel motivasyonda dikkate alınması gerektiğidir. İçsel motivasyonun iş performansının artırabileceği ön görüldüğünde aile, içsel motivasyon için etken görev oynayabilir. Bu çalışmada iş performansının yükseltilmesi için ailenin içsel motivasyona etkisi nitel bir çalışma ile değerlendirilmiştir. Bu çalışmada 42 kişiden her bir kişi için 1-2 saat süren görüşmeler yapılmıştır. Çalışmanın sonuçlarına göre, içsel motivasyon iş performansını etkilerken aile bu etken içinde aracı rol oynamaktadır. Diğer bir deyişle, içsel motivasyonun artması iş performansını artırmaktadır. Söz konusu bu iki değişken arasındaki etkiye aile eklendiğinde etki daha da artmaktadır. Bu kapsamda çalışmanın sonuçları personelin işe alım ve çalışanın iş yerindeki çalışma süresinde bireyin içinde bulunduğu aile kurumunun dikkate alınması gerektiği vurgulamaktadır.

References

  • Amabile, Teresa M. (1993), “Motivational Synergy: Toward New Conceptualizations of Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivation in The Workplace”, Human Resource Management Review, Volume: 3, Issue: 3, pp: 185-201.
  • Aryee, Smaul, Walumbwa Fred. O., Mondejar Reuben and Chu Chris W.L. (2013), “Accounting for The Influence of Overall Justice on Job Performance: Integrating Self‐Determination and Social Exchange Theories”, Journal of Management Studies, Volume: 52, Issue: 2, pp: 231-252.
  • Brian, J.Collins (2010), “Invited Reaction: Investigating The Influences of Core Self‐Evaluations, Job Autonomy, and Intrinsic Motivation on In‐Role Job Performance”, Human Resource Development Quarterly, Volume: 21, Issue: 4, pp: 373-379.
  • Castanheira, Fillipa (2016), “Perceived Social Impact, Social Worth, and Job Performance: Mediation by Motivation”, Journal of Organizational Behavior, Volume: 37, Issue: 6, pp: 789-803.
  • Chung, Kae Hoon (1968), “Developing a Comprehensive Model of Motivation and Performance. Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College”, Ph.D., Business Administration, University Microfilms, Inc., Ann Arbor, Michigan.
  • Deal, Jennifer J., Stawiski, Sarah, Graves, Laura, Gentry, William. A., Weber, Todd J. and Ruderman, Marian (2013), “Motivation at Work: Which Matters More, Generation or Managerial Level?” Consulting Psychology Journal: Practice and Research, Volume: 65, Issue: 1, pp: 1–16.
  • Frese, Michael and Fay, Doris (2001), “Personal Initiative (PI): An Active Performance Concept for Work in The 21st Century”, In B. M. Staw and R. M. Sutton (Eds.), Research in organizational behavior, Volume: 23, pp: 133–187. Amsterdam, The Netherlands: Elsevier Science.
  • Goronzy, Friedhelm (2017), “Developing a Comprehensive Model of Motivation and Performance: A Methodological Comment”, Academy of Management Journal, Volume: 11, Issue: 1, pp: 63-73.
  • Grant, Adam M. (2008), “Does Intrinsic Motivation Fuel The Prosocial Fire? Motivational Synergy in Predicting Persistence, Performance, and Productivity”, The Journal of Applied Psychology, Volume: 93, Issue: 1, pp: 48– 58.
  • Greenhaus, Jeffrey H. and Beutell, Nicholas J. (1985), “Sources of Conflict Between Work and Family Roles”, Academy of Management Review, Volume: 10, Issue: 1, pp: 76–88.
  • Hennessey, Beth, Moran, Seana, Altringer, Beth and Amabile, Teresa M. (2015), “Extrinsic and Intrinsic Motivation”, Wiley Encyclopedia of Management, Volume: 11, Issue: 1, pp: 1-4.
  • Joo, Baek-Kyoo(Brain), Jeung, Chong-Wook and Yoon Hea Jun (2010), “Investigating The Influences of Core Self‐Evaluations, Job Autonomy, and Intrinsic Motivation on In‐Role Job Performance”, Human Resource Development Quarterly, Volume: 21, Issue: 4, pp: 353-371.
  • Jungert, Tomas, Schattke, Kasper, Proulx, Félix Alexandre, Taylor, Geneviève and Koestner, Richard (2021), “Whose Autonomy Support is More Effective? Managers' or Co-Workers’? An Experimental Comparison of Source and Occupational Context on Intrinsic Motivation”, Canadian Journal of Administrative Sciences, Volume: 38, Issue: 2, pp: 209-223.
  • Lapierre, Lapierre M., Li, Yanhong, Kwan, Ho Kwang, Greenhaus, Jeffrey, Direnzo, Marco and Shao, Poing (2018), “A Meta-Analysis of The Antecedents of Work–Family Enrichment”, Journal of Organization Behavior, Volume: 39, Issue: 4, pp: 385-401.
  • Liu, Yuan, Hau, Kit-Tai, Liu, Hongyun, Wu, Jing, Wang, Xiaofang and Zheng, Xin (2020), “Multiplicative Effect of Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivation on Academic Performance: A Longitudinal Study of Chinese Students”, Journal of Personality, Volume: 88, Issue: 3, pp: 584-595.
  • Liu, Yuan, Hau, Kit-Tai and Zheng, Xin (2020), “Does Instrumental Motivation Help Students with Low Intrinsic Motivation? Comparison Between Western and Confucian Students”, International Journal of Psychology, Volume: 55, Issue: 2, pp: 182-191.
  • Liu, Zhaopeng, Liao, Huiyao and Liu, Yamei (2020), “For The Sake of My Family: Understanding Unethical Pro‐Family Behavior in The Workplace”, Journal of Organizational Behavior, Volume: 41, Issue: 7, pp: 638–662.
  • Menges, Jochen I., Tussing, Danielle V., Wihler, Andreas and Grant, Adaam M. (2017), “When Job Performance is All Relative How Family Motivation Energizes Effort and Compensates for Intrinsic Motivation”. Academy of Management Journal, Volume: 60, Issue: 2, pp: 695-719.
  • Motowidlo, Stephan J., Borman, Walter C. and Schmit, Mark J. (1997), “A Theory of Individual Differences in Task and Contextual Performance”, Human Performance, Volume: 10, Issue: 2, pp: 71-83.
  • Murnieks, Charles Y., Klotz, Anthony C. and Shepherd, Dean A. (2020), “Entrepreneurial Motivation: A Review of the Literature and An Agenda for Future Research”, Journal of Organization Behavior, Volume: 41, Issue: 2, pp: 115-143.
  • Nohe, Christoph, Michel, Alexandra and Sonntag, Karlheinz (2014), “Family–Work Conflict and Job Performance: A Diary Study of Boundary Conditions and Mechanisms”, Journal of Organizational Behavior, Volume: 35, Issue: 3, pp: 339–357.
  • Pak, Sunjin, Kramer, Amit, Lee, Yin and Kim, Ki-Jung (2022), “The Impact of Work Hours on Work-to-Family Enrichment and Conflict Through Energy Processes: A Meta-Analysis”, Journal of Organization Behavior, Volume: 43, Issue: 4, pp: 709-743.
  • Paşamehmetoğlu, Ayşın. and Yeloğlu, Hakkı Okan (2017), “Motivasyon” Ed. Sığrı, Ünsal, Gürbüz, Sait, Örgütsel Davranış içinde, 4. baskı. Beta Yayın. İstanbul.
  • Ryan, Richard M and Deci, Edward L. (2000), “Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivations: Classic Definitions and New Directions”. Contemporary Educational Psychology, Volume: 25, Issue: 1, pp: 54–67.
  • Ryan, Richard. M. and Deci, Edward L. (2001), “On Happiness and Human Potentials: A Review of Research on Hedonic and Eudemonic Well-Being”, Annual Review of Psychology, Volume: 52, Issue: 1, pp: 141–166.
  • Shin, Yun-Jeong and Kelly, Kevin R. (2013), “Cross-Cultural Comparison of The Effects of Optimism, Intrinsic Motivation, and Family Relations on Vocational Identity”, The Career Development Quarterly, Volume: 61, Issue: 2, pp: 141-160.
  • Turner, Ashley R and Reed, Sean M. (2021), “Intrinsic Motivation in Exercise: A Concept Analysis”, Nursing Forum, Volume: 57, Issue: 1, pp: 136-143.
  • Vallerand, Robert J. (1997), “Toward A Hierarchical Model of Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivation”, Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, Volume: 29, Issue: 1, pp: 271–360.
  • Vallerand, Robert J. (2001), “Deci and Ryan’s Self-Determination Theory: A View from The Hierarchical Model of Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivation”, Psychological Inquiry, Volume: 11, Issue: 4, pp: 312–318.
  • Wang, Mo, Liu, Songqi, Zhan, Yujie. and Shi, Junqi (2010), “Daily Work–Family Conflict and Alcohol Use: Testing The Cross-Level Moderation Effects of Peer Drinking Norms and Social Support”, Journal of Applied Psychology, Volume: 95, Issue: 2, pp: 377–386.
  • Wehrt, Wilken, Casper, Anne and Sonnentag, Sabine (2022), “More Than A Muscle: How Self-Control Motivation, Depletion, and Self-Regulation Strategies Impact Task Performance” Journal of Organization Behavior, Early View, Volume: 1-19.
  • Xu, Yan, Liu, Dun and Tang, Dai-Sheng (2022), “Decent Work and Innovative Work Behaviour: Mediating Roles of Work Engagement, Intrinsic Motivation and Job Self-Efficacy”, Creativity and Innovation Management, Volume: 31, Issue: 1, pp: 49-63.
  • Zhang Yong, Long Lirong, Wu Tsung-Yu. and Huang Xu (2015), “When is Pay for Performance Related to Employee Creativity in The Chinese Context? The Role of Guanxi HRM Practice, Trust in Management, and Intrinsic Motivation”, Journal of Organization Behavior, Volume: 36, Issue: 5, pp: 698-719.
  • Zhang, Xinru, Pi, Zhongling, Li, Chenyu and Hu, Weiping (2021), “Intrinsic Motivation Enhances Online Group Creativity Via Promoting Members’ Effort, Not Interaction”, British Journal of Educational Technology, Volume: 52, Issue: 2, pp: 606-618.
There are 34 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Journal Section Makaleler
Authors

Gamze Güner Kibaroğlu 0000-0001-6187-4607

Publication Date August 16, 2022
Published in Issue Year 2022 Volume: 12 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Güner Kibaroğlu, G. (2022). THE ROLE OF THE FAMILY FACTOR IN THE IMPACT OF INTRINSIC MOTIVATION ON JOB PERFORMANCE. Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi İktisadi Ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 12(1), 1-15. https://doi.org/10.47147/ksuiibf.1132267
AMA Güner Kibaroğlu G. THE ROLE OF THE FAMILY FACTOR IN THE IMPACT OF INTRINSIC MOTIVATION ON JOB PERFORMANCE. Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi. August 2022;12(1):1-15. doi:10.47147/ksuiibf.1132267
Chicago Güner Kibaroğlu, Gamze. “THE ROLE OF THE FAMILY FACTOR IN THE IMPACT OF INTRINSIC MOTIVATION ON JOB PERFORMANCE”. Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi İktisadi Ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi 12, no. 1 (August 2022): 1-15. https://doi.org/10.47147/ksuiibf.1132267.
EndNote Güner Kibaroğlu G (August 1, 2022) THE ROLE OF THE FAMILY FACTOR IN THE IMPACT OF INTRINSIC MOTIVATION ON JOB PERFORMANCE. Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi 12 1 1–15.
IEEE G. Güner Kibaroğlu, “THE ROLE OF THE FAMILY FACTOR IN THE IMPACT OF INTRINSIC MOTIVATION ON JOB PERFORMANCE”, Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, vol. 12, no. 1, pp. 1–15, 2022, doi: 10.47147/ksuiibf.1132267.
ISNAD Güner Kibaroğlu, Gamze. “THE ROLE OF THE FAMILY FACTOR IN THE IMPACT OF INTRINSIC MOTIVATION ON JOB PERFORMANCE”. Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi 12/1 (August 2022), 1-15. https://doi.org/10.47147/ksuiibf.1132267.
JAMA Güner Kibaroğlu G. THE ROLE OF THE FAMILY FACTOR IN THE IMPACT OF INTRINSIC MOTIVATION ON JOB PERFORMANCE. Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi. 2022;12:1–15.
MLA Güner Kibaroğlu, Gamze. “THE ROLE OF THE FAMILY FACTOR IN THE IMPACT OF INTRINSIC MOTIVATION ON JOB PERFORMANCE”. Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi İktisadi Ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, vol. 12, no. 1, 2022, pp. 1-15, doi:10.47147/ksuiibf.1132267.
Vancouver Güner Kibaroğlu G. THE ROLE OF THE FAMILY FACTOR IN THE IMPACT OF INTRINSIC MOTIVATION ON JOB PERFORMANCE. Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi. 2022;12(1):1-15.