Common Dermatological Diseases of the Neonate

Year 2018, Volume: 10 Issue: 4, 0 - 0, 25.07.2018

Nurullah Okumuş

Abstract

Abstract

The neonate skin, which provides communication with the outer environment both during intrauterine period and also after birth has vital functions such as thermoregulation,mechanical resistance, maintaining fluid-electrolyte balance and protection against external factors. These functions are provided by some ongoing changes and development process in the first 2 years of life. There can be some temporary changes and problems of theskin during the birth and the progressing period. Most of these issues are temporary or physiological dermatoses which are benign in nature and generally disappears as the completi-on of skin maturation. However, some skin disorders although they are the reason of serious morbidity and mortality, may resemble benign clinical situations in this period. Dermatological skin examination of newborn has vital importance in early diagnosis and treatment of congenital diseases and in differentiating between dermatoses which is temporary, benign, or does not require treatment; conditions due to neonatal distress such as postmaturity and anoxia and severe diseases that require treatment.

Keywords

Newborn, skin, dermatosis

Yenidoğanda Sık Rastlanan Dermatolojik Sorunlar

Abstract

Öz

Hem intrauterin dönemde, hem de doğumdan sonra dış ortam ile iletişimi sağlayan yenidoğan derisinin; termoregülasyon, mekanik direnç, sıvı-elektrolit dengesinin korunması ve dış ajanlara karşı koruma gibi yaşamsal fonksiyonları vardır. Bu fonksiyonlardoğumdan sonra ilk iki yıl devam eden gelişim ve değişim süreci ile sağlanır. Doğumda ve izleyen dönemde deride geçici bazı değişiklikler veya sorunlar olabilir. Bu sorunların büyük kısmı; deride maturasyonun tamamlanmasıyla genellikle ortadan kalkan, benign seyirli,  geçici veya fizyolojik olarak sınıflandırılan dermatozlardır. Ancak bu dönemde bir takım dermatolojik hastalıklar, ciddi morbidite ve mortalite kaynağı olmasına karşın benign klinik tablolarla büyük benzerlik gösterebilmektedir. Yenidoğanın dermatolojik muayenesi geçici benign, tedavi gerektirmeyen dermatozlarla; postmatürite,anoksi gibi neonatal distrese bağlı durumların ve tedavi edilmesi gerekli ciddi hastalıktablolarının ayrımı ile konjenital hastalıkların erken tanı ve tedavisi açısından önem arzetmektedir.

Keywords

yenidoğan, deri, dermatoz

References

• Kaynaklar 1.Visscher MO, Adam R, Brink S, Odio M. Newborn infant skin: physio-logy, development and care. Clin. Dermatol 2015;33: 271-80 2.Ludriksone L, Garcia Bartels N, Kanti V, Blume Peytavi U, KottnerJ. Skin barrier function imn infancy: a systematic review. Arch Der-matol Res. 2014; 306:591-9 3.Özarmağan G, Ekinci PA, Baykal C. Yenidoğanın Deri Hastalıkla-rı. Dağoğlu T, Ovalı F, Neonatoloji, 3.Baskı, Nobek Tıp Kitabevle-ri, 2017; s1253-1280 4.Chiou YB, Blume Peytavi U. Stratum corneum maturation. A revi-ew of neonatal skin function. Skin Pharmacol Physiol 2004;17:57-66 5.Blume-Peytavi U, Lavender T, Jenerowicz D, Ryumina I, Stalder JF,Torrelo A, et al. Recommendations from a European Roundtable Mee-ting on Best Practice Healty Infant Skin Care. Pediatr Dermatol2016;33: 311-21 6.O’Connor NR, McLauglin MR, Ham P. Newborn skin: Part I. Com-mon rashes. Am Fam Physician. 2008; 77: 47-52 7.Gupta D, Thappa DM. Mongolian spots- a prospective study. Pedi-atr Dermatol 2013; 30:683. 8.Egemen A, İkizoğlu T,Ergör S et al. Frequency and characteristicsof mongolian spots among Turkish children in Aegean region. TurkJ pediatr 2006; 48: 232-6 9.Pratt AG. Birthmarks in infants. AMA Arch Derm Syphilol 1953; 67:302-5 10.Morelli JG. Vascular neoplasms. In: Fitzpatrick JE (ed). Dermato-logy Secrets, 2nd ed. Philadelphia: Hanley and Belfus Inc.; 2001. pp303-6. 11.Kanada KN, Merin MR, Munden A, Friedlander SF. A prospectivestudy of cutaneous findings in newborns in the United States: cor-relation with race, ethnicity, and gestational status using updated clas-sification and nomenclature. J Pediatr 2012; 161:240 12.Juern AM, Glick ZR, Drolet BA, Frieden IJ. Nevus simplex: a recon-sideration of nomenclature, sites of involvement, and disease asso-ciations. J Am Acad Dermatol 2010; 63:805 13.Osburn K, Schosser RH, Everett MA. Congenital pigmented and vascu-lar lesions in newborn infants. J Am Acad Dermatol 1987; 16. 788-9 14.Oster J, Nielsen A. Nuchal nevi and interscapular telengiectasias.Acta Paediatr Scand 1970; 59:416-2 15.Sanfilippo A, Barrio V, Kulp-Shorten C, Callen JP. Common pedi-atric and adolescent skin conditions. J Pediatr Adolesc Gynecol 2003;16: 269-8 16.Barnes CJ, Eichenfield LF, Lee J, Cunningham BB. A practical app-roach for the use of oral isotretinoin for infantile acne. Pediatr Der-matol 2005; 22:166. 17.Pleimes M, Gottler S, Weibel L: Characteristic congenital reticularerythema: cutis marmorata telangiectatica congenital, J Pediatr163:604, 2013 18.Levy R, Lam JM. Cutis marmorata telangiectatica congenita: a mi-micker of a common disorder. CMAJ 2011; 183:E249.19.Hoath SB, Narendran V. The skin. In: Neonatal-Perinatal Medici-ne, 9th ed, Fanaroff AA, Martin RJ, Walsh M C (Eds), Elsevier Mosby,St. Louis 2011. p.1705 20.Nelson sayfa 3116-3118 Chapter 647 Diseases of the neonate 21.Halamek LP, Stevenson DK. Neonatal jaundice and liver disease. In:Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine, 7th ed, Fanaroff AA, Martin RJ(Eds), Mosby, St. Louis 2002. p.1309 22.Wong CH, Foo CL, Seow WT. Calcified cephalohematoma: classi-fication, indications for surgery and techniques. J Craniofac Surg2006; 17:970 23.Siegel DH, Holland K, Phillips RJ, et al. Erosive pustular derma-tosis of the scalp after perinatal scalp injury. Pediatr Dermatol 2006;23:533 24.Nambudiri VE, Habib N, Arndt KA, Kane KS. Milia en plaque of thenose: report of a case and successful treatment with topical tretino-in. Pediatrics 2014; 133:e1373 25.Reginatto FP, Muller FM, Peruzzo J, Cestari TF. Epidemiology andPredisposing Factors for Erythema Toxicum Neonatorum andTransient Neonatal Pustular: A Multicenter Study. Pediatr Derma-tol 2017; 34:422. 26.Carr JA, Hodgman JE, Freedman RI, Levan NE. Relationship bet-ween toxic erythema and infant maturity. Am J Dis Child 1966;112:129. 27.Marchini G, Nelson A, Edner J, et al. Erythema toxicum neonato-rum is an innate immune response to commensal microbes penetra-ted into the skin of the newborn infant. Pediatr Res 2005; 58:613. 28.Paller AS, Mancini AJ. Cutaneous disorders of the newborn. In: Hur-witz Clinical Pediatric Dermatology, 5th ed, Elsevier Saunders, Phi-ladelphia 2016. p.16 29.Berg FJ, Solomon LM. Erythema neonatorum toxicum. Arch Dis Child1987; 62:327. 30.Feng E, Janniger CK. Miliaria. Cutis 1995; 55:213. 31.Lubowe II, Perlman HH. Periporitis staphylogenes and other com-plications of miliaria in infants and children. AMA Arch Derm Syphi-lol 1954; 69:543 32.Barr RJ, Globerman LM, Werber FA. Transient neonatal pustularmelanosis. Int J Dermatol 1979; 18:636 33.Transient benign cutaneous lesions in the newborn. In: Neonatal Der-matology, 2nd ed, Eichenfield LF, Fried en IJ, Esterly NB (Eds), Sa-unders, Philadelphia 2008. p.90 34.Del Pozzo-Magaña BR, Ho N. Subcutaneous Fat Necrosis of the New-born: A 20-Year Retrospective Study. Pediatr Dermatol 2016;33:e353. 35.Spohn GP, Pietras TA, Stone MS. Delayed-Onset Sclerema Neona-torum in a Critically Ill Premature Infant. Pediatr Dermatol 2016;33:e168 36.(Zeb A, Darmstadt GL. Sclerema neonatorum: a review of nomencla-ture, clinical presentation, histological features, differential diagnosesand management. J Perinatol 2008; 28:453 37.Greenberg S, Krafchik BR. Infantile pedal papules. J Am Acad Der-matol. 2005 Aug. 53(2):333-4 38.Gershon, AA. Chickenox, measles, and mumps. In: Infectious Disea-ses of the Fetus and Newborn Infant, 7th ed, Remington, JS, et al.(Eds), Elsevier Saunders, Philadelphia 2010. p.66. 39.American Academy of Pediatrics. Varicella-zoster virus infections.In: Red Book: 2015 Report of the Committee on Infectious Disea-ses, 30th, Kimberlin DW (Ed), American Academy of Pediatrics, ElkGrove Village, IL 2015. 40.James SH, Kimberlin DW. Neonatal Herpes Simplex Virus Infecti-on. Infect Dis Clin North Am 2015; 29:391. 41.Caviness AC, Demmler GJ, Swint JM, Cantor SB. Cost-effectivenessanalysis of herpes simplex virus testing and treatment strategies infebrile neonates. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 2008; 162:665 42.Kimberlin DW, Lin CY, Jacobs RF, et al. Safety and efficacy of high-dose intravenous acyclovir in the management of neonatal herpes sim-plex virus infections. Pediatrics 2001; 108:230. 43.Duggal SD, Bharara T, Jena PP, Kumar A, Sharma A, Gur R, Cha-udhary S.World J Clin Cases. 2016 Jul 16;4(7):191-4 44.Reddy BS, Ramji S, Pandhi D. Analytical study of pustular erupti-ons in neonates. Pediatr Dermatol 2002; 19: 210-215 45.Mishra AK, Yadav P, Mishra A. A Systemic Review on Staphylococ-cal Scalded Skin Syndrome (SSSS): A Rare and Critical Disease ofNeonates. Open Microbiol J 2016; 10:150 46.Patel GK, Finlay AY. Staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome: diag-nosis and management. Am J Clin Dermatol 2003; 4:165. 47.Chi CY, Wang SM, Lin HC, Liu CC. A clinical and microbiologicalcomparison of Staphylococcus aureus toxic shock and scalded skinsyndromes in children. Clin Infect Dis 2006; 42:181 48.Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Congenital syphi-lis--United States, 1998. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 1999; 48:757. 49.Dobson SR, Sanchez PJ. Syphilis. In: Feigin and Cherry’s Textbo-ok of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, 7th, Cherry JD, Harrison GJ,Kaplan SL, et al (Eds), Elsevier Saunders, Philadelphia 2014. p.1761 50.Kollmann TR, Dobson S. Syphilis. In: Infectious Diseases of the Fe-tus and Newborn Infant, 7th, Remington JS, Klein JO, Wilson CB,et al (Eds), Elsevier Saunders, Philadelphia 2011. p.524, 51.Mason WH, Andrews R, Ross LA, Wright HT Jr. Omphalitis in thenewborn infant. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1989; 8:521 52.Sawardekar KP. Changing spectrum of neonatal omphalitis. Pedi-atr Infect Dis J 2004; 23:22., Pomeranz A. Anomalies, abnormali-ties, and care of the umbilicus. Pediatr Clin North Am 2004; 51:819. 53.Hundalani S, Pammi M. Invasive fungal infections in newborns andcurrent management strategies. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2013;11:709. 54.Barton M, O'Brien K, Robinson JL, et al. Invasive candidiasis in lowbirth weight preterm infants: risk factors, clinical course and out-come in a prospective multicenter study of cases and their matchedcontrols. BMC Infect Dis 2014; 14:327 55.Rowen JL. Mucocutaneous candidiasis. Semin Perinatol 2003; 27:406. 56.Gupta P, Chakrabarti A, Singhi S, et al. Skin Colonization by Ma-lassezia spp. in hospitalized neonates and infants in a tertiary carecentre in North India. Mycopathologia 2014; 178:267 57.Shin HT. Diagnosis and management of diaper dermatitis. PediatrClin North Am 2014; 61:367 58.Klunk C, Domingues E, Wiss K. An update on diaper dermatitis. ClinDermatol 2014; 32:477 59.Krol AL, Krafchik BR. Diaper area eruptions. In: Neonatal and In-fant Dermatology, Third edition, Eichenfield LF, Frieden IJ, Mat-her EF, Zaenglein AL (Eds), Elsevier Saunders, London 2015 60.Dessinioti C, Katsambas A. Seborrheic dermatitis: etiology, risk fac-tors, and treatments: facts and controversies. Clin Dermatol 2013;31:343. 61.Izmirly PM, Saxena A, Kim MY. Maternal and fetal factors associa-ted with mortality and morbidity in a multi-racial/ethnic registry ofanti-SSA/Ro-associated cardiac neonatal lupus. Circulation 2011;124:1927 62.Cimaz R, Spence DL, Hornberger L, Silverman ED. Incidence andspectrum of neonatal lupus erythematosus: a prospective study of in-fants born to mothers with anti-Ro autoantibodies. J Pediatr 2003;142:678. 63.Fine JD, Eady RA, Bauer EA. The classification of inherited epider-molysis bullosa (EB): Report of the Third International ConsensusMeeting on Diagnosis and Classification of EB. J Am Acad Derma-tol 2008; 58:931. 64.Prodinger C, Diem A, Bauer JW, Laimer M. Mucosal manifestati-ons of epidermolysis bullosa : Clinical presentation and management.Hautarzt 2016; 67:806. 65.Fine JD, Bruckner-Tuderman L, Eady RA, et al. Inherited epidermoly-sis bullosa: updated recommendations on diagnosis and classifica-tion. J Am Acad Dermatol 2014; 70:1103 66.Mihai S, Sitaru C. Immunopathology and molecular diagnosis of au-toimmune bullous diseases. J Cell Mol Med 2007; 11:462. 67.Harper J, Oranje A. Prose N. Textbook of Pediatric Dermatology.Second Ed.Backwell Pub. 2006; 1.48-125 68.Humphrey SR, Hu X, Adamson K. A practical approach to the eva-luation and treatment of an infant with aplasia cutis congenita. J Pe-rinatol 2018; 38:110. 69.Tan T, Constantinides H., Mitchel TE. The preauricular sinus: a re-view of its aetiology, clinical presentation and management. Int J Pe-diatr Otorhinolaryngol 2005; 69: 1469-74 70.Oji V, Tadini G, Akiyama M, Bardon CB, Bodeme C, Bourrat E, etal. Revised nomenclature and classification of inherited ichthyoses:results of the First Ichthyosis Consensus Conference in Sorèze 2009.J Am Acad Dermatol 2010; 63:607. 71.Raghunath M, Hennies HC, Ahvazi B, Vogel M, Reis A, Steinert PM,et al. Self-healing collodion baby: a dynamic phenotype explainedby a particular transglutaminase-1 mutation. J Invest Dermatol 2003;120:224. 72.Mitsutake S, Suzuki C, Akiyama M, Tsuji K, Yanagi T, Shimizu H,et al. ABCA12 dysfunction causes a disorder in glucosylceramide ac-cumulation during keratinocyte differentiation. J Dermatol Sci2010; 60:128.